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Evaluating Pilot Scale Slow Sand Filtration Columns to Effectively Remove Emerging Contaminants in Recycled Water

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Evaluating Pilot Scale Slow Sand Filtration Columns to Effectively Remove Emerging Contaminants in Recycled Water UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Evaluating Pilot Scale Slow Sand Filtration Columns to Effectively Remove Emerging Contaminants in Recycled Water Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8hx0s0mv Author Phu, Nancy Publication Date 2016 Supplemental Material https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8hx0s0mv#supplemental Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Evaluating Pilot Scale Slow Sand Filtration Columns to Effectively Remove Emerging Contaminants in Recycled Water A Thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Environmental Sciences by Nancy Phu June 2016 Thesis Committee: Dr. Laosheng Wu, Chairperson Dr. Jianying (Jay) Gan Dr. Lorence Oki The Thesis of Nancy Phu is approved: ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside Acknowledgements I would like to thank foremost members of the Wu Research Lab who have put in their time and effort in helping this project start and succeed. Thank you to Dr. Wu for your gracious support, commitment, and expertise in guiding me through this project. Thank you to Rebeca Lopez-Serna, for making your way here from Spain and teaching me the analytical background I would need to succeed in this project. I could not have done this without you with me in all the late nights in the laboratory and office. Thank you to Frederick Ernst, who has taught me the basics of retrofitting equipment and troubleshooted all the difficulties that came up in the field. Thank you Nydia Celis for sticking it through with me every step of the way and being a great friend. We have both accomplished so much. Thank you Travis Hong for your moral support. I would also like to thank members of the Gan Research Lab who have helped me with supplies, techniques, and advice for my research. A huge thank you to Dr. Loren Oki and the members of the South Coast Research and Extension Center in Irvine, CA. Thank you Loren for allowing me to utilize your slow sand filtration columns and your guidance to help get this project started. Thank you Darren Haver for providing resources out in the field along with technical support from your staff. Grant Johnson and Corey Harris have been invaluable in helping me sample, construct and deconstruct various equipment in the greenhouse, and keeping me updated in the field. Lastly, my greatest thanks are to my family and friends who have encouraged me and have always believed in me. Thank you for your unwavering love and endless support. To my parents, I hope I have made you proud and excited for this new chapter in my life. To Nick, I cannot express how you made this process easier by doing the little things for me and always supporting me through and through. iii Table of Contents Chapter 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 1 Benefits to use slow sand filtration .............................................................................................. 2 Design and operation of a slow sand filtration system ................................................................ 2 Application of SSF to reduce emerging contaminants in the environment ................................. 5 River Bank filtration involving CECS ......................................................................................... 6 Limited studies on CECS and SSFs ........................................................................................... 11 Chapter 2 ........................................................................................................................................ 13 Introduction to CECs and typical analytical methods .................................................................... 13 Sample preparation .................................................................................................................... 14 Objectives ...................................................................................................................................... 16 Analytical methodology development ........................................................................................... 17 Chemicals ................................................................................................................................... 17 Initial method protocol ............................................................................................................... 18 Finalized sample pre-treatment .................................................................................................. 21 Instrumental Analysis .................................................................................................................... 25 Detection with GC-MS .............................................................................................................. 25 Methods for acquisition windows .............................................................................................. 26 SIM method ............................................................................................................................... 26 Surrogates .................................................................................................................................. 28 Results ............................................................................................................................................ 29 Quantification ............................................................................................................................ 29 Chapter 3 ........................................................................................................................................ 39 iv Design and operation of slow sand filtration columns ................................................................... 39 Site description .............................................................................................................................. 39 SSF design ..................................................................................................................................... 39 Column design ........................................................................................................................... 39 TTW plant leachate .................................................................................................................... 41 Online spiking design ................................................................................................................ 44 Data monitoring ......................................................................................................................... 44 Sample Collection and Pilot Scale Study Initiation and Maintenance: .......................................... 44 Pretreatment ............................................................................................................................... 44 Project timeline .......................................................................................................................... 45 Sample collection ....................................................................................................................... 45 Column maintenance ................................................................................................................. 45 Temperature ................................................................................................................................... 46 Physical and chemical parameters of TTW ................................................................................... 47 Results and Discussion of SSF ...................................................................................................... 47 Pharmaceutically Active Compounds (PhACs) ......................................................................... 47 Herbicides and Pesticides .......................................................................................................... 59 Plasticizers, Alkylphenols, Antibacterial, and UV-Filter .......................................................... 65 Chapter 4 ........................................................................................................................................ 75 Conclusion and Future Recommendations .................................................................................... 75 Analytical Methodology ............................................................................................................ 75 SSF removal efficiencies ........................................................................................................... 77 Mechanisms and conditions of SSF to consider ........................................................................ 79 Summary .................................................................................................................................... 83 v References ...................................................................................................................................... 86 Appendix A ...................................................................................................................................
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