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Open Amanda Taylor Final Thesis i THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY SCHREYER HONORS COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF JEWISH STUDIES THE FUTURE OF HOLOCAUST MEMORY IN THE WAKE OF RISING ANTISEMITISM AMANDA TAYLOR SPRING 2020 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a baccalaureate degree in Accounting with honors in Jewish Studies Reviewed and approved* by the following: Sabine Doran Associate Professor of German and Jewish Studies Thesis Supervisor and Honors Advisor Dr. Kobi Kabalek Assistant Professor of Holocaust Studies and Visual Studies Faculty Reader * Electronic approvals are on file. i ABSTRACT In recent years, there has been an increase in antisemitism across the globe. History shows that antisemitism is nothing new but there is something different about the antisemitism seen in the world today. This new antisemitism, in part, is due to the ongoing conflict in the Middle East. Anti-Israel sentiment has translated to animosity against Jewish people everywhere. Another form of antisemitism is Holocaust denial. This has been on the rise as well. Although there is a history of Holocaust memory sites dating back to the years right after World War II, one form of Holocaust memory is slowly fading away. Within the coming years, the remaining living Holocaust survivors will pass away, taking with them first-hand accounts of going through the Holocaust. Something has to fill the gap Holocaust survivors leave behind. In this thesis, I will be analyzing Holocaust commemoration in the form of museums and memorials in the United States, Israel, and Europe. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................... iv Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 1 Holocaust Denial and a History of Anti-Semitism..................................... 5 Chapter 2 Holocaust Memory from Past to Present.................................................... 11 Empathy Lost with the Lack of Holocaust Survivors ...................................................... 24 Chapter 3 Analysis of Museums ................................................................................. 28 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum ................................................................... 29 Yad Vashem ..................................................................................................................... 40 Auschwitz. Not Long Ago. Not Far Away. ...................................................................... 49 Chapter 4 Analysis of Memorials ............................................................................... 61 The Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe .............................................................. 61 Pinkas Synagogue ............................................................................................................ 66 Stolpersteine ..................................................................................................................... 69 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 74 Appendix Photographs of Museums and Memorials .................................................. 76 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................ 85 ACADEMIC VITA ...................................................................................................... 92 iii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: The exterior of the Museum on the 14 street side. USHMM, Washington D.C. ushmm.org. 28 April 2020. .............................................................................................. 76 Figure 2: The Hall of Witness, USHMM, Washington D.C. ushmm.org. 28 April 2020........ 77 Figure 3: The Hall of Remembrance, USHMM, Washington D.C. ushmm.org. 28 April 2020. 77 Figure 4: Detail of an interior bridge at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum with the names of victims etched in glass, USHMM, Washington D.C. ushmm.org. 28 April 2020. 78 Figure 5: Remember the Children: Daniel’s Story, USHMM, Washington D.C. ushmm.org. 28 April 2020. ....................................................................................................................... 78 Figure 6: Aerial View of Yad Vashem, Yad Vashem, Jerusalem. yadvashem.org. 28 April 2020.79 Figure 7: Interior View of the Holocaust History Museum, Yad Vashem, Jerusalem. yadvashem.org. 28 April 2020. ........................................................................................ 80 Figure 8: The Hall of Names at the Yad Vashem Holocaust History Museum, Yad Vashem, Jerusalem. yadvashem.org. 28 April 2020. ...................................................................... 80 Figure 9: Avenue of the Righteous Among the Nations, Yad Vashem, Jerusalem. yadvashem.org. 28 April 2020. .................................................................................................................. 81 Figure 10: Taylor, Amanda. “Auschwitz Exhibit Tram Car.” 2019. JPG................................ 81 Figure 11: Taylor, Amanda. “Auschwitz Exhibit Red Shoe.” 2019. JPG................................ 82 Figure 12: Taylor, Amanda, “Auschwitz Exhibit Model.” 2019. JPG..................................... 82 Figure 13: Stelae field, Stiftung Denkmal, Berlin. stiftung-denkmal.de. 28 April 2020 ......... 83 Figure 14: Ornate Vaulted Ceiling.2013. wmf.org. 28 April 2020 .......................................... 83 Figure 15: Pinkas Synagogue. welcometoprague.cz 28 April 2020 ........................................ 84 Figure 16: Katz, Jeffrey. Brass bricks known as Stolperstein, or "stumbling stones," in front of a home in Raesfeld, Germany, where five members of a single family were forcibly removed by the Nazis. Across Germany, the stones commemorate the millions of victims .......... 84 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first like that my thesis advisor Sabine Doran. Her help with my entire thesis journey was invaluable and I could not have done any of this without her help. I cannot appreciate enough all of the hours she spent guiding me through this process. As a professor and advisor, she has helped shape my college experience. I would like to thank Dr. Kobi Kabalek for stepping in at the last minute to help me make my thesis the best it could be. I would also like to thank my Rabbi and my temple for continuously fostering my education of the Jewish religion and Jewish culture. It was through Hebrew school at my temple that I was able to learn so much about the Holocaust. I would also like to thank all of the Holocaust survivors I have had the pleasure of meeting who have had an unbelievable impact on my life. I would like to thank my parents for their endless support in everything I do, including this thesis. The hours they spent with my editing my thesis helped it become the best it could be. And finally, I would like to acknowledge the six million Jews that were murdered for being themselves and the millions that are still persecuted all over the world today whose lives will always be remembered. 1 Introduction “Those who cannot remember the past are doomed to repeat it”1. This quote is from “Reason on Common Sense”, the first volume of the series, The Life of Reason: The Phases of Human Progress by George Santayana. It has been quoted and paraphrased an innumerable amount of times by many around the world. People tend to use this phrase when they want to emphasize the need to remember historical events and is especially relevant when discussing the importance of the Holocaust. There is so much to be learned from studying and remembering the events of the Holocaust, from analyzing the fragility of society to the ultimate price of prejudice and racism, topics that are quite relevant in our lives today. To forget, ignore or be indifferent to remembering what happened, makes the world vulnerable to a similar tragedy happening again. In a video from The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, the museum’s director Sara Bloomfield explains, “Germany was respected around the world for its leading scientists, its physicians, its theologians. It was a very civilized, advanced country. It was a young democracy, but it was a democracy. And yet it descended not only into social collapse but world war and eventually mass murder”2. If it can happen there, it can happen anywhere. In the same remembrance video, Holocaust survivor Estelle Laughlin, says “Memory is what shapes us. Memory is what teaches us. We must understand that’s where our redemption 1 SANTAYANA, GEORGE, and James Gouinlock. The Life of Reason or The Phases of Human Progress: Introduction and Reason in Common Sense, Volume VII, Book One. Edited by Marianne S. Wokeck and Martin A. Coleman, MIT Press, 2011. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5hhk7j. Accessed 5 Feb. 2020, 284 2 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum “US Holocaust Memorial Museum: Why We Remember the Holocaust.” YouTube. YouTube, uploaded by GVI, 1 Aug 2014, (01:04 - 01:36) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vK9nDadFdSY&has_verified=. 22 January 2020. 2 is”3. Holocaust memory is enormously important for several reasons. One of the major reasons to remember is for those who cannot tell their stories anymore, who perished during and after the Holocaust and whose voice was silenced. Six million Jews and
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