DOCSLIB.ORG

Unlocking the Potential of Biomass Energy in Pakistan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Unlocking the Potential of Biomass Energy in Pakistan University of Birmingham Unlocking the potential of biomass energy in Pakistan Saghir, Muhammad; Zafar, Shagufta ; Tahir, Amiza ; Ouadi, Miloud; Siddique, Beenish; Hornung, Andreas DOI: 10.3389/fenrg.2019.00024 License: Creative Commons: Attribution (CC BY) Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Citation for published version (Harvard): Saghir, M, Zafar, S, Tahir, A, Ouadi, M, Siddique, B & Hornung, A 2019, 'Unlocking the potential of biomass energy in Pakistan', Frontiers in Energy Research. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2019.00024 Link to publication on Research at Birmingham portal Publisher Rights Statement: Checked for eligibility: 04/04/2019 First published by Frontiers Media Saghir M, Zafar S, Tahir A, Ouadi M, Siddique B and Hornung A (2019) Unlocking the Potential of Biomass Energy in Pakistan. Front. Energy Res. 7:24. doi: 10.3389/fenrg.2019.00024 General rights Unless a licence is specified above, all rights (including copyright and moral rights) in this document are retained by the authors and/or the copyright holders. The express permission of the copyright holder must be obtained for any use of this material other than for purposes permitted by law. •Users may freely distribute the URL that is used to identify this publication. •Users may download and/or print one copy of the publication from the University of Birmingham research portal for the purpose of private study or non-commercial research. •User may use extracts from the document in line with the concept of ‘fair dealing’ under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (?) •Users may not further distribute the material nor use it for the purposes of commercial gain. Where a licence is displayed above, please note the terms and conditions of the licence govern your use of this document. When citing, please reference the published version. Take down policy While the University of Birmingham exercises care and attention in making items available there are rare occasions when an item has been uploaded in error or has been deemed to be commercially or otherwise sensitive. If you believe that this is the case for this document, please contact [email protected] providing details and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate. Download date: 06. Oct. 2021 REVIEW published: 22 March 2019 doi: 10.3389/fenrg.2019.00024 Unlocking the Potential of Biomass Energy in Pakistan Muhammad Saghir 1*, Shagufta Zafar 2, Amiza Tahir 2, Miloud Ouadi 1, Beenish Siddique 1 and Andreas Hornung 1,3 1 Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom, 2 Department of Chemistry, Government Sadiq College Women University, Bahawalpur, Pakistan, 3 Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety, and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Sulzbach Rosenberg, Germany Being a developing economy, Pakistan is facing a severe energy crisis that limits its economic development. Pakistan relies heavily on energy resources like natural gas, oil, hydropower, nuclear, coal and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) which contribute as 48.3, 32.1, 11.3, 7.6, and 0.6% of the primary energy supply, respectively. Because of the rapidly growing population and economy, Pakistan’s energy needs are huge; to accomplish these energy necessities, Pakistan is continually spending $7–9 billion on the import of fossil fuels. To resolve the serious issues of energy availability, the Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB) of Pakistan is currently exploring the development of renewable energy technologies in Pakistan that will be beneficial for the developing economy so that Pakistan might be able to minimize the growing energy crisis. Out of all the renewable energy resources, biomass is considered the best and most easily Edited by: accessible source of energy with its unique environmentally friendly nature, constant Muhammad Raza Naqvi, supply, wider availability, and ease of integration into existing infrastructure. Despite Karlstad University, Sweden the presence of an abundance of biomass energy resources, there is still a need for Reviewed by: Mohammad Zain Khan, work on the use of these sources to produce energy. This literature review explores the Aligarh Muslim University, India availability of biomass resources in Pakistan and their potential for addressing rapidly Lucian Toma, growing energy demand in the country, which can assist in the stabilization of a Pakistan’s Politehnica University of Bucharest, Romania energy demand for challenged economic development. *Correspondence: Keywords: biomass, bioenergy, pyrolysis, gasificaiton, energy, biochar Muhammad Saghir [email protected] INTRODUCTION Specialty section: This article was submitted to The current population of Pakistan is 198,139,348 (198 million) with an annual growth rate of Bioenergy and Biofuels, 1 a section of the journal 1.97% based on the most recent United Nations approximations. Within various sectors of, such as Frontiers in Energy Research domestic consumption, commercial consumption, agriculture, public lighting and bulk supply, the expenditure of energy is 45.7, 7.5, 28.1, 11.8, 0.5, and 6.4%, respectively (Aziz, 2013). Agriculture is Received: 12 November 2018 Accepted: 14 February 2019 the second largest sector of Pakistan’s economy, comprising five subsectors with major crops, minor Published: 22 March 2019 crops, livestock, fisheries, and forestry having a collective share of 21% of the total Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (Raza et al., 2012; Chandio et al., 2016). Major crops, minor crops, livestock, and Citation: Saghir M, Zafar S, Tahir A, Ouadi M, forestry contribute 5.3, 2.3, 11.8, and 0.4%, respectively, to the total GDP (Chandio et al., 2016). Siddique B and Hornung A (2019) Agriculture is the backbone of Pakistan’s economy as most of the exports from Pakistan are based Unlocking the Potential of Biomass on agricultural products including rice, cotton, wheat, sugarcane, and many other major and minor Energy in Pakistan. Front. Energy Res. 7:24. 1 doi: 10.3389/fenrg.2019.00024 Worldometer: Population. http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/pakistan-population/ 2017 Frontiers in Energy Research | www.frontiersin.org 1 March 2019 | Volume 7 | Article 24 Saghir et al. Biomass Energy Potential in Pakistan products (Faridi, 2012). Presently, Pakistan is facing a severe TABLE 1 | Energy Demand and Supply Share in Pakistan for the period and unmanageable energy crisis that is hindering socio-economic 1980–20123. development (Mirza et al., 2008a; Aziz, 2013). Energy source Energy demand (%) Energy supply (%) The Energy Situation in Pakistan Coal 0.7 0.8 The industrial and agricultural sectors are the backbones of Electricity 10 14 the economy, and the progress of the economy is directly Natural gas 44 51 linked to the constant availability of energy resources (Abbas, Petroleum 39 27 2015). The main hindrance to the economic development of Pakistan is its poor division of risky energy resources. The power sector of Pakistan remains unsuccessful in overcoming (Cleveland et al., 1984; Kessides, 2013). Because of the heavy the energy-related issues despite being rich in coal resources shortfall in energy production vs. demand, not only domestic (Arif, 2011). Michael Kugelman (Javed et al., 2016) acknowledged but also various dimensions of the industrial sectors are also in his remarks on Pakistan’s energy situation in the National badly affected (Khan and Ahmad, 2008; Aziz, 2013; Saeed et al., Bureau of Asian Research of America, “Pakistan is mired in an 2015). Sixty to seventy percent (60–70%) of industrial investors acute energy crisis, one with immense implications for both the have shifted their businesses to other countries, such as China, nation’s floundering economy and its volatile security situation.” India, and Bangladesh, which is attributed to the increase in At periods of high demand in Pakistan, the electricity supply the energy shortfall, which reaches 40% (Asif, 2009; Saeed et al., gap is ∼6,000 MW, which accounts for 33–35% of the total 2015). In this period of industrialization and globalization, expenditures (Abbas, 2015; Saeed et al., 2015). Pakistan has increasing energy demand cannot be accompanied by only more than 30% of its population (55 million) with no access to depending on natural resources. Since the mid-1970s, natural electricity (Harijan et al., 2008; Saeed et al., 2015). In urban and energy resources have been running low and considerable efforts rural areas the duration of power outages is 6–12 and 12–18 h have been made to produce energy through renewable energy per day, respectively (Saeed et al., 2015).2 Pakistan relies heavily technologies (Mohan et al., 2006). Not only is the industrial on energy resources like natural gas, oil, hydro, nuclear, coal, sector affected, but agricultural productivity is also adversely and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), each of which contributes affected by the rapid decrease in affordable energy availability, 48.3, 32.1, 11.3, 7.6, and 0.6%, respectively, to the primary energy as the proper functioning of all the tools for agriculture—i.e., supply (Rehman et al., 2013). According to recent statistics by for transportation, pesticides and irrigation—are based on the AEDB, the share of various resources of energy, along with a application of energy (Pimentel et al., 1973). Pakistan is not only contribution of 2% from renewable energy, resources involve facing this severe electricity crisis, but a shortage of petroleum natural gas (21%), hydropower (31%), Oil (39%), LNG (4%), and products and
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Solutions for Energy Crisis in Pakistan I
    Solutions for Energy Crisis in Pakistan i ii Solutions for Energy Crisis in Pakistan Solutions for Energy Crisis in Pakistan iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This volume is based on papers presented at the two-day national conference on the topical and vital theme of Solutions for Energy Crisis in Pakistan held on May 15-16, 2013 at Islamabad Hotel, Islamabad. The Conference was jointly organised by the Islamabad Policy Research Institute (IPRI) and the Hanns Seidel Foundation, (HSF) Islamabad. The organisers of the Conference are especially thankful to Mr. Kristof W. Duwaerts, Country Representative, HSF, Islamabad, for his co-operation and sharing the financial expense of the Conference. For the papers presented in this volume, we are grateful to all participants, as well as the chairpersons of the different sessions, who took time out from their busy schedules to preside over the proceedings. We are also thankful to the scholars, students and professionals who accepted our invitation to participate in the Conference. All members of IPRI staff — Amjad Saleem, Shazad Ahmad, Noreen Hameed, Shazia Khurshid, and Muhammad Iqbal — worked as a team to make this Conference a success. Saira Rehman, Assistant Editor, IPRI did well as stage secretary. All efforts were made to make the Conference as productive and result oriented as possible. However, if there were areas left wanting in some respect the Conference management owns responsibility for that. iv Solutions for Energy Crisis in Pakistan ACRONYMS ADB Asian Development Bank Bcf Billion Cubic Feet BCMA
    [Show full text]
  • Unlocking the Potential of Biomass Energy in Pakistan
    University of Birmingham Unlocking the potential of biomass energy in Pakistan Saghir, Muhammad; Zafar, Shagufta ; Tahir, Amiza ; Ouadi, Miloud; Siddique, Beenish; Hornung, Andreas DOI: 10.3389/fenrg.2019.00024 License: Creative Commons: Attribution (CC BY) Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Citation for published version (Harvard): Saghir, M, Zafar, S, Tahir, A, Ouadi, M, Siddique, B & Hornung, A 2019, 'Unlocking the potential of biomass energy in Pakistan', Frontiers in Energy Research. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2019.00024 Link to publication on Research at Birmingham portal Publisher Rights Statement: Checked for eligibility: 04/04/2019 First published by Frontiers Media Saghir M, Zafar S, Tahir A, Ouadi M, Siddique B and Hornung A (2019) Unlocking the Potential of Biomass Energy in Pakistan. Front. Energy Res. 7:24. doi: 10.3389/fenrg.2019.00024 General rights Unless a licence is specified above, all rights (including copyright and moral rights) in this document are retained by the authors and/or the copyright holders. The express permission of the copyright holder must be obtained for any use of this material other than for purposes permitted by law. •Users may freely distribute the URL that is used to identify this publication. •Users may download and/or print one copy of the publication from the University of Birmingham research portal for the purpose of private study or non-commercial research. •User may use extracts from the document in line with the concept of ‘fair dealing’ under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (?) •Users may not further distribute the material nor use it for the purposes of commercial gain.
    [Show full text]
  • Accelerating Wind Power Deployment in Pakistan
    November 2016 ∎ WWEA Policy Paper Series (PP-02-16) Accelerating Wind Power Deployment in Pakistan Capacity Building and Policy Options Copyright © WWEA 2016 Unless otherwise indicated, material in this publication may be used freely, shared or reprinted, so long as WWEA is acknowledged as the source. This policy paper has been produced under the research project, “Pakistan's Wind Energy Sector – Capacity Building of Public and Private Sector Officials”, implemented by the World Wind Energy Association and Heinrich Bӧll Stiftung, Pakistan. A training workshop will be organised based on the findings of this policy paper later this year. The policy paper has been authored by Zeeshan Ashfaq and edited by Stefan Gsӓnger. The author duly acknowledges the support and invaluable contributions from public and private sector decision makers. About the Partners The World Wind Energy Association (WWEA), an international non-profit organisation headquartered in Bonn, Germany, is working in cooperation with various governments and international agencies to promote wind energy uptake worldwide. With a network of associates in more than 100 countries, developed and developing economies alike, it has assisted many governments, multilateral organisations in developing effective policies for renewable energy technologies' promotion. Heinrich Böll Foundation is a German political non-profit organization affiliated with the Green Party with head office in Berlin. The main tenets of the organisation are ecology and sustainable development, democracy and human rights, self-determination, peace and justice. The role of the Pakistan office is to engage in political dialogues, discussions and support projects in the field of Ecology & Energy, Democratization and Peace & Security. It supports and strengthens participation, pluralism and the rule of law in the region.
    [Show full text]
  • Physical Sciences January
    Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences (Vol.64, Issue 1, 2021) EDITORIAL BOARD Dr. Syed Hussain Abidi (Oxon) Chief Editor Shahida Begum Executive Editor MEMBERS Dr. F. Ahmed Dr. S. Goswami Prof. R. Mahmood Dr. M. Sarfaraz The University of Technology Sambalpur University, Odisha, India Slippery Rock University University of Engg. and Technology, Petronas, Malaysia Prof. S. Haydar Pennsylvania, USA Lahore, Pakistan Prof. Dr. J. Anzano University of Engg. & Technology Dr. Y. Qi Prof. Dr. D. Z. Seker University of Zaragoza, Spain Lahore, Pakistan National Cancer Institute, Istanbul Technical University, Dr. A. Chauhan Dr. W. L. Jong National Institutes of Health, Turkey Nat. Institute of Pharma. Education University of Malaya, Malaysia USA Dr. I. Ulfat and Research, Mohali, India Dr. H. Khan Dr. I. Rezic University of Karachi, Pakistan Dr. Debanjan Das Institute of Chemical Sciences Faculty of Textile Technology Dr. J. P. Vicente C.B. Fleet Company, Inc.,VA, USA University of Peshawar, Pakistan Zagreb, Croatia University of Valencia, Spain Prof. A. S. Goonetilleke Prof. W. Linert Dr. R. Sappal Prof. Z. Xie Queensland University of Institute of Applied Synthetic University of Prince Edward Imperial College, London University, Technology, Australia Chemistry, Vienna, Austria Island, Canada UK Editors: Gul-e-Rana, Sajid Ali, Zia-ur-Rahman Aamir, Tanveer Ahmad and Bushra Arshad Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research is published triannually i.e: Series A: Physical Sciences [ISSN 2221-6413 (Print); ISSN 2223-2559 (Online)] (appearing as issues of January-April, May-August and September-December). This Journal is indexed/abstracted in BIOSIS Preview, NCBI, Pub Med, Scimago, Research Gate, Clarivate Analytics, CABI, Elseviers Scopus and Zoological Record.
    [Show full text]
  • Pakistan's Second National Communication on Climate Change
    PAKISTAN’S SECOND NATIONAL COMMUNICATION ON CLIMATE CHANGE TO UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE (UNFCCC) Ministry of Climate Change 2018 Government of Pakistan PAKISTAN’S SECOND NATIONAL COMMUNICATION ON CLIMATE CHANGE TO UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE (UNFCCC) Ministry of Climate Change Government of Pakistan PAKISTAN’S SECOND NATIONAL COMMUNICATION ON CLIMATE CHANGE PAKISTAN’S SECOND NATIONAL COMMUNICATION ON CLIMATE CHANGE Preface Pakistan ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in June 1994 and was among the first South Asian countries which realized the need to control the anthropogenic contribution to global climate change and need to respond effectively to its adverse impact. Under Article 4(1) of the UNFCCC, each party is required to submit, periodic, ‘National Communications reporting inter alia an inventory of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions by sources and removals by sinks, a general description of measures taken or envisaged to implement the Convention, and any other information considered relevant to achieving its objectives’. Pakistan submitted its Initial National Communication (INC) in 2003. The Paris Climate Agreement in 2015 is seen as a landmark development, which has been a strategic milestone to develop a unanimous agreement worldwide to address the challenge of climate change. The Agreement has been instrumental in galvanizing actions to address the issue of climate change. After the Agreement, all the countries have submitted plans to implement their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) to cut CO2 emissions. Currently, 197 parties to the Convention have submitted their NDCs and 150 have ratified the Agreement. In May 2011, the Global Change Impact Studies Centre (GCISC) started undertaking preliminary stocktaking and stakeholders’ consultation for this purpose.
    [Show full text]
  • WIND ENERGY FUTURE in ASIA 2011: Wind Energy Data and Information for 15 Countries
    WIND ENERGY FUTURE IN ASIA 2011: Wind Energy Data and Information for 15 Countries Wind Energy Future in Asia A Compendium of Wind Energy Resource Maps, Project Data and Analysis for 17 Countries in Asia and the Pacific 2 Mongolia Pakistan Philippines Afghanistan Sri Lanka Bangladesh South Korea China Thailand Fiji Timor-Leste Japan Vietnam India Indonesia Kazakhstan Maldives Full Report, August 2012 Wind power has experienced 26% annual growth in cumulative installations worldwide in the past 5 years and is expected to grow at 16% per annum in the next 5 years, despite increasingly turbulent economic conditions in the short term. Since 2010, Asia has been at the forefront of this growth, as wind energy installations in the region have outstripped both North America and Europe. While China and India have been the main drivers of growth, the projected investments in wind projects in the rest of Asia are expected to exceed US$50 billion between 2012 and 2020. Realizing the full potential of wind energy in the region, however, will require long-term, consistent policies and upgraded transmission and grid infrastructure. 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... 3 Preface ...................................................................................................................................... 4 Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • WIND DATA RELIABILITY in PAKISTAN for WIND POWER GENERATION Irfan Afzal Mirza 04-UET/Phd-ME-11
    WIND DATA RELIABILITY IN PAKISTAN FOR WIND POWER GENERATION Irfan Afzal Mirza 04-UET/PhD-ME-11 Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering University of Engineering & Technology Taxila - Pakistan January 2013 WIND DATA RELIABILITY IN PAKISTAN FOR WIND POWER GENERATION Irfan Afzal Mirza 04-UET/PhD-ME-11 A Dissertation submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Thesis Supervisor PROF. DR. M SHAHID KHALIL Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering University of Engineering & Technology Taxila - Pakistan January 2013 II WIND DATA RELIABILITY IN PAKISTAN FOR WIND POWER GENERATION BY: IRFAN AFZAL MIRZA 04-UET/PhD-ME-11 Checked and Recommended by: a. The Research Committee* Prof Dr M Shahid Khalil Thesis Supervisor / Convener Research Committee Dr. Nasim A Khan Dr. M Zubair Khan Dr. Sajid Chaudary Member Research Committee Member Research Committee Member Research Committee *Signatures in file *Signatures b. The Foreign Experts* in file *Signatures Foreign Expert 1 Foreign Expert 2 Approved by: _____________________________ Prof. Dr. M Shahid Khalil Supervisor / Internal Examiner __________________ __________________ External Examiner 1 External Examiner 2 III IV DEDICATION To my Mother and Father V ABSTRACT The exceptional wind regime of the coastal areas of Pakistan has attracted many national and international private investors. One of the major hurdles regarding realization of wind power is non-availability of historical wind data and the available wind data of the potential wind development areas gathered by Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD) not being at international standards. In this situation, private sector was not able to cross the threshold of uncertainty when it came to invest their capital in a new sector.
    [Show full text]
  • Download PDF Report
    SATURDAY, OCTOBER 3, 2020 REUNIFICATION DAY OF GERMANY IN COLLABORATION WITH: ADVERTISEMENT SUPPLEMENT 2 GERMANY REPORT DAWN ADVERTISEMENT SUPPLEMENT | OCTOBER 3, 2020 H.E. BERNHARD SCHLagheCK Ambassador of the Federal Republic of Germany to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan he year 2020 will stay in our memory as a very special corona containment such as the NCOC has contributed to the good year in many respects! For Germany, it is of particular management of the pandemic. In fact, the Pakistani government importance because we celebrate the 30th anniversary of was not only confronted with the pandemic, but also had to cope German reunification. On October 3, 1990, Germany was with other health-related challenges like the fight against polio Treunified after more than 40 years of separation between East and and tuberculosis and the efforts to support family planning. It West. This was a very emotional moment for the German people. is laudable to see that even in this difficult context, vaccination Unfortunately, this anniversary was somewhat dwarfed by drives have been taken up again as soon as the situation allowed it. the Covid-19 pandemic due to which we are not able to celebrate And the virus has by no means affected the quality of our bilateral this major event, as we would have loved to. Instead of masses relations! With a volume of 120 million euros for development of people celebrating together, we will have to keep physical cooperation and 6.1 million euros for humanitarian aid, Germany distance, wear face masks and avoid large indoor gatherings. These stood by the people of Pakistan in these difficult times and will precautionary measures are indeed essential to contain the virus continue to do so.
    [Show full text]
  • October 2019 APRIL 2017 INDEPENDENT POWER PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION
    Volume 10, Issue: 3, October 2019 APRIL 2017 INDEPENDENT POWER PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION MONTHLY NEWSLETTER Welcome to the thirty first edition of Independent Power Producers Association (IPPA) Newsletter. The newsletter is published on a monthly basis to ensure regular dissemination of information to Member IPPs and other stakeholders, and also to provide a platform to discuss issues pertinent to the energy sector of Pakistan. We would like you to send us your feedback and comments on how to improve the monthly newsletter. Monthly Infographics Outstanding Dues as of 15th September, 2019 in PKR Millions Outstanding Dues Comparison (15th August-15th September) Grand Total Others Overdue CPP Overdue EPP Overdue - 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000 350,000 EPP Overdue CPP Overdue Others Overdue Grand Total September 96,537 118,378 77,088 292,004 August 89,431 119,499 75,658 284,588 Source: Member and Subsidiary IPPs Monthly Infographics Billing and Payments in September 2019 in PKR Millions Billing & Payments 40,000 35,000 33,534 29,655 30,000 25,000 20,372 20,000 14,558 15,000 13,412 10,699 10,000 5,000 2,463 1,685 - EPP CPP Others Total Billing Payments Source: Member and Subsidiary IPPs Net Generation and Plant Utilization in September, 2019 Source: Member and Subsidiary IPPs Local News PTI led government approves OGRA hikes RLNG prices by up to “Renewable Energy” policy 6.6% draft The Oil and Gas Regulatory Authority (OGRA) The Alternative Energy Development Board on Wednesday, October 9, notified a surge in (AEDB), in its 46th meeting held under the prices of imported gas by up to 6.6% for Chairmanship of Federal Minister for Power October 2019.
    [Show full text]
  • Integration of Renewable Energy Project: a Technical Proposal for Rural Electrification to Local Communities
    Received April 26, 2020, accepted May 7, 2020, date of publication May 11, 2020, date of current version May 28, 2020. Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2993903 Integration of Renewable Energy Project: A Technical Proposal for Rural Electrification to Local Communities MUHAMMAD ZEESHAN MALIK 1, AMJAD ALI 2, GHULAM SARWAR KALOI3, AMIR MAHMOOD SOOMRO4, MAZHAR HUSSAIN BALOCH5, AND SOHAIB TAHIR CHAUHDARY6 1Faculty of Automation, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, China 2Center of Research Excellence in Renewable Energy (CoRE-RE), King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 1261, Saudi Arabia 3Department of Electrical Engineering, Quaid e Awam University of Engineering and Technology, Larkana 67480, Pakistan 4Department of Electrical Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro 76062, Pakistan 5Department of Electrical Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Khairpur 66020, Pakistan 6Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus, Punjab 57000, Pakistan Corresponding author: Muhammad Zeeshan Malik ([email protected]) This work was supported by the Huaiyin Institute of Technology. ABSTRACT The increasing environmental awareness across the globe is leading towards a green and clean world. Currently, Pakistan is going through an acute energy crisis; it is an on-going challenge for the government to provide uninterrupted power supply at economical rates to its citizens and potential industrial investors, now and in future. Thus, this energy scenario necessitates the incorporation of renewable energy technologies with power systems to enhance its generation capacity, and to overcome electricity outage of approximately 8-12 hours, in the country. In this paper, the authors encouraged the state policy for utilizing the wind energy for power generation, which is freely available across 1600 km long coastal belt of Pakistan.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Status of Wind Power Generation: Theory, Practice, and Challenges
    International Journal of Green Energy ISSN: 1543-5075 (Print) 1543-5083 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ljge20 Global status of wind power generation: theory, practice, and challenges Muhammad Arshad To cite this article: Muhammad Arshad (2019): Global status of wind power generation: theory, practice, and challenges, International Journal of Green Energy, DOI: 10.1080/15435075.2019.1597369 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/15435075.2019.1597369 Published online: 12 Apr 2019. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 53 View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=ljge20 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GREEN ENERGY https://doi.org/10.1080/15435075.2019.1597369 Global status of wind power generation: theory, practice, and challenges Muhammad Arshada,b aDepartment of Civil, Structural & Environmental Engineering, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; bDepartment of Geological Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore, Pakistan ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY The existence of environmental concerns and constraints has led to a much greater necessity for the Received 19 June 2018 development of renewable energy resources. Wind energy resources are one of the most promising avenues Accepted 17 March 2019 for renewable energy generation, and the field has experienced significant technological innovation and KEYWORDS growth over the past few years. This paper reviews various issues related to wind-power generation Renewable energy; wind resources. Current trends, over the last two decades, of increasing wind turbine sizes, rated power- velocity; cost of energy; generation capacity, efficiencies, and the actual size of wind farm facilities are projected to continue.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Introduction
    1 1 Introduction 1.1 What is wind turbine? A wind turbine is a machine that converts the wind's kinetic energy into rotary mechanical energy, which is then used to do work. In more advanced models, the rotational energy is converted into electricity, the most versatile form of energy, by using a generator. If the mechanical energy is used directly by machinery, such as a pump or grinding stones, the machine is usually called a windmill. If the mechanical energy is then converted to electricity, the machine is called a wind generator, wind turbine, wind power unit (WPU), wind energy converter (WEC), or aerogenerator. 1.2 Historical Development Windmills have been used for at least 3000 years, mainly for grinding grain or pumping water, while in sailing ships the wind has been an essential source of power for even longer. From as early as the thirteenth century, horizontal-axis windmills were an integral part of the rural economy and only fell into disuse with the advent of cheap fossil-fuelled engines and then the spread of rural electrification. The use of windmills (or wind turbines) to generate electricity can be traced back to the late nineteenth century with the 12 kW DC windmill generator constructed by Brush in the USA and the research undertaken by LaCour in Denmark. However, for much of the twentieth century there was little interest in using wind energy other than for battery charging for remote dwellings and these low-power systems were quickly replaced once access to the electricity grid became available. One notable exception was the 1250 kW Smith–Putnam wind turbine constructed in the USA in 1941.
    [Show full text]