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Second Reader: Professor Supervisor A Comparative Perspective the on Memorialization ofthe Holocaust in : The roleof the actors inconstructing 1990memory, Professor In fulfillmen partial

Andrea Pető

Constantin Iordachi t of of t the requirements for the degree Master of Germany and Hungary Central European University

Department of History Budapest, Hungary Agnes Kende Submitted to June, 2015 by

of Arts - 2014

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such instructions may bemade with not with accordance in made copies Further made. copies such any of part a form must page This librarian. the from obtained be may Details Library. European Central the in lodged wit accordance in only made be may part, or full in either process, any by Copies Author. the with rests thesis this of text the in Copyright

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remembrance. infini the emphasize to as well as commemoration narrative dominant countries’ two the of establishment the to led that factors the and actors the scrutinize to seeks thesis this approach comparative the of aim the with under relatively a as further for opportunities gender demonstrate are will I Consequently, there countries. both in that developments commemoration maintain I view of point critical a from Still, tha developed more is Holocaust the commemorate to approach Germany’s as well as landscapes memorialization of actors count two the within politics which in sake museums discussed. be and Germany t on elucidate method come toterms the with Hungary with along Germany reunited democracies, established newly of midst Europe. across shift political the by explained an memorials Holocaust developing Hungar inGermanyand Holocaustsalient memorialization addressesphenomenonThis thesis the of of providing a providing of s fo 18/90 o h present the to 1989/1990 from y

these two countries two these various actors various cannot be solely be cannot

Hungary, the evolvement of their history politics first and foremost ought to ought foremost and first politics history their of evolvement the Hungary, e ope mechanism complex he T e ulc ersnain f h ps a i mmras mnmns and monuments, memorials, in as past the of representation public he more comprehensive understanding comprehensive more - tde ctgr i te il o Hlcut mem Holocaust of field the in category studied i the r

of memorialization have memorialization of troublesome past.

ains olcie memory. collective nation’s , approached

have inte I ries By . pursued to remember their Holocaust their remember to pursued d o lutae o ht extent what to illustrate to nd d monuments monuments d introducing

from an empirical point of view. view. of point empirical an from eid h dvre rcs o mmraiain in memorialization of process diverse the behind Abstract This thesis focuses on the disparities focusesthedisparities on This thesis - a. h fnaetl esn for reason fundamental The day. ii

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Bibliography Conclusion Fills 4.4 someone’s shoes Try4.3. to walk a in mile other’sshoe If 4.2. the shoefits Gender4.1. as secondaryim Chapter IV. Botlatókövek 3.3 3.2. StolpersteineDas Projekt Germanyof Civic3.1. actions vs. Statesupremacy on memorialization Chapter III. 2.2 RoleThe of the Hu 2.1 RoleThe of the German State on memorials and memorial sites Chapter II. Confronting1.2. Counter 1.1 AnnalsThe Holocaustof memorialization, pre Chapter I. The Evolution Historyof Politics Germanyin and in Hungary Introduction ofList Figures Statementof Copyright Table

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regimes historical Hungary in and Germany in parallels memoriali in politics history Hungarian and German of significance fundamental the of understanding comprehensive influencecountries,of memorialization becomes theirextensive ontheprocess apparent. in analogies the out mapping h gradually history’ By of landscapes. ‘politicization that impact the recognized have others John Gyáni, Gabor Cole, Tim to Niven Bill Berger, Stefan Young, E. scholars James fromEminent politics. history givennation’s the of lightthe in memorials Ho purposes. catalogical purely served memorials the of aggravation the or sides aesthetic the either on offerchance todeploy thenumerous toscholars approaches. critical precisely in concept different a has nation conc can one worldHolocaust the of martyrs and victims the to explicitlydedicated the across erected monuments and memorials of numbers vast the over glancing quickly by First, factors. various of combination the by explained be can commemoration thirty last the in artists and sociologists, historians, art historians, scholars, numerous of attention su The - Therefore this thesis aims to follow the footsteps of respect of footsteps the follow to aims thesis this Therefore Holocaustfocusedcomparative research memorialsIn cases,on largely themajority of ot yas Te otnosy rwn itrs o aaei i Hol in academia of interest growing continuously The years. forty bject of memorialization memorialization of bject (f because of this diversityH in this of because ascism and c and ascism resemblances. As both countries experienced the trauma of two totalitarian totalitarian two of trauma the experienced countries both As resemblances. ee, n eet years recent in wever, ommunism), I became concerned became I ommunism), zing the Holocaust. The motive is motive The Holocaust. the zing particularly with particularly , two nations which nations two , f how of the , olocaust memorialization, memorials and monuments olocaust memorialization, Introduction

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Maria. Budapest Maria. 1 democratic societies. by constructed memorialization of methods new the elucidateon will chapters following the Consequently, remembrance. national on approaches pluralistic les for possibilities up the opened but freely more views opposite their express to allowed governmental to exposed were control. institutions research and historians many articles and histori publications, censoring By memory. and history of narratives national a included two countries face attempted newly own to pastdemocrat their under established the by brought striking most ofpolitical shift 1989the changes the Among transformed. predominantly Hungary to opposed as Germany united in remembrance for narrative dominant the Communism, of collapse Europe inpostwar someHolocaustcertainly extent was memorialization present to countr two the within process memorialization the that sense a in perspective, ‘synchronic’ a apply to remembrance. h past, Communist countries’ each memorializing for narratives opposing the observe thoroughly to interesting also be would country victimized a as ‘ Miller. Alexei. Introduction in in Introduction Miller.Alexei. former perpetrators former codn t hsoin Aee Mle, h despot the Miller, Alexei historian, to According intend I Hungary and Germany between comparison the out carrying of course the In 1

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Assmann. Aleida. Cultural Memory and Western Civilization: Functions, Media, Archives. New York: Archives. Media, Functions, Western Civilization: and Memory Aleida. Cultural Assmann. lies chiefly on secondary source of literature, the chapters on state intervention and civic and intervention state on chapters the literature, of source secondary on chiefly lies While Germany’s While th Because Germany between remembrance Holocaust on situation diverse the to back Getting s ’

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p.27. Budapest Maria. Lipman. and Miller.Alexei. Politicsby 5 under perished who Jews of millions the to referring solely from expanded was fact of the Third Reich. a as adopted was enta ambiguous any from itself exculpate could GDR thus narrative dominant past Nazi of generalization the with along consciousness historical Holoca Socialism the National concerning responsibilities national of abandonment an in resulted movement labor early the feudalism, and absolutism against resistance the to in particular past Imperial German former the of aspects certain of glorification the view of point Berger’ Given victimhood. of sense the and strongly fighters, was resistance heroes, past by characterized fascist its toward narrative government’s German East The well. as Deutschland varied out it extensively. carried they process the however past Nazi their against stand firm a take F the and Republic Democratic German the of formation the to led powers Allied the by Germany of division The reparations. and changes, economic with along borders German postwar on negotiate a Attlee), Clement by replaced (later Churchill Winston Minister Prime British Stalin, Joseph leader, Soviet 1945. in August 2 and July 17 between held Conference Potsdam the of result a as changes reunificati Germany’s to Prior of Holocaustmemorialization, Annals 1.1 The pre

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the division among communities and can eventually provoke violent reactions. violent provoke eventually can and communities among division the “ The memory of Trianon as a Political Instrument in Hungary Today.”in Mille Today.”in Hungary in Instrument Political asa Trianon of The memory not only misleads the younger generations toward an apocryphal national national apocryphal an toward generations younger the misleads only not

Gyáni Gábor Gyáni

48

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. Hungary’s 49 “

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