List of Symbols

A Vector potential A 1. Amplitude of light wave 2. Astronomical unit 3. Atomic weight 4. 1012 times element abundance relative to hydrogen 5. Azimuthal component of vector potential 6. Constant in law of differential rotation 7. Area of sunspot AUL Einstein coefficient for spontaneous emission A z Mean atomic weight of atoms heavier than helium B Magnetic field vector Bp Poloidal magnetic field vector Bt Toroidal magnetic field vector B 1. Kirchhoff-Planck function 2. Magnitude (or component) of magnetic field 3. Constant in law of differential rotation BLU Einstein coefficient for radiative excitation Bp Field in equilibrium with pressure BUL Einstein coefficient for induced emission Be Critical magnetic field strength Be Equipartition field strength Bm Central field strength in sunspot Bo 1. Heliographic latitude of disc center 2. Initial magnetic field strength C 1. Intensity contrast of granulation 2. Constant in law of differential rotation Cij Rate of collisional transition D 1. Aperture (diameter) of telescope 2. Diameter of granule 3. Dynamo number Ds Aperture of spectrograph E Electric field vector E 1. Number fraction electrons/all other particles 2. Energy of nuclear reaction Iff =(uxb), vector of mean electric field EES Electrostatic energy of charged particles Eij Energy of jth state of ith atom Ej Energy of jth atomic state Emax Energy of Gamow peak 362 List of Symbols

F 1. Vector of energy flux density 2. Volume force Vector of convective energy flux density Vector of heating energy flux density Vector of radiative energy flux density 1. Magnitude of energy flux 2. Cross section of flux tube G Gravitational constant H 1. Voigt function 2. Density scale height 3. Specific enthalpy Hp Pressure scale height I Stokes vector I Intensity of radiation Ie Continuum intensity J 1. Birefringence of Lyot filter 2. Mean (over solid angle) of intensity 3. Quantum number of angular momentum 4. Total angular momentum of Sun Total initial angular momentum of Sun Solar quadrupole moment Second moment of intensity Rotational splitting kernel 1. Luminosity 2. Quantum number of orbital angular momentum 3. Linear operator of solar oscillation equations 4. Ecliptic heliographic longitude 5. Constant of integration for magnetic braking Ls Luminosity at surface of solar model Lo Heliographic (ecliptic) longitude of disc center L0 Luminosity of present Sun L2 - r2 times angular part of Laplacian operator LSF Line spread function M Absolute magnitude of a star MA AJfven Mach number M J Magnetic quantum number MTF Modulation transfer function MTFn Modulation transfer function due to diffraction MTFs Modulation transfer function due to seeing N 1. j/D, focal ratio 2. Brunt-Vaisala frequency 3. Truncation index of spherical harmonic expansion NA Avogadro number O(x) Term of first order in x p 1. Pressure 2. Degree of polarization 3. Power spectrum 4. Position angle of northern direction on Sun List of Symbols 363

Electrostatic correction to pressure Gas pressure Ion contribution to gas pressure Perfect gas pressure Radiation pressure 1. Electron pressure 2. Pressure external to flux tube Associated Legendre function Pressure at surface of solar model 1. Equilibrium pressure 2. Pressure on the axis of flux tube Pj Eulerian pressure perturbation PSF Point spread function PSFD Point spread function of diffraction PSFs Point spread function of seeing Q 1. Energy release per nuclear reaction 2. Stokes parameter of linear polarized light 3. =vILlv, quality factor 4. Energy gain per volume for granular flow Reynolds stress Energy of neutrino Energy release exclusive of neutrino energy Sunspot relative number Gas constant Radius of flux tube Rate of transition from ith to jth state Magnetic Reynolds number Rossby number 1. Irradiance (energy flux) at mean solar distance 2. Quantum number of spin angular momentum 3. Source function 4. Specific entropy 1. Line source function 2. Limit frequency for acoustic oscillations T 1. Orbital period 2. Absolute temperature 3. Period of solar oscillation TB Brightness temperature Ts Sidereal period of Carrington rotation Te Electron temperature Teff Effective temperature Tp Proton temperature Ts Temperature at surface of solar model To 1. Time constant for internal g-mode oscillations 2. Coronal temperature at radius TO u 1. Internal energy, or specific internal energy 2. Stokes parameter of linear polarized light Electrostatic correction to specific internal energy 364 List of Symbols

V Velocity vector of center of gravity V 1. Electrostatic potential 2. Volume, or specific volume 3. Stokes parameter of circular polarized light Vmac Parameter (velocity) of macroturbulence X Mass fraction of hydrogen X CN Combined mass fraction of carbon and nitrogen Xi Mass fraction of element i Y Mass fraction of 4He Yi Spherical harmonic function Yo Initial mass fraction of helium Y08 Value of Yo adapted to reproduce present Sun Y3 Mass fraction of 3He Y 30 Initial mass fraction of 3He Z 1. Mass fraction of elements heavier than helium 2. Charge number of a particle a 1. Grating constant 2. =4o/C, radiation constant 3. Semi-major axis of elliptical orbit b Fluctuating part of magnetic field b Binormal vector of thin flux tube c 1. Velocity of light 2. Velocity of sound 3. Oblateness parameter CA Alfven velocity Cp Specific heat at constant pressure CT Tube speed Cv Specific heat at constant volume C2 =hclk, radiation constant d 1. Diameter of solar image 2. Distance between centers of granules 3. Width of magnetic flux sheet or tube d Deuteron e 1. Elementary charge 2. Thickness of first crystal in Lyot filter e Electron e+ Positron 1 1. Focal length of telescope 2. Oscillator strength 3. Filling factor for convecting parcels Is Focal length of spectrograph leff Effective focal length g Vector of gravitational acceleration g 1. Gravitational acceleration 2. Lande factor of atomic state gL Statistical weight of lower state List of Symbols 365 gu Statistical weight of upper state geff Vector of effective gravitational acceleration gij Statistical weight of jth state of ith atom g'{' Coefficient of multipole expansion g* g factor for atomic transition g8 Gravitational acceleration at present Sun's surface h 1. Planck constant 2. Height in solar atmosphere above the level where <500 = 1 h'{' Coefficient of multipole expansion Inclination between ecliptic and solar equator j Vector of electric current density k VVave vector k 1. Gaussian gravitational constant 2. Boltzmann constant 3. VVave number kNy Nyquist wave number kh Horizontal wave number k m Largest wave number transmitted by telescope kr Radial wave number ko VVave number for separation of granulation and oscillation f Tangent vector of thin flux tube I 1. Mixing length 2. Typical size of convection cell, or length scale of fluctuation 3. Degree of spherical harmonic m 1. Mass 2. Reduced mass 3. Apparent magnitude of a star 4. Order of spectrum 5. Longitudinal order of spherical harmonic mH Atomic mass of hydrogen me Electron mass m8 Mass of present Sun Ii Principal normal vector of thin flux tube n 1. Number of grooves in a diffraction grating 2. Principal quantum number 3. Index of refraction 4. Order (radial node number) of oscillations 5. Co-ordinate in normal direction n Neutron nH Number density of hydrogen nL Number density of atoms in lower state nu Number density of atoms in upper state nz Number density of particles with charge Ze ne 1. Electron density 2. Index of refraction for extraordinary ray 3. Polytropic index ni Number density of particle species i nij Number density of ith particle in jth ionization state 366 List of Symbols nijk Number density of ith particle in jth ionization and kth excitation state n/ Number density which would obtain in LTE no Index of refraction for ordinary ray P Momentum of a particle p Proton Po Impact parameter for 90° collision r Radius vector r 1. Line depression 2. Radius rA Alfven radius rD Debye radius rv Radius where v = 0, i.e., base of convection zone rc 1. Reflection coefficient of retroreflector 2. Critical radius for coronal expansion re External reflection coefficient of glass plate rik Nuclear reaction rate per mass of species i and k rs Surface radius of solar model rt Radius of reflection for an acoustic oscillation rw Radius of solar wind source surface ro 1. Central line depression 2. Classical electron radius 3. Fried parameter 4. Radius of heat input in corona r iJT Radius where LIT reverses sign riJV Radius where LtV reverses sign r(') Radius of present Sun S 1. Co-ordinate along ray 2. =r sin e, distance from axis So Seeing parameter s Anisotropy parameter of turbulent diffusivity t time tD Dynamical time scale tKH Kelvin-Helmholtz time tff Time scale of free fall t(') Age of the Sun u Fluctuating part of velocity vector u 1. =hvlkT 2. Energy of particle 3. Partition function 4. Typical velocity in convection cell, typical fluctuating velocity, or wave amplitude v Velocity vector vrn Vector of meridional circulation vp Poloidal velocity vector vt Toroidal velocity vector Vo Vector of rotational velocity List of Symbols 367 v 1. Magnitude (or component) of velocity 2. =(A - AO)/LlAo, normalized distance from line center 3. Mean velocity of convection VA Alfven velocity in solar wind VB Normalized Zeeman splitting Wo Angular radius of usable field

F t Adiabatic exponent LI 1. Focus tolerance 2. Laplacian operator LI S Total entropy change over convection zone LIT 1. Temperature difference between granules and intergranular space 2. Temperature excess of displaced parcel Llr Difference between equatorial and polar solar radii LI t 1. Time delay in Doppler spectroheliogram 2. Time resolution of observed oscillation LlA Wavelength distance to line center LlAB Zeeman splitting LlAo Doppler width of line (in wavelength) LlAG Gravitational redshift LI v 1. Width of line in oscillation spectrum 2. Asymptotic frequency splitting of p modes LI Vo Doppler width of line (in frequency) LIe Density difference of displaced parcel Llifl Phase difference Llwa Rotational shift of oscillation frequency wa LI V =V - Va' excess of temperature gradient over adiabatic gradient A Ratio of Debye radius to 90~impact parameter Ah Coefficient of horizontal non-diffusive momentum flux Ar Coefficient of vertical non-diffusive momentum flux e 1. Characteristic angle of internal gravity waves 2. Moment of inertia @ 1. Gravitational potential 2. Magnetic flux 3. Potential of current-free magnetic field @c Critical magnetic flux @j Neutrino flux at Earth's orbit @t Eulerian perturbation of gravitational potential 'I' Effective gravitational potential n Vector of angular velocity D 1. Solid angle 2. Angular velocity of Sun 3. Angular velocity in flux tube Dp Angular velocity at pole De Angular velocity at equator 368 List of Symbols a 1. Helium nucleus 2. Ratio of mixing length to pressure scale height 3. Angle between flux tube axis and vertical 4. Coefficient of "a effect" in dynamo 5. Coefficient of force-free field 6. Angle of prominence with magnetic vector aj Cross-section of state j for photo ionization a 0 Value of a adapted to reproduce present Sun fJ 1. Ratio of gas pressure to total pressure 2. Plasma parameter 3. Contribution of turbulence to mean diffusivity 4. Angle of prominence with line of sight y 1. Angle of magnetic field with line of sight 2. Constant value of adiabatic exponent 3. Damping constant 4. Photon b -(8 Ing/8 In T)p bik Kronecker symbol bP Lagrangian pressure perturbation br Radial displacement bv Frequency separation of asymptotically degenerate eigenoscillations bg Lagrangian density perturbation 8 1. Energy generation per mass 2. Phase angle in polarized light wave 3. Element abundance relative to hydrogen 4. Correction factor in thermal conductivity 8e Continuous emission 8f Line emission 80 Dielectric constant of free space 17 Absorption matrix for Stokes vector 11 1. Efficiency of Fourier spectrometer 2. Thmperature exponent of energy generation 3. Magnetic diffusivity 4. Ratio of line to continuum absorption 5. Degree of ionization 11t Turbulent magnetic diffusivity 11 + Blueshifted absorption profile 11 Redshifted absorption profile () 1. Angular distance from disc center, or from north pole 2. Position angle on solar disc 3. Angle of flux tube with horizontal direction K 1. Absorption coefficient 2. Rosseland mean absorption coefficient (opacity) 3. Curvature of thin flux tube 4. Coefficient of thermal conduction Ke Continuum absorption coefficient KT Temperature exponent of opacity List of Symbols 369

K{ Line absorption coefficient K t Turbulent heat diffusivity KII Coefficient of thermal conduction parallel to B A Wavelength Aik Nuclear reaction rate of species i and k fJ. 1. Permeability of free space 2. cos e 3. Mean molecular weight 4. Muon fJ.o Mean molecular weight of neutral gas v 1. Frequency of light 2. Neutrino 3. Frequency of solar oscillation 4. Diffusivity 5. ==Vtl17t vp Plasma frequency vij Tensor of turbulent diffusivity Vrot =Ql2n, cycle frequency of rotation Vt Turbulent diffusivity Vo Frequency of line center ~ Displacement vector e 1. Component of displacement vector 2. Ancillary variable in inversion problem eh Defining scalar for horizontal components of ~ et Parameter (velocity) of microturbulence f2 1. Mass density 2. Heliocentric angular distance 3. =rlr0 in corona f2e Density external to flux tube f20 1. Equilibrium density 2. Density on the axis of flux tube f21 Eulerian density perturbation f2 * Density of displaced parcel a 1. Blurring parameter 2. Stefan-Boltzmann constant 3. Electric conductivity 4. Cross section as Cross section per electron for Thomson scattering , 1. Optical depth 2. Transmission coefficient of glass plate 3. Torsion of thin flux tube 4. 1YPical time scale of fluctuation 'D Ohmic decay time 'R Radiative cooling time '500 Optical depth at 500 nm t/> 1. Azimuth angle of magnetic field 2. Azimuthal co-ordinate in flux tube 370 List of Symbols t/J 3. Heliographic longitude 4. Normalized Voigt function t/Jc Collisional profile t/JD Doppler profile X 1. Lower excitation potential 2. Ionization potential 3. Frequency distribution of spontaneous emission If! 1. Degeneracy parameter 2. Heliographic latitude 3. Frequency distribution of induced emission co Circular frequency of oscillation co A Acoustic cutoff frequency CONy Nyquist frequency coa Frequency of a th eigenoscillation

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Abel transform 58, 180, 324 Baroclinic instability 235 Abnormal granulation 264, 267 - 268 Beryllium abundance 148 Absorption matrix 101, 336 Bilderberg atmosphere 138 Abundance of elements 146-149 Birefringence 90 Acoustic cutoff 165, 171, 350 Birefringent filter 89 Active cavity radiometer 112-113, 159, 293 Bisector 217 - granules 219 Blaze 83 - region 287 Blurring 57 Adaptive optics 66 Boltzmann distribution 25 Adiabatic gradient 28-29, 178, 195, 199,281 - equation 124, 138 - change 161, 262, 281 Boron abundance 148 ADP crystal 87 - decay 48 a effect 307 Boundary conditions for solar model 42-44, Age of Sun 9 170 Airy image 58 for energy flow 295 26Al 16, 53 -- for oscillations 169-171,177 Alfven radius 235, 346 -- for solar wind 335 - velocity 275, 298, 346 Bound-bound absorption 38 Alignment 77, 79 Bound-free absorption 39 Altazimuth mount 71, 78 Bremsstrahlung 329, 354, 357 Anelastic approximation 212, 248 Bright ring 293 Angular momentum conservation 244, 345, Brightness temperature 8 347 Brunt-Vaisiilii frequency 163, 166, 174, 196 - of electrons in atom 97 Buoyancy 198, 203 -- of Sun 17,231,234, 345 - breaking 213 -- transport 234, 243, 248 Butterfly diagram 303, 312 - velocity 181, 231, 236, 308, 346 -- of solar surface 238 Ca II emission 231, 299, 318-320, 347 Anisotropic particle distribution 332 Carrington rotation 229 - viscosity 246 Cepheids 188-189 Anomalous dispersion 118 Chaotic behaviour of dynamo 314 - Zeeman effect 97, 100 Charge-coupled device 57 aD dynamo 308-315 Chondrites 146 Apollo Telescope Mount 57 Chromosphere 120, 317 - 321 Arch filament system 285 Chromospheric eruption 351 Asteroids 2 fibrils 300 Astigmatism 73 -75, 80, 83 heating 320, 350 Astronomical unit 3 network 220-224, 318-320, 348 Asymptotic expansion 171 radiation 347 - frequencies 174 37CI experiment 46, 50, 114 Atmospheric extinction 57 CNO cycle 30-35,50 model 102, i33-144 Coelostat 70 - table 145 Collimator 82 stray light 116 Collision 128, 327, 330 temperature fluctuations 57, 60 . - broadening 38, 98, 123, 144 turbulence 61 - rate 129, 132 386 Subject Index

Color index 12 Dispersion 82 Coma 73, 77, 79-81, 83 - relation 165, 189 Comets 330 Domeless design 63, 78 Complete redistribution 130 Doppler broadening 38, 98, 123 Conduction of heat 22, 332-334, 348 - compensator 86, 238 Conductivity, electrical 251, 303, 351 difference plate 150 -, thermal 332 - shift 86, 95, 209, 221, 239, 242 Continuum 127, 131, 136, 138 - width 38-39, 125 Contrast 59, 80, 205, 207 Downdraft 215, 221 Contribution function 141, 143, 210 Duvall's law 168, 180 Convection 194, 211, 222 Dynamic time scale 20 - rolls 248, 257 Dynamo 304 - in solar wind 348 -, kinematic 305 - velocity 198 -, magnetohydrodynarnic 313 - zone depth 148, 177, 180,201,205, 303 number 309, 314 -- table 200 - period 311 Convective blueshift 215, 218 - collapse 261, 274 Earth albedo 46 - energy flux 197, 290, 294 - atmosphere 5, 61, 116 Core rotation 52, 231, 237 Echelle diagram 159-160, 174, Coriolis force 223, 245, 307 176-177 Corona 169, 322-330 - spectrograph 83 Coronagraph 116, 327 Eddington approximation 44, 133, 294 Coronal condensation 326, 345 Eddington-Barbier approximation 135 - energy balance 348 - 349 Effective focal length 69, 78 - expansion 334-336, 349 - temperature 6, 44 - heating 351 Einstein coefficients 126-127, 131 - holes 239, 328, 330, 349 Electron beam 354 - streamer 326, 344 - capture 38 - structure 329, 339 - density 26, 325, 330 - transient 355 - 357 - radius 40 - void 345 - scattering 40, 323 Correlation of velocity field 201, 242, 305, - screening 54 307 - temperature 125 - tracker 67 Electro-optic light modulator 87, 110 Coude system 76 Electrostatic barrier 30, 36 Cowling approximation 164, 171 - pressure correction 24, 177 C shape 218 Element abundance table 147 Current sheet 344, 351, 357 e mechanism 192 Curvature of flux tube 277 Emerging flux regions 285 Czemy-Thmer system 82, 94 Emission lines 11,321,327-328 Energy flux 6-7,20-21, 197,202 Damping constant 38, 123 - sources 20 - of oscillations 188, 191 Enthalpy 213, 349 Debye radius 25, 40, 54 Entrance slit 82, 83, 85, 88, 95, 109 Debye-Hilckel theory 25, 54, 176 - window 64 Degeneracy of eigenfrequencies 155 Entropy 20,26,28, 167, 178, 201 - of electrons 26 Ephemeral active regions 314, 330 Departure coefficients 133, 140 Equipartition field 260 Depolarization 119 Equivalent width 142 Detailed balance 127 Eulerian perturbation 162 Diagnostic diagram 165 Evanescent wave 152, 166 Dielectronic recombination 327 Evershed effect 299-301 Diffraction 58-59 Exit slit 95, 109 Diffusivity, magnetic 252, 307 Exploding granules 209 -, turbulent 201, 248, 260, 293, 296, 307 Extended atmosphere 169, 334 Disparition brusque 355 Extreme ultraviolet 11, 141, 321 Subject Index 387

Faculae 254, 267, 287, 301 Grey atmosphere 43 Facular points 267, 269 Guiding 75 Filament 224, 342, 351-353 Filigree 267 - 269, 282 Ha 7, 92, 141, 267, 299, 317, 342, 351-354, Filter tuning 92-93 356 - width 91, 94 Hale's polarity rules 301 First-order smoothing 306 Hanle effect 119, 336 Flare 12, 351-354 Harvard-Smithsonian Reference Flash spectrum 317 Atmosphere 140 Flute instability 292 3He 15, 48, 192 Flux concentration 257 - 263 Heat transport, latitude-dependent 245 - explusion 258 - trap 76, 81 - sheet 260 Helicity 307, 340 - tube 256-284 Heliographic co-ordinates 229 - -, thermal structure 282 Helios 331-332, 336, 347 - -, thin 270-284 Heliostat 69 Focallength 68, 71, 76, 82 Helium abundance 14-15, 148 - ratio 71, 75, 78, 83 - telescope filling 64, 79 Focus tolerance 77 Henyey method 54 Foot point 300-304, 340, 351 Hertzsprung-Russell diagram 1, 18, 45, Forbidden lines 327 231 Force-free magnetic field 339 High-speed streams 331-332 Fourier analysis 152 H - ion 136, 347 - transform 153 Homologous flares 353, 357 -- spectrometer 7, 84, 283 Hydrogen burning 30 Fragmentation of granules 209, 219 Hydrogen-like atoms 39, 40 - of interstellar cloud 17 Hydrostatic equilibrium 19, 161, 334 Free fall 17 Free-free absorption 39 Image distortion 57 Frequency resolution 153, 158 - intensifier 68, 264 - separation 175, 178 - motion 57, 66, 80 Fried parameter 60-61 - rotation 69-71, 78 Frozen field 254-256, 281, 333 - scale 68 Impulsive phase of flare 353 71Ga experiment 50, 115 Induced emission 126 Gamow peak 36-37 Induction equation 251, 270, 293, 305, 309 Gaunt factor 39-40 Inertia moment 17, 235 Giant cells 223, 238 Infrared 5, 8-9, 139 Global convection 223, 248 Instrumental polarization 69 -70 - magnetism 301 Intensity 6-7, 85,90, 121, 324 - oscillations 158 Interchange instability 292 g modes 150, 167, 169, 171, 174 Internal energy 29, 295 Granulation 62,205-218 gravity waves 166, 190, 235 - diameter 207, 215 - magnetic field 236 - evolution 209, 219 - mixing 53, 178, 235 - model 212 - rotation 52, 181 -, stellar 218 Interstellar gas 17, 334 - velocity 209 Inverse theory 179 -183 Grating 82-84 Ionization 23-24, 199, 327 Gravitational acceleration 4, 231 - of HeI 220 - collapse 16-17 - of Hell 222 - energy 20, 349 - of hydrogen 215 - potential 163, 171,230 Iron abundance 146 - -, effective 231, 236 Irradiance 6, 159, 294 - redshift 86, 215 Isoplanatic patch 67 y-rays 351, 353-355 Isorotation on cylinders 231, 249, 313 Gregory system 76-77,79 Isothermal atmosphere 165, 170 388 Subject Index

Jeans criterion 16 Mass conservation 19, 212, 346 - loss 4, 234, 347 KDP crystal 87 - of Sun 3 Kelvin-Helmholtz time 18, 30, 295 Maxwell equations 251 Kepler law 2 - stress 256 Kinetic equilibrium 122 Mean-field electrodynamics 305 - 308 Kink instability 357 -- migration 310, 313 Kirchhoff-Planck function 21, 102, 121 Mercury, perihelion rotation 231 K mechanism 188 Meridional circulation 242, 245, 247 Mesogranulation 219 Lagrangian perturbation 161 Meteorites 16 Lande factor 97, 266, 296 Microturbulence 125, 139, 218 Langley method 7 Microwaves 353 - 354, 357 LEST 56, 64, 78 Mixing length 14, 15, 177, 197, 202, 291, 296 Limb 4, 61, 135,231,317, 321 -- theory 14, 22, 45, 1%-205, 253, 291 - darkening 7, 133, 158, 192, 294, 325 Moat 290 - effect 216 Modulation transfer function 57, 74, 206, 210 Line absorption 122 Molecular lines 289, 298 - asymmetry 216,238 - weight 23 - gaps 263 Monochromator 7,94 - shift 86-88 Moreton wave 356 - spread function 58, 206 Mottle 224,243,317 Lithium abundance 148, 205, 232 M region 331 Littrow spectrograph 82 Local thermodynamic equilibrium 102, 120, Negative absorption 130 122, 124 Network 220, 265, 318 - turbulence 62 Neutrino 30,46,48-51,55 Lorentz force 235, 256, 277, 313, 341 detector 48, 113 - 116 - gas 253, 333 flavour 50 Lorenz system 314 spectrum 49 Low-Z model 51, 176 unit, solar 50 Luminosity of Sun 5 - 6, 46, 294 Non-LTE 122 Lyman a 11, 141, 322, 347, 349 Nuclear energy 30, 35 - continuum 141 - reactions 30-31, 148, 355 Lyot filter 89, 327 Nyquist frequency 153 - wave number 85 Macroturbulence 125, 141, 218 Magnetic braking 17, 234, 345-347 Oblateness 229-232, 235 - buoyancy 278, 303, 313 Occulting disc 116, 231 - energy release 356-357 Opacity 38, 41, 188 -- storage 339,341, 356-357 Optimal kernel 185 - field induction 251, 304 Orbiting Solar Laboratory 57 -- measurement 96, 109-112, 336 -- Observatory 57 -- in outer atmosphere 336-343 Order of spectrum 82-84 - -, potential 337-339 Oscillation equations 163 - flux conservation 17,255,261, 346 - filter 158 - knots 263, 282, 287, 300 - frequency table 157 - pressure 52, 256, 340 - phase 152, 169, 190 - Reynolds number 252, 258, 306 -, quality factor 159 - tension 256, 342 -, stochastic excitation 189 - torque 17,235-237 - in sunspots 298 Magnetogram 265-266, 304, 337 -, 5-minute 150, 155, 298 Magnetograph 96, 98 -, 160-minute 192 - saturation 265 Oscillator strength 38, 124, 127, 146 Magnetohydrodynamic approximation 256 Oscillatory convection 297, 299 Magneto-optic filter 118 Overshoot 202, 211, 215 Main-sequence evolution 19, 45-46 - layer 204, 282, 303, 314, 316 Subject Index 389

Overstability 188 Reaction rates 34-38 Reconnection of field lines 258, 351 Partial redistribution 130 Resonance reaction 35 - 36 Partition function 24, 27, 54, 128 - scattering spectrometer 87, 156 Penumbra 284,286,296-297 Reynolds stress 244 Penumbral waves 299 - -, non-diffusive 245 pep reaction 48 Rossby number 223, 248 Perfect gas 23 Rosseland mean 21, 41 Photoionization 127 Rotational history 232, 236 Photomultiplier 57, 87 - splitting of eigenfrequencies 182, 235 Photon flux 56 -- kernel 183 Photosphere 120, 136, 150 Rotation axis 228 Pixel 68 - of convection zone 244 Plages 319 -, differential 228, 238, 244 Plasma frequency 328, 354 - elements 228, 242 - turbulence 254 - variation 241 p modes 150,152-161,166-169, 171, 176, 235, 298, 315 Saha equation 23 - 24, 124, 137 Point spread function 57 Sampling 85 Polarimeter 109 Scattered light 116 Polarization of line radiation 88, 96-100 -- in corona 323 - 324 - of white-light corona 323 -- in solar atmosphere 227 Polarizer 89, 93 -- in spectrograph 239 Polar plumes 326, 333 Schiefspiegler 74 Poloidal field in flux tube 271 Schwarzschild criterion 194 - mean field 304, 308 Screening of giant cells 227 Polytrope 170 Sectoral modes 183 Pore 263, 282, 300 Sector boundaries 337 Post-flare loops 353 Seeing 57, 61 Power spectrum 153, 159, 298 - monitor 61, 68 pp chains 30-34, 51 Shear, latitudinal 186 Precursor 353, 357 -, radial 183, 237 Pre disperser 84 Shock 300, 350 Pressure ionization 24, 54 Side lobe 153, 184, 187 Prominence 301,321,336,341-345 Siderostat 69 - eruption 354-355 Siphon flow 300 - statistics 343 Skin depth 303 Proton flare 354 Skylab 57, 117, 239, 321, 329, 355 Protostellar evolution 18 Solar constant 5,46, 293, 315 cycle 6, 11, 295, 301-315 Quadrupole moment 229 - Maximum Mission 5-6,57,112-113,159 Quantum numbers 97 - neutrino problem 50 Quarterwave plate 93, 94 Solar-stellar connection 359 Solar wind 4, 330-332, 335-338 Radar echo 2, 332 Source function 129-131, 319 Radiation pressure 22, 330 - surface 338 Radiative cooling 191, 214 South Pole 158 - loss of convection 198 Specific heat 28 - 29 -- of corona 349 Spectral resolution 82, 85, 94 - recombination 128, 140 Spectrograph 82 - transfer 21, 102, 120, 213 Spectroheliograph 95 Radio bursts 9, 328, 354 Spectrum synthesis 146 - heliograph 328 Spektro-Stratoskop 211 - spectrum 9 Spherical aberration 73 Radius of Sun 4, 46, 170 - harmonics 154-155, 162, 304, 338 Rayleigh criterion 73, 77 Spicules 317 - instability 237 Spontaneous emission 126 390 Subject Index

Sporer's law 302 T4ermodynamic equilibrium 121 Spot diagram 80 Thomson scattering 40, 323 Stability of core rotation 235 Ti02 paint 65 of flux concentration 262, 297 Topological dissipation 351 - of horizontal flux tube 280, 313 Toroidal field in flux tube 271 - of magnetic energy storage 357 - mean field 303, 308 - of stratification 194, 297 Torsion of flux tube 277 - of sunspot 292, 297 Torsional oscillation 236, 241, 314 Standard model 15,45-51, 175, 177 Total reflection 167, 170 -- table 47 Tower telescope 62, 68, 74, 76 Statistical equilibrium 122, 125-133, 140 Tracer 220, 223, 239, 242 Stellar activity cycles 320 'fransition region 144, 321-322 - Ca II emission 231 T Tauri stars 232 - coronae 350 Tube wave, longitudinal 274 - granulation 218 - -, torsional 275 - rotation 231, 320 - -, transverse 278 - spots 294 Thnnel effect 36, 167, 190 Stimulated emission 41, 126 Thrbulent diffusion 233,248-249,260,293 Stokes parameter 99-101, 118, 283 Turret 63, 66, 71 Stratoscope 296 Strehl criterion 73, 77 UBV filter 12, 89 Sunspot 251, 284-301 Ultraviolet 5, 10-11, 139, 328 atmosphere 288 Umbra 284 - decay 287, 292 Umbral dots 296 diameter 286 - flashes 298 field strength 288 Universal filter 93 - intensity 285, 289, 315 Unno equations 101 - magneto hydrostatic model 290 - oscillations 298 Vacuum telescope 64 - relative number 288, 302, 344 Virial theorem 18, 24 Supergranulation 220 - 223, 318 Viscous force 212, 214, 246 -, Coriolis effect 223 Voigt function 123 - intensity contrast 222 Vortex 223, 341 - lifetime 223 Superpenumbra 300 Water-flow pyrheliometer 112 Synchrotron radiation 354, 357 White-light corona 323 - 326 -- flare 354 Tangential discontinuity 272, 344 Wide-field element 118 Tearing 357 Wilson effect 290 Telescope 56, 68, 74, 78-81 WIMPs 55, 179 -, domeless 63, 78 Wind screen 63 - mirrors 69 Wolter telescope 329 -, open 63, 65 - resolution 59 X-ray bright points 330 - transmission 74 X-rays 11, 328, 353-354, 357 Thmperature gradient 21-22,45, 199,315, 322,333 Zeeman effect 88, 96-98, 100-102, 266, THEMIS 78 336, 338 Thermal equilibrium 295 Zodiacal light 323 Thermal time scale 295 Zonal harmonics 155 Thermalization length 122 Ziirich classification 284 - 286