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å1. rt 'tc SEDIMENTOLOGY OF THE LATE PRECAMBRIAN MUNDALLIO SUBGROUP : A CLASTIC.CARBONATE (DOLOMITE' MAGNESITE) SESUENCE IN THE MT. LOFTY AND FLINDERS RANGES, SOUTH AUSTRALIA. (VOLUME I) by ROBIN K. UPPILL, B. Sc. (Hons. ) (Adelaide) Department of Geology and Mineralogy, The University of Adelaide. This lhesis is submitted as fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Docfor of Philosophy in Geology at the University of Adelaide. January, 1980. léh J''o l'rs-Ü ilrruo,rrle d ) 1I TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME I Table of Contents t1 Summary vii Staternent of Origì-nalitY ix Acknowledgements x PART T GENERAL INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 ATMS AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY 1 CHAPTER 2 GEOLOGTCAL SETTING - TI]E ADELAIDE GEOSYNCL]NE TECTONIC FRAMEI/'IORK 3 E'ffi-nYT-Sntffiñ'rArroN 4 V\TIL,LOURAN SED II'4ENTAT I0N (CALLANA GROUP) 5 TORRENS]AN SEDII4ENTAT]ON (BURRA GROUP) 5 STURTIAN-MAR]NOAN SEDIMENTATION (UMBERATANA AI'ID I,¡ILPENA GROUPS) 7 CAMBRIAN SEDIMENTATION 7 SOT]RCE AREAS B DELAMERIAN OR OGENY 9 PART II STRATIGRAPHY, SEDII'IENTOLOGY AND PALAEOGEOGRAPHY OF THE MUI{DALLIO SUBGROUP CHAPTER 3 THB MUNDALLIO SUBGROUP : INTRODUCTION AND STRATIGRAPHY INTRODUCTTON AND PREVIOUS ]NVEST]GATIONS 10 DISTRIBUTION OF' THE MUNDALLIO SUBGROUP 11 TIGRA IO SUBGROU 12 CASTAMBUL F'ORMATION 12 MONTACUTE DOLOMITE 12 SK]LLOGALEE DOI.OMITE 12 WOOLSHED FLAT SHALE 13 NATHALTEF] FORMATION 13 NANKABI]NYANA FORMATION 15 CAMEL FI-AT SHALE AND TILTERANA SANDSTONE 15 YADLAMALKA FORMATION 15 MIRRA FORMATION 16 CORRELATION AND BOUNDARY PROBI-,EMS 16 SUI.{.4ARY 19 CHAPTER 4 CL,ASTIC DOMINATED SEOUENCES OF THE LOV.IER MUNDALLIO SUBGROUP Il\I TI{E SOUTHERT] AND NORTHERN FLINDERS RANGES (NAT'HALTEE FOFìT4ATION, NANKABUNYANA FORMATION' CAMEL FL.AT SFIALE A\ID TIL'TERANA SAND-S.IONE ) : FAC]ES DESCRIPT]ONS AND DEPOS].TIONAL ENV]RONMENTS NATHAL,TEE FORMATION 20 ]N1'RODUCTÏON 20 FACIES DESCRIPTIOI.{S A}]D DEPOSIT]ONAL ENVIRCNMENTS 22 Uni-t 1 22 SlÌãtones at.id Shales 22 Sandstones 23 Conglomerat,ic Sandstones 24 Dofonj_te Mudsj-ones 24 Dol-orn-ite Pacl<stones and Grainstones 25 Strcrtnatol-i t.ic Dolomi-Les 25 Magnesit-e )7 Unit 1 : EnvironmentaJ- Sunrmary 2.7 r1]- Unit 2 28 ffiIe.s 28 Dolomite Mudstones 29 Stromatolitic Dolomites 29 Grain Supported Sediments : Carbonate and Terrigenous 31 Unit 2 : EnvironmentaL Summary 31 Unit. 3 32 I¡¡TUAÏXEToRMATTON : SUMMAR 33 NANKABUNYANA FORMATTON 34 INTRODUCTION 34 FACIES DBSCRIPTIONS AND DEPOSIT]ONAL ENVIRONMENTS 35 Unit 1 35 mr-sslîe -shales 35 Laminated Shal-es and Sil-Lstones 36 Medium-Gnained Quartz Cemented Sandstones 3T Fine-Grained Muddy or Quartz-Cement.ed Sandstones 39 Conglomerates 40 Dolomites 41 Unit 'l : Environmental- Summary 41 Unit 2 42 SaA;s and Siltstones 43 Sandstones 43 Do]omile Mudstones 45 Dol-omite Intracl-astic Grainst,ones 46 Stromatolitic Dolomites 47 Dolomite Marbles 4B Massive Tron Stained Do]omites 4B Unit 2 : Environmental Summary 49 Unit 3 52 Sffi' and Siltstones 52 Sandstones 52 Unit 3 : Environmental Summary 53 Unit 4 53 NANKAEÎ'ÑÏÑ"A FORMATION : SUMMARY 56 CAMEL FLAT SHALE AND TILI'ERANA SANDSTONE 5B INTRODUCT]ON 5B CAMEL FLAT SHALE : FACIES DESCRIPTIONS AND DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS 59 TILTERANA SANDSTONE : FACIES DESCR]PTTONS AND DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS 60 CHAPTER 5 THE MUNDALLIO SUBGROUP IN THE MT. LOFTY RANGES (SK]LLOGALEE DOLOMITE, CASTAMBUL FORMATION AND V,IOOLSHED FLAI' SHALE) : FACIES DESCRIPTIONS AND DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS GENERAL ]NTRODUCT]ON 62 SKTLLOGALEE DOLOI,I]TE 62 INT'RODUCTION 62 F'ACIES DESCRTPT]OT]S AND DEPOS]T]OTIAL ENVIRONT,IENTS 63 Pal-e Coloured Recrystallised Dolomites 63 Palc CoÌourecl Stromatolitic Dolomites 65 õ{e-J' Dcl omi t e ìluo s'[oîðil 65 Magnesite 67 Terrigenous Cl-astics 67 ENVIRONI,IE NTAL SUI.4I,{ARY 6T CASTAI.{i]IJL i,-ORi.4AT ] ON 6B F'ACIES DESCR]P:I]OI.,JS AND DEPOSIT'IOI'JAT, ENV]RONI.{Eb]TS 69 l-i sed Dol-omit,es 69 Sif tstones 69 SandsLones 70 Lv ENVIRONI',IENTAL SUI4Ì"JARY TO I^IOOLSHED FI.AT SHALE 71 FAC]ES DESCR]PT'IONS AND DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS T1 Siltstones and Shal-es 71 Grey Dolomite i4udstones 72 Sandstones T2 ENV]RONMENTAL SU},{MARY T2 CHAPTBR 6 THE DARK-GREY DOLOI'{ITE.MAGNESITE-SANDSTONE (YADLAI.{ALKA FORMATION, MONTACUTE DOLOM]TE) AND DARI{-GREY DOLOMITE.SANDSTONE (MIRRA FORMATTON) FAC]ES ASSOCIAT]ONS OF THE UPPER MUNDALLÏO SUBGROUP : FACIES DESCRIPTIONS AND DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS ÏNTRODUCTION 73 BOUNDARIES 73 DOI,OMITþ] b-ACITS T4 õõñiqrrn MUDSTONITs T4 Sed imeltary s llUc'4treåg!_ E-flri eig T5 Diagenetic Quartz and Chert Nodufes TB Dolomite I'{udstones : Sumrnary BO DOLOMITE INTRACI,ASTIC GRAINSTONES B1 PELOIDAL GRAINSTONES AND PACKSTONES B1 OOID GRA]NSTONES B2 ONCOID GRAINSTONES B3 Rgg-ular Coa_t-e.d Oncoids - J B3 ReguJ-ar Coal,ed Oncoids - II B4 Massive Oncoids B4 emen BÊt Discussion : Orlgin and Depositionaf Environmeni,s B5 STROMATOLIT]C DOLOIIIITES B6 Col-umnar Strornato-li tes B6 Small Domal Stromat,ol-ites BB L a r g e I oqgll !_ryr""Þ_t-:;i;"-". BB Stroma l,olite lt{i crost.ructure B9 Stromatolitic Dolomites : Di-scus-si-on 91 MASSIVE DOLOMITES !.JITH DISSOLUT]ON AND DIAGNETIC FEATURES o? Textures and their Origin 93 Di scussion 95 r'lAcrur;ffillFãîÏEs 97 ffiGNESITE - DOLOMITE MUDSTONES 97 Þgg1.r"lt?f _-_St"""t,"u= _.n,l t ._Or.f,-erj]" 97 MAGNES]TE MUDSTONES 99 Sedimentary SLructures 99 Di scussi-on 100 l¡oouLãH-lÃcrrlnsrru 100 Description of' Texture 101 Di scussiorr : The Origi,n of Nodular Magnesite 102 INTRACI-ASTIC l'{1\cNESITE 104 Sedimentarv Stnrctures 104 Discussion : Deposition of fntracl-astic Magnesite 107 TERN]GENOUS FAC]ES 108 SANDS]'ONES 108 Adelaicle Region and Southenn Fl-inders Ranges 108 Texture and Sedimentary Sii"uctures 109 D-iscussion : Depositional- Environnlent 110 Northern Flinders and \'Jill <>uran R 111 Texbures and Sedimenbary Structunes 113 Discussion : Depositional Envi-ronment 114 v ,t I SHALES AND SILTSTONES 115 ,t Mon tacute Dol-omite and Yadlamal-ka Formation 115 Mirra Formation 115 È CYCLIC SEDIMENTATION 116 MARKOV CHAIN ANALYSIS 116 ORIGIN OF CYCLES AND MORE RANDOM SEOIJENCES 118 FACIES DISTRIBUTION 122 ffiD IIILLOURAN RANGES 122 SOUTHERN FLINDERS RANGES 126 ADELAIDE REGION 129 SUMMARY 129 CHAPTER 7 TERRIGENOUS CLASTTCS : PETROLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY PETROLOGY OF SANDSTONES 133 TEXTURh] 133 COMPOSITION 134 CEMENTATION 138 METAMORPHIC EFFECTS 139 SHALES AND SILTSTONES 139 MINERALOGY 139 GEOCHEMISTRY 140 Results and Discussi.on 141 srryggJ. 148 CHAPTER B SUMMARY : DEPOS]TIONAL HISTORY OF THE MUNDALLIO SUBGROUP INTRODUCTION 149 ñffiiiffil¡TIïmDERS AND I,{rLLouRAN RANGES 149 SUBGROUP 149 4\ PRE-MUNDALI,]O ..1 SUBGROUP : CLASTIC DEPOSITION 150 lu LOI,JER MUNDALLIO t UPPER MUNDAI-LIO SUBGROUP 154 POST-MUNDALLIO SUBGROUP 156 SOUTHERN FL]NDERS AND MT. LOFTY RANGES 156 PRE-MUNDALLIO SUBGROUP 157 LOVJER MUNDALLIO SUBGROUP 157 UPPER MUNDALL]O SUBGROUP 160 CENTRAL FLINDERS RANGES 161 THE BASIN OF' DTPOSIT]ON 163 PART III CARBOI.JATE }'{INBRALS IN THE }4UNDALLIO SUBGROUP : ORIGIN AND D]AGENESIS CHAPTER 9 DOLOMITE AND MAGNESITE MUDSTOI]ES : TE]XTURES AND EARLY DIAGENETIC HISTORY INTRODUCTION 165 DOLOM]TE I4UDSTONES 165 INTRODUCTTON 165 DESCRIPTION OF TEXTURES AND THETR SIGNIFICANCE i68 MAGNES]TE MUDSTONES AND NODULAR MAGNES]TE 173 ESCRIPT AND THE CANCE 173 CHAPTER 10 GEOCHEMISTRY OF CARBONATE IìACIES INTRODUCTION 177 IRON A¡ID MANGANESE 177 ]NTRODUCTION 177 PRECIPITATION OF IRON AND MANGANESE WITHIN CARBONATES 178 RESULTS 180 D]SCUSSION 183 SODIUM 184 Þ-iflneTÞrlnr roN I^JIT'H rt't cARRoNATES 184 'tB6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIOI'] VI i POTASSTUM 1BB Í PRECIPITATION WITHIN CARBONATES 1BB Þ RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 189 STRONTIUM 190 PRECIPITATION I{TTHIN CARBONATES 190 ¡ Mineralogy 191 Nature of Solutions 192 I Diagenesis 192 f Discussion 194 RESULTS 195 Dolomite Facies 195 Low Sr Group I 195 I High Sr Group 196 Discussion 197 I Maqnesite Facies 199 I SR ISOTOPES 199 I SUMMARY 200 CHAPTER 1 1 OCCURRENCE AND ORIGTN OF DIAGENETIC CHERT NODULES }IITHIN CARBONATE FACIES INTRODUCTION 202 FORMS OF SILTCA 202 SUARTZ 202 OPAL 204 LOI'I TEMPERATURE GEOCHEMISTRY AND THE PREC]PITATTON OF STLICA 204 SOLUBILTTY 204 SiO^ IN NATURAL WATERS 205 PREÚIPITATION OF SILICA 205 ü OCCURRENCE OF CHERT NODULES I¡IITHTN CARBO¡]ATE FACIES OF THE Ii MUNDALL]O SUBGROUP 208 t,' DOLOMITE I{MONES 208 STROMATOLITIC DOLOMITES 210 ONCOID GRA]T]STONES 213 Regular Coated Oncoids 214 MassÍve Oncoids 215 Cementation 216 sugl1lr 217 OTHER DOLOMITE FACIES 217 INTRACI-ASTTC MAGNESITE 21'.! DTSCUSSION : THIÌ D]AGENET]C FORMATION OF.SILICA 219 DistribuLi on 219 Source o fca 220 Tirnj-ng 221 Precipi tation of Diagenetj.c Silica 222 CHAPTER 12 ORIGTN OF DOLOMITE AND MAGNESITE ]N THE MUNDALLIO SUBGROUP SED]MENTARY DOLOMTTE AND MAGNESITE : PROBLEÌI{S OF ORIGIN 225 DOLOM]TE 225 Formation of Dolomi1,e : Chemical_ Factors 226 229 Formation of Magnesite 230 FoRMA'MõT-M]¡'.M8tr}ÎilI¡AGNESITE ]N TF]E MUNDALLTO SUBGROUP 232 SEI]IIV]BN'1ARY I'RO 232 IMPLICATiONS FOR I/ÙATER CI-IEM]STRY 237 DISCUSS]ON 242 STIMMARY 245 REFERTiNCI]S 246 VOLUI'4E IT FTüURES, TABLES, PLATES, APPENDICES vl1 SUMMARY During deposition of the mixed carbonate-clastic sequence of the Mundallio Subgroup, the rtAdelaide Geosynclinerr v¡as a very shallow, elongate sedimentary basin, flanked to the west and east by older Precambrian basement. In much of the southern and northern Ffinders Ranges, clastic deposition predominated in the lower Mundallio Subgroup. In the north' alternating development of shallow mudflals and sandflats (Nankabunyana Formation) depended on the interplay between the sediment supply and wÍnnowing processes, while dolomite mudstones were locally deposited in the shatlowest areas. In the eastern hal-f of the lolillouran Ranges, massive shales were deposited as the environment remained persistently bel-ow wave base (Camel FIat Shale), but a renewed sand influx led to deposition of the Tilterana Sandstone.

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