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Pakistan's Second National Communication on Climate Change

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Pakistan's Second National Communication on Climate Change PAKISTAN’S SECOND NATIONAL COMMUNICATION ON CLIMATE CHANGE TO UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE (UNFCCC) Ministry of Climate Change 2018 Government of Pakistan PAKISTAN’S SECOND NATIONAL COMMUNICATION ON CLIMATE CHANGE TO UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE (UNFCCC) Ministry of Climate Change Government of Pakistan PAKISTAN’S SECOND NATIONAL COMMUNICATION ON CLIMATE CHANGE PAKISTAN’S SECOND NATIONAL COMMUNICATION ON CLIMATE CHANGE Preface Pakistan ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in June 1994 and was among the first South Asian countries which realized the need to control the anthropogenic contribution to global climate change and need to respond effectively to its adverse impact. Under Article 4(1) of the UNFCCC, each party is required to submit, periodic, ‘National Communications reporting inter alia an inventory of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions by sources and removals by sinks, a general description of measures taken or envisaged to implement the Convention, and any other information considered relevant to achieving its objectives’. Pakistan submitted its Initial National Communication (INC) in 2003. The Paris Climate Agreement in 2015 is seen as a landmark development, which has been a strategic milestone to develop a unanimous agreement worldwide to address the challenge of climate change. The Agreement has been instrumental in galvanizing actions to address the issue of climate change. After the Agreement, all the countries have submitted plans to implement their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) to cut CO2 emissions. Currently, 197 parties to the Convention have submitted their NDCs and 150 have ratified the Agreement. In May 2011, the Global Change Impact Studies Centre (GCISC) started undertaking preliminary stocktaking and stakeholders’ consultation for this purpose. The work started by reviewing the relevant documentations and identifying the relevant stakeholders. The consultations took three forms: correspondence, personal meetings, and workshops. A ‘National Workshop on Stocktaking of GHG Inventory Development in Pakistan’ was held in June, 2011. Stakeholders suggested the strengthening of the GHG Inventory development mechanism so that the up-gradation of the inventory may be ensured on a regular basis. The issues of data availability, data authenticity, sustainability and periodicity of GHG- Inventory in connection with the country- specific emission factors were discussed. Later, a two day second national workshop of this preliminary activity, was also held at the Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Islamabad in July, 2011. Participants focused on gaps identification of the previous and ongoing efforts, selection of priority areas for future research, capacity building and technology transfer needs and identification of national institutions that can contribute to the preparation of Pakistan’s Second National Communication. (Findings of the working groups are annexed as ‘Annexure- A’). i Foreword The effects of climate change are very much evident in Pakistan, with the multitude of threats, ranging from the melting of glaciers, floods, drought, sea level rise, and spread of diseases. These climate change impacts pose severe threats to our ecology, society, economic activity and are considered a major developmental challenge and threat to national security. All available scientific evidence points to the fact that Pakistan is expected to face these challenges in future, unless serious efforts are made by the international community to curb emissions. In order to contribute to the global efforts, Pakistan intends to make efforts to delink economic growth from carbon growth to keep its emissions trajectory at the lowest possible level so it can play its part as a responsible country. All our development plans are being cautiously executed to keep our carbon footprint low so that we can engage in climate compatible development pathways. Adapting to climate change remains amongst the topmost priorities of the Government of Pakistan as the nation remains at the forefront even amongst the most impacted countries. Integrating climate change concerns into overall development planning, initiating on ground action in priority sectors of agriculture & livestock, water resources, disaster management, forestry and human health, in a coordinated way is our political commitment. The present government is paying earnest attention to address the climate-related issues and has been undertaking concerted actions to cope with the policy and institutional challenges. The Government is committed to take all possible steps towards making all development climate resilient. Pakistan’s Second National Communication (SNC) on Climate Change has been prepared after rigorous research and analytical work and presents the case of Pakistan’s unique vulnerabilities. SNC encompasses the challenges associated with integrating these concerns with policies and further translation into actions while touching finance, technology, capacity and awareness raising on climate change. The process adopted for the preparation of SNC relies on the existing research and analytical competence of nodal national institutions dealing with the various thematic areas of the national communication. Institutional coordination and flow of information have been strengthened to make the reporting process more consistent and coherent. The Ministry of Climate Change has put an effective institutional structure in place to ensure the continuity of the national reporting process under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. I congratulate the officials of the Ministry of Climate Change for successfully compiling the extensive information in its present form and as per obligatory reporting requirements of the Convention. My sincere appreciation goes to all the contributing authors and experts for devoting their time to complete the requisite analysis and the stakeholders for their support in reviewing the content. This document is a valuable resource and I expect that it will be used as reference material for designing all related programmes and implementing them on ground. Malik Amin Aslam Advisor to Prime Minister on Climate Change, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad. iii Acronyms ADB Asian Development Bank GLOFs Glacial Lake Outburst Floods AEDB Alternative Energy Development Board GMRC Glacier Monitoring Research Center AFD Agence Francaise de Developpement GTS Global Telecommunication System AJK Azad Jammu and Kashmir HDIP Hydrocarbon Development Institute of Pakistan APTMA All Pakistan Textile Mills Association HKH Hindu Kush Himalayan ARE Alternate Renewable Energy HRS Heat Recovery Systems ASAD- PAEC Applied System Analysis Division- Pakistan IBIS Indus Basin Irrigation System Atomic Energy Commission ICARDA International Center for Agricultural ASHRAE The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating Research in the Dry Areas and Air- Conditioning Engineers ICIMOD International Centre for Integrated BAP Biodiversity Action Plan Mountain Development BRESL Barriers Removal Efficiency Standards and IEE Initial Environmental Examination Labeling IEP Integrated Energy Plan BRT Bus Rapid Transport IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CAGR Compounded Annual Growth Rates IPP Independent Power Producer CAS Centers for Advance Studies IRS Indus River System CBD Convention on Biological Diversity IRSA Indus River System Authority CBDR Common But Differentiated Responsibilities IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature CCS Climate Change Scenario IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management CDD Cooling Degree Days JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency CFLs Compact Fluorescent Lamps KP Khyber Pakhtunkhwa CPEC China- Pakistan Economic Corridor LCD Liquid Crystal Display CPEIR Climate Public Expenditure and Institutional LEAD- Pakistan Leadership of Environment and Development- Review Pakistan CPI Cleaner Production Institute LED Light Emitting Diodes CSA Climate Smart Agriculture LHW Lady Health Worker CSOs Civil Society Organizations LNG Liquified Natural Gas DCPs Data Collection Platforms LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas DDMUs District Disaster Management Units LUCF Land- Use- Change and Forestry DISCOs Distribution Companies MODIS Market- Oriented Deposit Insurance Scheme DMP Drainage Master Plan MOIP Ministry of Industries, Production DOC Degradable Organic Carbon MSW Municipal Solid Waste DRM Disaster Risk Management NAP National Adaptation Plan DSSAT Decision Support System for Agrotechnology NARC National Agriculture Research Council Transfer NCCP National Climate Change Policy EDB Engineering & Development Board NCV Net Calorific Value EIA Environmental Impact Assessment NDCs Nationally Determined Contributions EMDS Electric Motor- Driven Systems NDMA National Disaster Management Authority ESM Environmentally Sound Management NDMO National Disaster Management Ordinance ESTs Environmentally Sound Technologies NDP National Development Plan EU European Union NEECA National Energy Efficiency & Conservation FAO Food and Agriculture Organization Authority FATA Federally Administrated Tribal Area NEPRA National Electric Power Regulatory Authority FCPF Forest Carbon Partnership Facility NEQs National Environmental Quality Standards FFC Federal Flood Commission NEU Non- Energy Use FFD Flood Forecasting Division NGO Non- Governmental Organization FICCP Framework for Implementation of Climate NIO National Institute of Oceanography Change Policy NMVOC Non- Methane Volatile
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