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Torture En Algérie THE PRACTICE OF TORTURE BY THE FRENCH ARMY DURING THE ALGERIAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE (1954-1962): THE ENFORCEMENT OF JUSTICE AND REPARATION by Eduard Ortiz i Jornet BACHELOR’S DEGREE DISSERTATION Bachelor’s Degree in Global Studies Universitat Pompeu Fabra Academic Year 2018-2019 « Le courage, c’est de chercher la vérité et de la dire ; c’est de ne pas subir la loi du mensonge triomphant qui passe, et de ne pas faire écho, de notre âme, de notre bouche et de nos mains aux applaudissements imbéciles et aux huées fanatiques » - Jean Jaurès, Directeur de L’Humanité (1904-1914) et Président du Parti Socialiste Français (1902-1905). Le 30 Juillet 1903 lors de la distribution des prix du lycée d'Albi. ABSTRACT The Bachelor’s Degree Dissertation The Practice of Torture by the French Army during the Algerian War of Independence (1954-1962): The enforcement of Justice and Reparation preeminent objective is to delineate a well- grounded criterion to evaluate and determine whether the policy-making enacted by France to achieve the target 16.3 of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, “Promote the rule of law at the national and international levels and ensure equal access to justice for all”, has been successful in fulfilling its paramount objective according to the United Nations standards. Concretely, the dissertation inquiries how France is accomplishing with the Goal 16, “Promote just, peaceful and inclusive societies”, in the specific case of implementing justice and enforcing reparation to those who suffered torture by the French Army during the Algerian War of Independence. The first part, “The practice of torture”, analyses the polyhydric phenomenon of torture and how it was applied in this case. The second part, Goal 16: Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions, explore to which extend France has addressed this Goal. The third part, “Evaluation and recommendations”, establish whether the policies have reached its objectives and prescribe further policy-making. To summarize, “Final Remarks” part, concludes undertaking a general outline of how France has engaged to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals to tackle this challenge. KEYWORDS: Torture; United Nations; United Nations Sustainable Development Goals; Goal 16: Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions; Target 16.3: Promote the rule of law at the national and international levels and ensure equal access to justice for all; France; Algerian war of Independence. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................... ii METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................... v INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 1 I. SELECTED SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL AND TARGET...... 2 II. COUNTRY OF ANALYSIS....................................................................................... 3 III. GLOBAL AND REGIONAL SITUATION ........................................................ 4 IV. CASE ANALYSIS ....................................................................................................... 5 PART I. THE PRACTICE OF TORTURE .................................................. 7 I. THE NOTION OF TORTURE ................................................................................. 8 a) Definition of torture ......................................................................................... 8 b) Legal dimension ................................................................................................ 9 II. THE USE OF TORTURE BY THE FRENCH ARMY ....................................... 14 a) Torture as an institution of war .................................................................... 14 b) The practice of torture by the French Army .............................................. 16 III. THE PRACTICE OF TORTURE DURING THE ALGERIAN WAR ......... 17 a) Torture as a systematic and institutionalized technique in Algeria ......... 17 b) The case of Maurice Audin ........................................................................... 19 PART II. GOAL 16: PEACE, JUSTICE AND STRONG INSTITUTIONS. 22 I. CURRENT SITUATION ............................................................................................. 23 a) Actors involved ............................................................................................... 23 b) Main indicators ................................................................................................ 25 c) Adopted policy-making and historical precedents ..................................... 27 II. GLOBAL AND REGIONAL SITUATION .......................................................... 29 IV. EXPECTATIONS AND FORECAST FOR THE COMING 5 YEARS ....... 29 PART III. EVALUATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................ 31 I. ASSESSMENT ............................................................................................................... 32 II. RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................................... 36 FINAL REMARKS ......................................................................................... 38 ANNEXES ...................................................................................................... 42 PHOTOGRAPHIES ………………………………………………………….. 83 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................... 90 i ABBREVIATIONS ALN National Liberation Army (Armée de Libération Nationale) ADT Land Forces of France (Armée de terre) ANOM Overseas National Archives (Archives nationales d’Outre-Mer) BiH Bosnia and Herzegovina CAA Army Corps (Corps d’Armée) CCE Coordination and Execution Committee (Comité de coordination et d’exécution) CCI Joint Inter-Army Coordination Centre (Centre de coordination interarmées) CDC Hunting Commandos (Commandos de Chasse) CICR Red Cross International Committee (Comité international de la Croix-Rouge) CMI Military internee camps (Camps militaires d’internés) COE Council of Europe CRA Information and Action Centre (Centre de renseignement et d’action) CRUA Revolutionary Committees for the Unity and Action (Comité révolutionaire pour l’unité et l’action) CTT Sorting and transit centres (Centres de tri et de transit) DOP Operational Protection Detachment (Détachement Opérationnel de Protection) DUP Urban Protection Dispositive (Dispositif de protection urbaine) ECHR European Convention on Human Rights ERA Information and Action squads (Équipes de renseignement et d’action) FAF French Armed Forces (Forces armées françaises) FFL French Foreign Legion (Légion étrangerè) FIDH Human Rights International Federation (Fédération internationale des droits de l’homme) FLN National Liberation Front (Front de liberation nationale) GCMA Groups of Mixed Airborne Commandos (Groupements de Commandos Mixtes Aéroportés) ii GGA Algerian General Government (Gouvernement général de l'Algérie) GMI Mixed Intervention Groups (Groupements Mixtes d’Intervention) GPRA Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic (Gouvernement provisoire de la République algérienne) GRE Information and Operations Group (Groupe de renseignements et d’explotaition) HQ Headquarters HUMINT Human Intelligence ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Politica Rights IGAME Public Administration General Inspector on Extraordinary Mission(Inspecteur général de l’administration en mission extraordinaire) INSEE National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (Institut National de la Statistique et des Étudies Économiques) JMO War Operations Diaries (Journaux de marche et opérations) KIA Killed in Action LDH Human Rights League (Ligue des droits de l’Homme) MENA Middle East and North Africa MIA Missed in Action MNA Algerian National Movement (Mouvement National Algérien) MTLD Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties (Mouvement pur le triomphe des libertés démocratiques) OAS Secret Army Organization (Organisation de Armée Sècret) OR Information Officer (Officier de Renseignment) OS Special Organization (Organisation spéciale) OSINT Open Source Intelligence PAIS Psychological Action and Information Service PAM People that took up arms (Pris les armes à la main) PCA Algerian Communist Party (Partie communiste algerién) PCF French Communist Party (Partie communiste franaçais) PM Prime Minister PTSD Post-traumatic stress disorder RGF French General Reserve (Réserve Générale) iii RAP Information-Action-Protection (Renseignement, action, protection) SAS Special Administrative Section (Section Administrative Spécialisée) SLNA North African Link Service (Service des liaisons nord-africaines) TPFA Army Permanent Tribunal(Tribunal Permanent des Forces Armées) UN United Nations UNCAT United Nations Convention against Torture UNSDG United Nations Sustainable Developments Goals VCLT Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties WIA Wounded in Action ZNO Military Zone (Zone militaire) 1RCP 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment (1er Régiment de Chasseurs Parachutistes) 1REP 1st Foreign Parachute Regiment (1er Regiment Étranger de Parachutistes) 2RPC 2nd Colonial Parachute Regiment (2e Régiment de Parachutistes Coloniaux) 3RPC 3rd Colonial Parachute Regiment (3e Régiment de Parachutistes Coloniaux) 10DP 10th Parachute Brigade (10e Division Parachutiste) 11BP 11th Parachute Brigade (11e Brigade Parachutiste) 19RDG 19th Engineering Regiment (19e Régiment du genie) iv METHODOLOGY The research conducted in the dissertation
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