Laboratory correspondents: Argonne National Laboratory, USA CEIM COURIER M. Derrick Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA InternationalJournal of the High Energy Physics Community N. V. Baggett Cornell University, USA D. G. Cassel Editors: Brian Southworth Gordon Fraser, Henri-Luc Felder (French edition) / Daresbury Laboratory, UK # V. Suller Advertisements: Micheline Falciola / Advisory Panel: J. Prentki (Chairman), DESY Laboratory, Fed. Rep. of Germany J. Allaby, H. Lengeler, E. Lillest0l P. Waloschek Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, USA R. A. Carrigan KfK Karlsruhe, Fed. Rep. of Germany M. Kuntze GSI Darmstadt, Fed. Rep. of Germany G. Siegert INFN, Italy VOLUME 25 N° 5 JUNE 1985 M. Gigliarelli Fiumi Institute of High Energy Physics, Peking, China Tu Tung-sheng JINR Dubna, USSR V. Sandukovsky KEK National Laboratory, Japan K. Kikuchi Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, USA W. Carithers Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA Around the Laboratories 0. B. van Dyck Novosibirsk Institute, USSR V. Balakin DESY: HERAKLES starts its labours 179 Orsay Laboratory, France Anne-Marie Lutz Big machine for a big task Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UK R. Elliott DARMSTADT: New heavy ion project 181 Saclay Laboratory, France A. Zylberstejn 275 million DM for accelerator complex SIN Villigen, Switzerland J. F. Crawford Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, USA DETECTORS: Radioactive heat 182 W.W. Ash Picking up particles by a rise in temperature Superconducting Super Collider, USA J. Sanford TRIUMF Laboratory, Canada ; WORKSHOP: Nuclear physics : £/JK-? . . • . 183 M. K. Craddock Relativity inside the nucleus Copies are available on request from: Federal Republic of Germany — Gerda v. Schlenther , DESY, Notkestr. 85, 2000 Hamburg 52 Superstring fever ^;^^»r v . ... 185 Italy — Theorists optimistic about new ideas INFN, Casella Postale 56 00044 Frascati Roma United Kingdom — Elizabeth Marsh LEAR looks ahead 1^ Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, The future of CERN's Low Energy Antiproton Ring Didcot Oxfordshire 0X11 0QX USA/Canada — Margaret Pearson Science transfer for development -y':.>. ,^^^^^^^^^^^£}.... 189 Fermilab, P. 0. Box 500, Batavia Illinois 60510 by Abdus Salam General distribution — Monika Wilson CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland A toast to CERN . . . . .

Published by: Cover photograph: A 900 GeV proton-antiproton collision in the European Laboratory for Particle Physics CERN SPS ring as captured by the UA5 Bonn / Brussels / Cambridge / CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland Tel. (022) 83 6111, Telex 419 000 CERN / Stockholm experiment, with the benefit of subsequent image (CERN COURIER only Tel. (022) 83 41 03) processing by Werner Krischer at CERN of the directly-digitized data us­ USA: Controlled Circulation ing a system developed in Cambridge, UK, by Chris Webber — see May Postage paid at Batavia, Illinois issue, page 131 (Photo CERN X725.3.85).

178 CERN Courier, June 1985 Around the Laboratories

DESY Director Volker Soergel launches Herakles (Hercules) — the tunnelling machine for the HERA electron-proton collider at DESY.

(Photos DESY)

The new 9 GeV electron synchro­ DESY tron injector, known as DESY II HERAKLES (see May 1984 issue, page 151), had circulating beam in April taking starts its labours electrons through eighty thousand turns to an energy of 180 MeV. On 19 April DESY Director Volker Beam will not be taken to full ener­ Soergel released the traditional gy until next year when the power bottle of champagne at a ceremony supplies of the old synchrotron tD launch the machine which will (DESY I) become available for con­ ^Jbre the tunnel to house the elec­ nection to the new machine. DESY tron-proton collider, HERA. The I, which has operated since 1964, machine actually moved off at the will then be rebuilt to serve in the beginning of May from the South proton injection chain and DESY experimental hall where it was II will take over the role of feeding assembled, and is scheduled to electrons and positrons to PETRA reappear in the same location in and DORIS at 7 GeV. two years after its 6.3 kilometre There is also considerable enthu­ journey. The tunnel will lie between siasm about progress in both su­ 10 and 20 m below ground; the perconducting radiofrequency cav­ inner diameter is 5 m. ities and superconducting magnets. Volker Soergel baptized the ma­ The cavities are desirable to reduce chine HERAKLES (Hercules) since power consumption and increase it will be called on to display many the accelerating field gradient in of the qualities displayed by the the 30 GeV electron ring and the Greek hero in confronting the magnets are needed to store twelve labours set for him by King beams at energies of 800 GeV in Eurystheus. The "machine HERA­ the proton ring. The cavities for KLES will certainly need strength the electron ring are planned to be r\d, just as Hercules cleared out the conventional type moved from the Augean stables by diverting PETRA but the existing number of two rivers, so HERAKLES will use these cavities would take the beam a flow of fluid to clear out the energy only to 27 GeV. It is hoped Hamburg sand as it makes its way that, from the start of machine around the ring. In addition Her­ operation, a few superconducting cules (though his name means 'glo­ cavities could be added to reach ry of Hera') was pursued through­ design energy. out his life by the Goddess Hera After some problems, none of (he was the son of Zeus, her hus­ them fundamental, a nine-cell su­ band, but his mother was perconducting cavity, built in indus­ Alcmene!). The intention at DESY try, has been installed and suc­ is that HERA will pursue HERA­ cessfully operated at a frequency KLES through the ring tunnel. In­ of 1 GHz in PETRA. It reached a stallation of the storage rings will gradient of 2.7 MV per m but. follow on the heels of the tunnell­ ing machine before the full tunnel The 'palm tree' produced by etching away is bored. The first quadrant will be the copper to reveal the 2400 niobium-titanium superconducting filaments ready for installation next year. spilling out of a piece of cable for the Other aspects of the electron- magnets of the proton ring of the HERA electron-proton collider at DESY. Continuing proton collider, at this early stage developments in cable technology are of the project, are also going well. making higher current densities possible.

CERN Courier, June 1985 179 more significantly, only some 13 W A design has now been devel­ the proton storage rings. of power at liquid helium temper­ oped for a four-cell superconduct­ The optimism on the supercon­ ature were lost by the cells and ing cavity for HERA, interchange­ ducting magnets is great. First of their cryostat while transmitting able with the five-cell conventional all there is the good news that the 27 kW of r.f. power to the beam. type from PETRA. These cavities continuing improvements in the There was no deterioration of qual­ are designed to operate at 500 technology of superconducting ity after a month of operation with MHz. Feeding liquid helium to such cable production by European in­ the beam and neither was there cavities in the HERA ring will, of dustry has resulted in a short sam­ any deterioration after a sequence course, be no big problem since ple current characteristic for the of switching the cavity on and off, helium will be running around the cable of the HERA magnets of indicating that intermittent opera­ ring in any case for the cooling of 8 kA rather than the design figure w tion does not cause problems. the superconducting magnets in of 6.3 kA to achieve 5 T. This could push the peak magnetic field, and hence the peak energy of the proton ring, higher. It indicates that field levels of the order of 7 T are now reasonably obtainable in magnet designs with niobium-titan­ ium superconductor. The first 465 km of cable (enough to run from Hamburg to Paris) are now under production for the windings of half the HERA magnets. In addition DESY has capitalized on the experience of the supercon­ ducting magnet pioneers at both Fermilab (cold iron design) and Brookhaven (warm iron design). Their so-called 'hybrid' magnets incorporate desirable features of both — the iron location with res­ pect to the coil greatly reduces saturation effects while still contri­ buting some 22 per cent to the field; construction is comparatively simple and heat losses should be low; a passive quench system can be used as in the cold iron solu­ tion. A nine metre prototype will be ready for testing in the Autumn and it will be very interesting to see if all the hoped-for advantages are achieved.

No, not another radio-telescope but the head of the tunnelling machine which has just started boring the 6.3 km tunnel for HERA. Adorning the head alongside one of the four arms carrying cutters are (left to right) Volkmer Grosse, who heads the civil engineering group, and two of the doyens of the DESY accelerator world — Gus Voss and Hermann Kumpfert.

180 CERN Courier, June 1985 Aerial view of the GSI Darmstadt be extracted either directly onto targets or Laboratory, showing how the recently — up to energies of about half the maximum approved heavy ion synchrotron and possible beam energy — to the ESR experimental storage ring project will be experimental storage ring. This ring will grafted onto the existing facilities. From contain an electron cooling system, a slow the existing UNILAC linear accelerator extraction to the target area and a fast building (right), the 15 MeV/nucleon heavy extraction for reinjection into the ion beam will be injected into the 206 m synchrotron. circumference SIS synchrotron. Beams will

•IS. wr*

bunching procedure is foreseen to SIS, transfer to and storage/accu­ DARMSTADT feed the target area and by a fast mulation in ESR, reinjection into Jew heavy ion project extraction the beam can be trans­ and acceleration/deceleration in ferred to the ESR, which will con­ SIS — enables the whole spectrum tain an electron cooling section, a of beam energies from the present Federal German Minister of Re­ straight section for internal beam UNILAC energy (15 MeV/nucleon) search and Technology Heinz Rie- experiments, a fast extraction for to the maximum values. senhuber has announced the final reinjection into the synchrotron With these features a very large approval of the heavy ion acceler­ and a slow extraction for the trans­ experimental field opens up. For ator to be built behind the UNILAC fer to the target area. example nuclear reaction und nu­ heavy ion linear accelerator at GSI The two ring system will provide clear structure studies with ex­ Darmstadt. It consists of two ac­ — completely stripped heavy ion tremely exotic projectile-target celerator stages. A rapid cycling beams up to uranium combinations will become possible (about 10 Hz) synchrotron SIS — beams of radioactive nuclei by as well as the probably fruitful revi­ (Schwerlonen Synchrotron) will accumulation and cooling of pri­ val of 'older' studies profiting from deliver particle energies of 1.1 mary beam fragmentation prod­ the high beam quality possible by GeV/nucleon for the heaviest ions ucts the UNILAC/SIS/ESR facility. Other like uranium and up to 2 GeV/nu­ — internal targets ideas concern low energy strange­ cleon for light ions with a charge — low energy experiments by ness and antiparticle production. to mass ratio of 0.5. An added merging beams From the atomic physics point of experimental storage ring ESR will — high power density beams using view a large variety of new studies cover an energy range of about a fast buncher (8 GW for 40 ns) will be possible. half the values given above. From — 'normal' target experiments. The total investments for SIS a low extraction mode together The possible interplay between SIS/ESR will be 275 Million DM, with a special radiofrequency the two rings — acceleration in two-thirds for the synchrotron stor-

CERN Courier, June 1985 181 Alpha particle energy spectrum of a mixed source of plutonium, americium and curium obtained by recording the thermal pulses induced by the alphas. age ring, beamlines and exper­ imental set-ups and the rest for the tunnel, experimental halls, and support facilities.

DETECTORS Radioactive heat

The measurement of radioactivity by the direct conversion of nuclear radiation into a temperature rise in a calorimeter is as old as nuclear physics itself. In 1903 Pierre Curie used a calorimeter to verify that the tiny amount of heat produced by a radioactive substance is due to the absorption of its radiation. During the following years, such microcalorimetry became of great importance through the determina­ tion of the 0.337 MeV average beta energy of bismuth 210 by CD. Ellis and A. Wooster in 1927. The difference between this value and the maximum beta decay ener­ gy of 1.17 MeV was one of the arguments which led Pauli to pos­ tulate the existence of the neutrino. These calorimeters determined the average flux of energy due to the radioactive decays. A new kind of thermal detector, capable of resolving the energy of a single particle, was suggested by T. Niinikoski and F. Udo in 1974, based on their earlier experience in detecting cosmic ray events in ultra-low temperature thermo­ The first successful detector sal by a CERN/Milan team sug­ meters. was developed by a Wiscon­ gested using these techniques in Several groups advocated a revi­ sin/NASA collaboration about a the search for rare processes, such val of interest in this idea, mainly year ago. This is able to detect as neutrinoless double-beta decay. because the very low heat capaci­ the 6 keV X-rays of an iron 55 A composite bolometer was ties of these microcalorimeters, source with an energy resolution developed at the Laboratoire de when operated at cryogenic tem­ (30 eV) comparable to, or even Physique Stellaire et Planetaire peratures, suggested new kinds better than, the best semiconduc­ (LPSP) near Paris with an absorber of spectrometer with better energy tor detectors based on charge col­ having relatively large surface area resolution than conventional solid lection. Their detector was speci­ (several millimetres diameter) cou­ state detectors based on charge fically designed for X-ray astrono­ pled to a small (fraction of a milli­ carrier collection. my applications. An earlier propo­ metre diameter) semiconductor

182 CERN Courier, June 1985 thermistor (thermal resistor). In ly ionizing, or even not ionizing at nuclear matter as a relativistic phe­ this way the absorbing and detect­ all, such as slow monopoles or nomenon and stands as perhaps ing functions are separated, allow­ astrophysical neutrinos. the most important antecedent to ing performance to be optimized. today's formulations, which have With the radioactivity collected in become much more comprehen­ the absorber part, the whole instru­ sive. Walecka concluded his pre­ ment can also act as a total ab­ sentation by showing how QHD sorption spectrometer without could be extended in a natural way affecting the thermometer part. to include the quark gluon plasma ^ Such units are now used for as another, high density, high tem­ pleasuring a wide range of radia­ perature phase of nuclear matter. tions, achieving good resolutions. Gerry Hoffmann of Texas then In a recent test, an Aarhus / CERN presented an experimentalist's / Goteborg / LPSP / New York view, emphasizing the role played collaboration developed a compo­ by the high precision Los Alamos site bolometer which succeeded proton-nucleus elastic scattering The time evolution of the thermal pulse of in picking up and resolving the 2 data taken with the High Resolution an 8 MeV alpha particle in a 3 x 4 mm alpha emission from a mixed silicon detector at 270 mK temperature. Proton Spectrometer (HRS) in the source of plutonium 239, ameri- The rise time of a few microseconds is early 1980s. As Hoffmann pointed cium 241 and curium 244. Using limited by the speed of sound in the detector. The decay time of about 20 out, spin measurements at 500 improved electronics, an operation­ microseconds is controlled by the heat MeV were originally made to 'cal­ al alpha detector with a resolution capacity of the detector and outward heat ibrate' the standard non-relativistic conductivity. of about 3 keV is expected. theory which was expected to These detectors were capable work very well at that energy. Sur­ of good energy resolution, but WORKSHOP prisingly, the standard theory des­ have a rate limitation because of cribed the new data quite poorly the rather slow time structure of Nuclear physics and the lack of a satisfactory ex­ pulses, mainly due to construction­ planation caused considerable des­ al details. Recent tests at CERN A workshop 'Dirac Approaches pair. In the meantime. Bunny Clark j^jjiow much faster responses. to Nuclear Physics' was held at of Ohio State and her co-workers The work at CERN is part of an Los Alamos from 31 January to had been enjoying impressive suc­ ongoing (ISOLDE group) project at 2 February, the first meeting ever cesses with a phenomenological the 600 MeV synchro-cyclotron on relativistic models of nuclear relativistic model of proton-nucleus to measure any vestigial mass of phenomena. The objective was to elastic scattering. These successes the neutrino by studying the spec­ cover historical background as well prompted others, including Steve trum of the radiation emitted along as the most recent developments Wallace of Maryland, to develop with electron-capture beta decay in the field, and communication a relativistic picture for elastic scat­ (see June 1981 issue, page 208). between theorists and experiment­ tering in which ad-hoc potentials The new type of detector could alists was given a high priority. were replaced by potentials from pick up signs of neutrino masses The programme was opened by nucleon-nucleon scattering data. of just a few eV. Dirk Walecka of Stanford who As emphasized by Hoffmann, and The application of these new outlined an approach to nuclear by Wallace later, the extraordinary detectors in high resolution spec­ matter and finite nuclei. Walecka agreement between the parameter- troscopy opens wide fields in nu­ refers to this model as quantum free calculations and the Los Ala­ clear, atomic, solid state and astro­ hadrodynamics (QHD) because it mos data is largely responsible for physics. Most fascinating of all, assumes that nucleonic and meso- the upsurge of interest in relativis­ these instruments get away from nic, not quark, degrees of freedom tic models. Wallace also discussed the old straitjacket of charge col­ are the ones relevant to nuclear recent refinements of the model. lection due to ionization, and are physics. The first formulation in Extensions to inelastic processes therefore capable (in principle) of 1974 provided a simple and ele­ exciting the target nucleus were detecting particles which are weak­ gant picture of the saturation of discussed by James McNeil of

CERN Courier, June 1985 183 First measurement of the spin-rotation parameter Q for 500 MeV elastic scattered polarized protons on calcium 40 taken with the High Resolution Spectrometer at LAMPF. The data are compared with full relativistic (solid line) and non relativistic (dashed line) calculations.

MIT questioned why local meson fields are needed to describe the interactions of extended nucleons in nuclei and why relativistic effects should be significant in nuclear ground states where the charac­ teristic kinetic energy is only 20 MeV. He pointed out that the the­ ory should reftect that it is harder to connect the distributed quarks in an extended nucleon to an anti-W nucleon than to connect a point electron to a positron, and empha­ Drexel and Ernest Rost of Colo­ and, as an extension of QHD, by sized the uncertainties in relativistic rado. These formulations are in Brian Serot of Indiana and Richard many-body calculations. He cau­ their infancy but preliminary indi­ Furnstahl of Stanford. tioned against taking the successes cations are that even the simple David Sparrow of Pennsylvania too seriously, since corrections in versions describe the data as well spoke about relativistic models of the nonrelativistic approach have as more refined non-relativistic antiproton-nucleus scattering and essentially the same effect as rela­ models. Gary Love of Georgia dis­ antiprotonic atoms. He and his tivistic models, and since extra cussed the similarities and differ­ colleagues have found that their terms are crucial for spin observa- ences of the relativistic and non- relativistic treatment of antiproton bles. On the other hand, he ac­ relativistic models. McNeil also scattering fits recent data from the knowledged that the relativistic emphasized that the relativistic LEAR ring at CERN. However, in approaches are interesting and model of inelastic scattering facil­ contrast to proton scattering, the that nuclear physicists are now itates the comparison of proton description is not substantially dif­ asking many new questions. The data with inelastic scattering data ferent from non-relativistic ap­ successes were acknowledged using other probes such as the proaches. and Negele emphasized that theo­ electron. Wallace Van Orden of The programme concluded with rists should strive to identify new Maryland also covered electron the only non-relativistic talk of the experimental signatures. He ex- ^ scattering and concluded that no workshop. Nathan Isgur of Toronto pressed his pleasure, shared no striking signatures of relativity discussed his investigation of the doubt by all participants, in taking were present in electron-induced nucleon-nucleon interaction as part in a conference where new proton knockout reactions. derived from a non-relativistic theoretical initiatives are so clearly John McClelland of Los Alamos quark model. This calculation in­ and strongly stimulated by experi­ presented an overview of the pro­ volves solving the quantum me­ ment. ton scattering measurements at chanical six-body problem. The Conference proceedings will be Los Alamos, TRIUMF (Vancouver), results displayed nucleons in the available from the Los Alamos and the Bloomington cyclotron. six-quark system of the deuteron. Meson Physics Facility. All three Laboratories are trying In addition to the clustering of to measure full proton spin-transfer quarks into nucleons, Isgur also By Jim Sheepard and Olin van Dyck data using high resolution spec­ found that the short range repul­ trometers equipped with focal- sion and intermediate range attrac­ plane polarimeters. It is hoped that tion of the nucleon-nucleon inter­ these new spin measurements for action appear naturally. In fact, inelastic scattering will be as great with a one-pion exchange mechan­ a boon to theorists as the earlier ism grafted on, his model gives elastic measurements. an excellent account of the meas­ New relativistic models of nu­ ured properties of the deuteron. clear structure were discussed by Sceptics of relativistic models Franz Gross of William and Mary were also heard. John Negele of

184 CERN Courier, June 1985 Superstring fever

The logo of the Symposium on Anomalies, Geometry and Topology, held at Argonne Laboratory and the University of Chicago in March.

Mathematics and particle physics have often gone their separate ways in an attitude of mutual 'be­ nign neglect', diverging in both methodology and language. This uncomfortable gap was bridged to a unique degree at the Argonne- Fermilab-Chicago symposium on Anomalies, Geometry and Topo- Jogy, which took place at Argonne pnd the University of Chicago from 28-30 March, and which high­ lighted the new optimism in string, and particularly superstring, theo­ ries. More than 300 theoretical phy­ sicists and mathematicians met together to discuss problems of current excitement and to report

Superstrings

As their name suggests, ma­ thematical strings are ex­ tended objects, rather than points. on recent progress in an atmo­ pline of topology, which has intri­ Supersymmetry is the new sphere of remarkably unguarded gued particle theorists for a long idea of pairing particles with optimism. In an overview, John time. However in the last few years supersymmetric partners. Schwarz of Caltech described how the general relevance of topology *W The known fundamental par­ superstring theories are now mak­ to the understanding and compu­ ticles are conventionally di­ ing dramatic strides towards tation of so-called 'anomalies' has vided into two kinds. First achieving the ultimate goal of a become much more apparent. there are the fermions unified quantum theory of all inter­ Anomalies are subtle violations in (quarks, electrons, etc.) which actions including gravity. the fundamental symmetries used make up matter. Then there Of course, superstrings are not to build the gauge field theories are the bosons (photons, isolated theoretical constructs but describing the forces of Nature. gluons, Ws and Zs) which sit naturally at the peak of a large Arranging for these anomalies to carry the forces between the pyramid of theoretical concepts cancel is important in quantum particles. Supersymmetry developed during the past few field theories. However anomalies says that each matter fermion years, none seeming to be the have much broader implications. must have a supersymmetric whole truth but each hgving ele­ Most recently they have played a counterpart boson, and vice ments of formal beauty and as­ crucial role in developing the new versa. Superstrings are the pects of physical reality. Several versions of the quantum string supersymmetric partners of speakers at the Symposium ex­ model. The mathematical structure conventional strings, and pressed the opinion that with the of anomalies and the new devel­ have ten dimensions. These arrival of superstrings, winning the opments in superstring theories ten dimensions then have to theoretical jackpot is no longer a dominated discussions at the Sym­ be collapsed down to four dream. posium. by 'compactification'. A unifying theme of the Sympo­ Anomalies were discovered 'long sium was the mathematical disci­ ago' by Jack Steinberger when he

CERN Courier, June 1985 185 Mathematician I. Singer delivers his plenary talk. The Symposium succeeded in getting mathematicians and physicists to talk the same language. was trying to calculate the decay of the neutral pion into two pho­ tons, using the limited theoretical repertoire available at the time. Anomalies have since proceeded from protons to quarks to strings. Relatively simple calculations have led to precise theorems concerning fundamental physical processes. The original mathematical focus of anomalies concerned properties of Dirac (half-integer spin) opera­ tors and the related index ('handed­ ness') theorems discovered by mathematicians M.F. Atiyah and M. Singer. Very recently it has become possible to study anomalies using these powerful topological tech­ niques. As a result, anomalies have been computed outside (as in Ed Witten's discrete gauge anomaly) the straitjacket of perturbation the­ ory which for so long has ham­ pered field theory; a variety of anomalies in different space-time dimensions were correlated using maticians and physicists were very lies which could provide additional elegant differential geometry con­ different. Physicists were inter­ restrictions on the theories. He structions; and several new ones, ested in four dimensions only and showed that these do not apply including the gravitational anoma­ never in unusual cases while ma­ to the superstring theory but may lies (the nonconservation of the thematicians were always inter­ be important for the 'compactifi- x energy-momentum tensor) were ested in general numbers of dimen­ cation' of the extra dimensions of derived in a general context. This sions and the unusual cases'. He the theory. Roman Jackiw sum­ last development in turn proved noted that three branches of ma­ marized topological aspects of crucial in computing a subtle thematics — index theorems, com­ anomalies in defining quantum gauge-gravitational anomaly can­ plex manifolds, and Kac-Moody gauge field theories. cellation in the intriguing super- algebras — are all playing a role J.R. Schrieffer provided the con­ string theory of J. Schwarz and in current string theory. He also densed-matter physicist's view­ M. Green. This recently discovered traced the history of anomalies in point, and reported on some exam­ cancellation opened the door to relation to the index theorems, and ples (such as the solitons of poly- the dramatic developments and gave a general discussion of ma­ acetylene or the fractional charges intense activity which led to the thematical ideas (spectral flow) of the quantum Hall effect) which new results reported at the Sym­ needed for the new physics appli­ are actually observed. His talk posium. cations. showed that here indeed was real While the Symposium concen­ A major focus of the Symposium physics. (Fractional charges are a trated on superstrings, there were was the mathematical structure of characteristic fingerprint of anoma­ also many other highlights. The anomalies, which provided an inter­ lies). intense level of interaction between esting point-counterpoint between In a somewhat different vein, mathematicians and physicists was physicists and mathematicians. Gerard't Hooft presented his work certainly a notable feature. Atiyah Ed Witten presented an analysis on black holes and argued that a remarked 'I used to think mathe- of global (rather than local) anoma­ new physical picture of the 'inter-

186 CERN Courier, June 1985 Organizers Bill Bardeen (Fermilab) left, and Alan White (Argonne) resplendent in Symposium tee-shirts. Also on the organizing committee were P. Freund and Y. Nambu of Chicago and E. Braaten of Northwestern University.

(Photos Argonne)

itational field. The simplest terms for calculating the scattering of this massless quantum were shown to agree with those derived from Einstein's theory of gravity. In 1976, F. Gliozzi, Scherk and D. Olive realized that fermionic strings could produce a supersym­ metric theory ifi ten dimensional space-time. Superstrings were born. Their properties suggested that superstring theory might suc­ ceed where field theory had failed. A complete string theory is now envisaged as including all interac­ tions of the universe — seen and unseen. The breakthrough achieved in superstring theory and the impact of the Symposium can perhaps be summarized by the following com­ ments. Mike Green remarked 'I feel the symmetry groups found for the superstring are very import­ ant but I am not yet convinced that one particular superstring theory ior' of a black hole may be neces­ strong interaction mechanism. Oth­ is correct'. Ed Witten commented sary for a consistent interpretation er attempts followed, but it soon 'this was the first widely attended of Hawking radiation. He also took became clear that the fundamental conference since the (superstring) the role of devil's advocate in string theory could not be regarded revolution. Before this meeting the t3 evening panel discussion by as a satisfactory model of strong significance of the developments posing the questions asked by the interactions. had not really sunk in for many 'average' physicist when first ex­ To compress unwanted dimen­ people'. David Gross expressed posed to string ideas. sions, the work of Kaluza and the greatest optimism and said 'it This Symposium may well be Klein, carried out 65 years ago, is remarkable how easily recogniz­ remembered as the first meeting was resurrected. Then supersym­ able features of physics emerge where superstring physics emerged metry appeared on the scene (see from superstrings. While I don't as a theme for the entire physics the article by Bruno Zumino in the believe we have yet found the right community. Like many other suc­ January/February 1983 issue, page route, there appear to be no insu­ cessful theories, strings started 18). But strings languished in the perable obstacles to deriving all on the wrong track. The electro- wilderness. They seemed to be known physics from the E8 x E8 weak gauge theory, for example, without physical applications. heterotic string'. stemmed from the monumental In 1974, J. Scherk and John efforts of Yang and Mills who Schwarz decided to apply strings From A.R. White and C.K. some twelve years previously had to a totally different problem, the Zachos, Argonne, and W.A. Bar­ tried to develop a formalism for quantum theory of gravity. The deen, Fermilab. strong interactions. relativistic string contained a mass- String theories were formulated less, spin two excitation which in 1970 by Y. Nambu and others was no good for strong interac­ as an elegant codification of the tions but could be identified as the dual resonance structure of the graviton, the quantum of the grav­

CERN Courier, June 1985 187 LEAR looks ahead

The beam switchyard at CERN's LEAR Low Energy Antiproton Ring. Ideas for the future of the very popular LEAR project were aired recently at a meeting at Tignes in the French Alps.

(Photo CERN 457.10.83)

From 19 to 26 January in Tignes in the French Alps, 180 members of CERN's newest physics commu­ nity met to review progress and discuss plans for the future. These physicists use the LEAR low ener­ gy antiproton ring which came into action in 1983 and whose unique low energy beams have attracted an unanticipated level of participa­ tion from all over the world. In February 1984, construction began for CERN's new Antiproton Accumulator (ACOL), which will complement the present Antipro­ ton Accumulator (AA) ring. ACOL is designed to provide a tenfold increase in the rate at which the precious antiprotons can be col­ lected (6 x 1010 particles per hour). The Tignes meeting included reviews of the machine status in and around LEAR. Roy Billinge kicked off with a general survey of CERN's antiproton facilities, and Eifion Jones followed up with a progress report on ACOL. Con­ proton and antiproton beams, and The spectroscopy session cov­ struction should take a total of 3Vi additional antiproton deceleration, ered the mesons expected to be years and installation a further and followed up with a design for accessible in proton-antiproton eight months, so that the machine a superconducting 'Super-LEAR'. annihilations at LEAR and Super- in scheduled to be ready in 1987. Other talks covered control and LEAR energies. New effects are Attention then turned to LEAR diagnostic systems, cooling of cir­ observed at LEAR in meson pro­ itself. Pierre Lefevre covered the culating beams (with illustrations duction mechanisms from annihi­ current status of the machine, from other cooling rings) and ideas lations at rest, but so far there is while Daniel Simon dealt with the for cooling and deceleration of the no confirmation of 'baryonium' experimental areas. At the mo­ extracted beam. states (narrow resonances seen ment, LEAR experiments are con­ After the daily ration of machine only in annihilation). Experimental­ fined to the South Hall at the CERN sessions, attention turned to the ists are keen to dig deeper into Proton Synchrotron (which decel­ wide variety of physics which has the rich meson gold mine of anni­ erates the antiprotons prior to in­ attracted so many users. hilation, looking for glueballs jection into LEAR). To satisfy the The first physics session was (mesons made of gluons rather big interest in LEAR, additional given over to nucleon-antinucleon than quarks), hybrid quark/gluon beamlines could be provided in interactions. As well as the import­ mesons, and baryonium, using the South Hall, and users are hop­ ant and still largely unexplored area new detectors and new ap­ ing to gain a foothold in other ex­ of particle-antiparticle annihilations proaches (comparison of different perimental areas. at low energy, talks covered reson­ angular momentum states in anni­ Dieter M6hl described the tech­ ance searches, proton-antiproton hilation at rest, jet targets, polari­ nical aspects of future LEAR op­ atoms, spin effects, elastic scat­ zation experiments, etc.). The re­ tions such as internal targets, co- tering, and the possibility of intro­ cent investigation of charmonium rotating beams of negative hydro­ ducing the added attraction of anti- (charmed quark-antiquark states) gen ions and antiprotons, colliding neutrons. at the ISR using a gas jet target

188 CERN Courier, June 1985 gives support to Pietro Dalpiaz' and evidence has been seen for duction and storage of antihydro- push for quarkonium spectroscopy annihilations of antiprotons both gen (an antiproton nucleus with at Super-LEAR energies. inside and on the surface of nuclei. an orbital positron) — which would In the sessions on rare decays, In the 'new ideas' sessions, pro­ be the first example of the produc­ results on the annihilation into an posals were aired to test the grav­ tion of stable neutral antimatter. electron positron pair, and charge- itational properties of antimatter, The detector session began with parity violation and the mysteries where it is important to check a survey by chief detector guru of the neutral kaon system got whether antimatter falls down, or Georges Charpak, who claimed plenty of coverage. Here LEAR whether it 'falls' up! Trapping of 'the limitations-of particle detectors could play a vital role in testing extremely low energy (almost sta­ are usually not solely intrinsic but ^nbitious new theoretical ideas, tionary) antiprotons in magnetic are also determined by the nature especially with the high intensities 'bottles' were discussed, together of their interaction with the parti­ expected with ACOL. with very high precision experi­ cles, the geometry, and the cost. In the antiprotons and nuclei ments. The idea of studying pro- Very often the advertised limits session, clear results were pre­ ton-antiproton atoms produced in are illusory'. The unusual physics sented from exotic atom spectros­ flight was aired, and imagination at LEAR is also acting as fertile copy, from scattering experiments. went as far as considering the pro­ ground for detector innovations.

Science transfer for development by Abdus Salam

Despite the recent realization that uniformly of problems of technol­ The author, who shared the science and technology are the ogy transfer to the developing Nobel Physics Prize in 1979 sustenance and major hope for countries as if that is all that is with Sheldon Glashow and economic betterment, the third involved. Very few within the de­ Steven Weinberg, is founder world (barring a few countries — veloping world appear to stress and Director of the Inter­ Argentina, Brazil, China, India...) that for long term effectiveness, national Centre for Theoreti­ has taken to science — as distinct technology transfers must always cal Physics in Trieste, Italy. from technology — as only a mar­ be accompanied by science trans­ A native of Pakistan, Abdus ginal activity. fers; that the science of today is Salam has long advocated This is also true of the aid-giving the technology. increased Third World parti­ agencies of the richer countries, Science transfer is effected by cipation in first rate scientific of the agencies of the United Na­ and to communities of scientists. research. The article pub­ tions and also unfortunately of the Such communities (in developing lished here is extracted from scientific communities of the devel­ countries) need building up to a a fuller text which first ap­ oped countries which might natu­ critical size in their human re­ peared in Third World Affairs rally have been expected to be the sources and infrastructure. This 1985', published by the Third third world scientists' foremost building up calls for wise science World Foundation for Social allies. policies, with long-term commit­ and Economic Studies, Lon­ Policy makers, prestigious com­ ment, generous patronage, self- don. missions (like the Brandt Commis­ governance and free international sion), as well as aid-givers, speak contacts. Further, in our countries.

CERN Courier, June 1985 189 Third World photographs by GSrard Bertin. the high-level scientist must be allowed to play a role in nation- building as an equal partner to the professional planner, the econom­ ist and the technologist. Few de­ veloping countries have promul­ gated such policies; few aid agen­ cies have taken it as their mandate to encourage and help with the building up of the scientific infra­ structure.

Why Science Transfer?

First and foremost, we need scientific literacy and science teaching — at all levels — and par­ ticularly at the higher levels, for engineers and technologists. This calls for inspiring teachers, and no one can be an inspiring teacher of science unless he has experienced and created at least some modi­ cum of living science during some part of his career. This calls for well-equipped teaching laboratories sciences to carry through applied ple discovery would lead eventually and (in the present era of fast mov­ research in these areas. The craft to the whole of heavy electrical ing science), the provision of the of applied science, in a developing engineering. newest journals and books. This country, is much harder than the Just to emphasise how relatively is the minimum scientific infra­ craft of basic science, simply be­ useless Faraday's work was structure any country needs. cause one does not have available thought to be by his contempora­ Next should come demands on expertise. ries, consider the assessment by their own scientific communities And finally, at the advanced one of them, Charles Burney, of — consisting of their own nation­ stages of a country's development, electricity versus music. 'Electricity als — from the developing country is the need for basic scientific re­ is universally allowed to be a very government agencies and their search for the riches it might unex­ entertaining and surprising phe­ nascent industries, for discrimina­ pectedly yield for technology. nomenon, but it has frequently tory advice on which technologies Consider some of the break­ been lamented that it has never would be relevant and worth ac­ throughs in physics. Faraday's uni­ yet, with much certainty, been quiring. fication of electricity and magne­ applied to any very useful pur­ Still next, for a minority of the tism, accomplished in the last cen­ pose... (while) it is easy to point developing countries, there is the tury, is certainly one of the most out the humane and important pur­ need for basic scientists to help striking examples. When Faraday poses to which music has been their applied colleagues' research was carrying out his experiments applied... Many an orphan is cher­ work. For any society, the prob­ — showing that while a stationary ished by its influence, and the lems of its agriculture, of its local electric charge produces an electric pangs of child-birth are softened pests and diseases, of its local force on another charge in its vicin­ and rendered less dangerous...'. materials base, must be solved ity, a moving electric charge pro­ After Faraday came Maxwell, locally. One needs an underpinning duces a magnetic force — no one Hertz, leading to the marvels from a first-class base in basic could have imagined that this sim­ of radio, television and the modern

190 CERN Courier, June 1985 communication systems, as well even if the 'Economist' may have lege in Sri Lanka for 62 physicists as X-rays. been optimistic in its forecast of from South East Asia; to be fol­ To see how the climate has direct economic benefits of the lowed in the coming years by four changed in developed countries new unification of forces, there is week colleges in China, Colombia, since Faraday's time, when a no question that these accelerator Kenya and Morocco. hundred years after Maxwell, in laboratories are founts of the high­ the 1960s, my colleagues at Har­ est technology in microelectronics, vard, Glashow and Weinberg, and in material sciences, in supercon­ Science in the Third World I independently took the next step ductor as well as vacuum technol­ of postulating a unification of two ogy. I rejoice that Fermilab in the I can illustrate the situation of further forces of nature — of elec- US has decided to set up a special scientific research in most of the tromagnetism with the weak nu­ Institute to make this area of third world from the example of clear force of radioactivity — even science and related technology my own country. In 1951 when I the London 'Economist' took note available to Latin American physi­ returned to teach in Pakistan after and counselled perceptive busi­ cists. And CERN has made avail­ working at Cambridge and Prince­ nessmen not to ignore the likely able to us — the Trieste Centre — ton, I could call on just one physi­ economic consequences of this the services of some members of cist who had ever worked on a new development! their microprocessor team who like subject. The most recent is­ Last year, experiments at CERN have already conducted two six- sues of 'Physical Review' available provided direct confirmation of our week colleges on microprocessor were dated before the Second theory. It did so with technical bril­ physics and technology at Trieste World War. There were no grants liance of the highest order. I am at the highest level, for 250 *of the whatsoever for attending symposia not suggesting that the developing developing world's physicists. or conferences; the only time I did countries should create accelerator During June 1984, this team held attend a conference in the United laboratories like CERN. However, a four week microprocessor col­ Kingdom I spent a year's personal savings. After 30 years, the situation in Pakistan has improved. For a popu­ lation of around 80 million now, there are some 46 research physi­ cists, experimentalists and theore­ ticians in Pakistan's 19 universities. (On the US norms these numbers for this population base might have been one hundred-fold larger — i.e. five thousand!) These physi­ cists still face the same problems regarding journals, publication dues and attendances at conferences; Pakistan is still not a member of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics, since our science administrators do not think we can afford $1500 of dues; our physi­ cists are still told that all basic science — even the segments nec­ essary for 'applicable' physics — is a frightful luxury for a poor country. However, compared to Pakistan — and a privileged group of some 30 countries — the situ-

CERN Courier, June 1985 191 ation In the remaining 60 odd other tion regarding theoretical physics developing countries is as stark research. We met with incompre­ as it was in Pakistan of 1951. First hension even from some of the and foremost is the problem of developed countries where physics numbers — of a critical size. The flourishes. total number of research trained In 1964, four years after the physicists in many of these coun­ proposal was first mooted and tries can be counted on the fingers after intense lobbying, the IAEA of one hand — the choice of sub- did agree to create a physics insti­ disciplines in which they may have tute. UNESCO joined as equal received training has been condi­ partner with IAEA in 1970. The tioned more by chance than Centre has flourished since then, design. They make up no with the support of even those communities. who doubted its validity at first. The creation at Trieste of the The bulk of its funds — now International Centre for Theoretical amounting to 4.5 million dollars Physics in the 1960s came about — come from Italy, IAEA and UN­ when some of us from the devel­ ESCO. Smaller ad-hoc grants have oping countries urged agencies of come from time to time from the the United Nations, and in particu­ United Nations Development Pro­ lar the International Atomic Energy gramme (UNDP), the United Na­ Agency (IAEA) and the United Na­ tions Financing System for Science tions Educational, Scientific and and Technology for Development, Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the United Nations University, the to assist in ameliorating this situa­ OPEC Fund, the US Department of Energy, the Ford Foundation, the Intergovernmental Bureau for Infor­ not any other international institute matics (IBI), Canada, Kuwait, Libya, responsive to the scientific hunger Qatar, Sweden, Germany, Sri Lan­ of developing country physicists. ka, Netherlands, Japan and Den­ mark. Over the 20 years that the Stages and Growth of Sciences in Centre has existed now, it has the Third World shifted from emphasis on pure physics towards basic disciplines Based on the experience gained on the interface of pure and applied in physics, we could divide the physics — disciplines like physics developing countries (other than of materials and microprocessors, Argentina, Brazil, China and India) physics of energy, physics of fu­ into three categories. The first sion, physics of reactors, physics category would consist of nine of solar and other non-conventional countries — Bangladesh, Korea, energy, geophysics, biophysics, Malaysia, Pakistan, Singapore and neurophysics, laser physics, phy­ Turkey in Asia, plus Egypt in Africa sics of oceans and deserts, and and Mexico and Venezuela in Latin systems analysis — this, in addi­ America. These countries have a tion to the staples of high energy population of physicists, currently physics, quantum gravity, cosmo­ approaching criticality, as well as logy, atomic and nuclear physics a few centres of high quality for and mathematics. Such a shift to physics where teams of scientists the interface of pure and basic can perform independent research. applied physics was made simply By and large, these centres are because there was not and still is capable of awarding PhD degrees

192 CERN Courier, June 1985 for physics within the countries viduals. They could waive publica­ years), at least for their own ex- themselves. tion and conference charges. In alumni. In the second category, there this context, the International Union Let me now come to the ques­ would be some 19 countries which of Pure and Applied Physics (IU- tion of the long-term help the Uni­ consist of Iran, Iraq, Jordan, and PAP) has helped the Trieste Centre ted Nations agencies can give in Lebanon in the Middle East; Indon­ defray postage costs for distribu­ building up scientific infrastructure. esia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thai­ tion of old runs of journals; the I wish to emphasise the role of the land and Vietnam in South East American Physical Society has modality I am personally most fam­ Asia; Algeria, Ghana, Kenya, Mor­ helped us with shared subscrip­ iliar with — international centres occo, Nigeria, Sudan, Tanzania in tions for 31 physicists from 13 of research. There is no question Africa; and Chile, Colombia and least developed countries. but that the developing world Peru in Latin America. These coun­ The research laboratories and needs today international research tries have a modest population of the university departments in de­ institutions, on the applied side, physicists though at any given uni­ veloped countries could also help like the Wheat and Rice Research versity the numbers working are by building up links with their op­ Institute; on the science side, rather small. There are no research posite numbers and by financing centres like the International Centre groups as such, though in some organized visits of their staffs to for Insect Physiology (ICIPE) in Nai­ cases individuals are highly active. the institutions in developing coun­ robi. Without internationalization, As a rule, PhD degrees are not tries. They could create schemes science cannot flourish; one cannot awarded within the countries con­ like the associateship scheme at guarantee standards, guarantee cerned. I mention these two cate­ the Trieste Centre (whereby a high- keeping abreast of new ideas, gua­ gories, because with organized grade physicist working in a* devel­ rantee a continual transfer of help from the rich world's scientific oping country becomes part of our science by men who created it and communities, these countries may staff by being accorded the right who come to such centres, moved take off in a short span of time. to come to us three times in six by their idealism. The remaining 60 countries are below the 'poverty line' — some 1 exceptionally bright individuals, I whom we elect as associates of gie Trieste Centre for the day when active research starts in their countries — but no organized phy­ sics research. I stress that these are impressions based on our ex­ perience. No other significance should be read into them.

Modalities for Growth of Sciences

In the end, the growth of science in our countries is our problem. But there is no doubt that outside help — particularly if it is organized — can make a crucial difference. First, regarding the work of indi­ vidual physicists, this could take various forms: for example, the physical societies of developed countries could help by donating 200-300 copies of their journals to deserving institutions and indi­

CERN Courier, June 1985 193 Recently there have been created South, with one fifth of this income of these in the world's oceans. an international centre of mathe­ of around one trillion dollars — Five hundred centres like Trieste matics at Nice, an international spends no more than 2 billion dol­ could be funded for a year for the science centre in Sri Lanka, one in lars on science and technology. price of one nuclear submarine. Turkey and another in Venezuela. On the percentage norms of the Let me end by quoting from a An international physics centre, richer countries, they should be great mystic of the 17th century directed towards Latin America, spending ten times more — some — John Donne — a man who be­ was formally inaugurated in Colom­ 20 billions. At the United Nations- lieved in the moral state of man bia by its President some months run Vienna Conference on Science and the international ideal: 'No ago. Also the United Nations In­ and Technology held in 1979 the man is an island, entire of itself; dustrial Development Organization poorer nations pleaded for inter­ every man is a piece of the conti­ (UNIDO) is on the way to creating national funds to increase their nent, a part of the main; if a clod two international centres in the present annual expenditure of 2 be washed away by the sea, Eu­ field of biotechnology, one located billions to 4 billions. They obtained rope is the less, as well as if a in Trieste and one in India. promises, not of two billions, not promontory were, as well as if a Besides educational planning, of one billion, but only one seventh manor of thy friends or of thine besides help with development of of this. As we know, even this own were; any man's death dimin­ scientific agriculture, I would also has never been realized and the ishes me, because I am involved wish that the World Bank could United Nations Funding System in mankind; and therefore never take it upon itself to emphasise to for Science and Technology for send to know for whom the bell the developing countries that the Development is without adequate tolls; it tolls for thee'. fastest route to financial prosperity means. Contrast this with the sit­ Last December at the Annual General today lies with areas of science uation in the military sphere. Each Assembly of the USSR Academy of — based on high technology — nuclear submarine costs 2 billion Sciences, Abdus Salam was presented with the Lomonosov Gold Medal, the for example, microelectronics, dollars and there are at least 100 highest annual award of the Academy. computer software and the like, and that the major investment needed in these areas is invest­ ment in creating scientifically high­ ly-literate manpower. To summarize, my feeling is that almost every developing country has a scientific and technological problem which needs scientific expertise. I strongly feel that the United Nations system must take a lead with this legitimate move­ ment towards internationalization of science within the developing world for the developing world. In sciences, as in other spheres, this world of ours is divided be­ tween the rich and the poor. The richer half — the industrial North and the centrally managed coun­ tries, with an income of 5 trillion dollars, spends two per cent of this — more than 100 billion dol­ lars — on non-military science and development research. The remain­ ing half of mankind — the poorer

194 CERN Courier, June 1985 A toast to CERN

Alexis C. Pappas — 'let the neutron-rich gather on one side of the valley and the neutron-poor on the other side'.

(Photo Hans Chr. Erlandsen)

Retiring CERN Council Delegate Alexis C. Pappas of the University of Oslo was in sparkling form for his adieu speech:

From times immemorial existed the valley of Nuclear Stability. But in the beginning darkness was upon the face of the deep. And nuclei were rushing madly over Me slopes of the valley.

Then it was said: 'Let the radioactive nuclei be di­ vided into neutron-rich and neu­ tron-poor. Let the neutron-rich gather on one side of the valley and the neutron-poor on the oppo­ site side.'

Then a command: 'Provide a dividing line between the neutron-rich and the neutron- poor.' Thus all stable nuclei turned up along the bottom of the valley of nuclear stability. some heard the voice: 'Look at the ple of science, not only for Europe, And it was good. heavens.' but for the world as a whole.' They so did, and found cosmic Many years later the scientists rays. And they continued: >\/ere commanded: 'Let us build CERN.' And scientists 'Build equipment, develop methods Others were anxious to look for and engineers from all over Europe and investigate the valley of nu­ the entrance to the valley. followed the call. The roads to clear stability.' They asked: Geneva became crowded. And And it was done. these settlers started to gather at 'Where is the entrance?' Then the Site of Meyrin. They built accel­ And scientists were rushing up some farsighted men with open erators: the SC and the PS. They the valley of nuclear stability inves­ minds heard a whispering voice: built ISOLDE and reached some of tigating all stable nuclei. When this 'Since time immemorial the site of the peaks above the valley. They was done, they started to climb Meyrin in the land of the Swiss also collided in the ISR. the slopes of the valley, but they has been empty and dark.' did not reach high up. And, by listening very carefully And all was well. they were able to hear: Then it was said: 'But unknown to mankind the keys But suddenly a new command 'Build accelerators and develop to the secrets of nature are buried was heard: new techniques, this in order to deep underground, not accessible attain the top of the slopes.' to man.' 'Go deep underground!' And it And it was done. came to pass that the SPS was And these farsighted men said: built. And the scientists, like bees Scientists climbed higher and 'We will create a centre for nuclear in a hive, continued to serve their higher without falling down. But research. This shall become a tem­ queen accelerator.

CERN Courier, June 1985 195 People and things

Discoveries were made, frontiers On people ICFA Meeting in India were moved: But the people said: 'Where are CERN theoretician John Ellis, 38, The International Committee for the secrets of nature?' And the has been elected a Fellow of Future Accelerators, ICFA, held its engineers at CERN and the scien­ the prestigious Royal Society of twelfth meeting at the Tata Insti­ tists made a mighty noise, and London. tute of Fundamental Research, with the help of the administration Bombay, on 10 April. ICFA ap­ convinced the Council of CERN to Among the distinguished scientists proved the programmes of the heed their demand: 'create anti­ who received the US National Me­ four international Panels set up at protons.' and 'let protons and anti­ dal of Science, the highest scien­ its previous meeting in Leningrad protons collide, and see the fruits.' tific honour accorded by the US (see March issue, page 64). The 1 Government, this year were Mau­ Panel on Superconducting Magnets And so they did. rice Goldhaber of Brookhaven, and Cryogenics will organize a And lo, there was one of the se­ Frederick Reines of the University Workshop on the present state of crets of nature. And in triumph of California at Irvine, and Bruno the art in March 1986, probably they came to Stockholm, in the Rossi of MIT, in the USr while the Panel on New land of the Swedes. Accelerator Schemes will partici­ pate in the organization of a Con­ But CERN will not rest on its lau­ The Center for Theoretical Studies at the University of Miami has ference on this topic already plan­ rels. ned for the Autumn of next year, They ask already: awarded its annual J. Robert Op- pen heimer Prize to John A. Wheel­ also in the USA. The next meeting 'Where are the other keys to the er of the University of Texas, of ICFA itself will be held in Brus­ secrets of nature?' and 'How to Austin. sels in October this year. find these keys' Answers are sug­ On 11 April a one-day seminar gested. Some may be right. Some The American Association of Phy­ on Perspectives in High Energy may be wrong, but Seek and you sics Teachers' Oersted Medal goes Physics was held at the Tata Insti­ will find! to Sam Treiman of Princeton. tute when some of the ICFA parti­ At CERN's laboratories and ac­ cipants presented the accelerator celerators you find a strange class projects of various regions of the of mortals, impelled by an almost world. In India itself, the Depart­ insane impulse to seek their pleas­ ment of Atomic Energy has recent­ Dirac medal ures among protons, antiprotons, ly decided to create a Centre for neutrinos and antineutrinos, Advanced Technology at Indore, strange particles, quarks and anti- To honour one of the greatest phy­ Central India. The present plans quarks, relics of creation itself. sicists of the century, who died are to build a 100 MeV proton last October, and a staunch friend, linear accelerator, a synchrotron These people will, if the CERN the International Centre for Theo­ radiation source and, later, a 1 member states allow, dig further retical Physics in Trieste has an­ GeV proton synchrotron. In exper­ and further into the secrets of nounced the Paul Adrien Dirac Gold imental high energy physics, a Tata nature and one day find the next Medal Award, to be given annually Institute group is collaborating in key to the secrets of nature. for highest achievement in theore­ the L3 LEP experiment at CERN Therefore, ladies and gentlemen; tical physics. The 1985 Selection and in an experiment at Fermilab. A sixfold toast to CERN and its Committee consists of Stig Lund- excellent staff, to this Temple of qvist of Goteborg, Robert Marshak of Virginia Polytechnic, Abdus Sal­ the Future, to the wealth and well- Meetings fare of fundamental research, to am (Director of ICTP Trieste), Ju­ new successes of the international lian Schwinger of UCLA, Leon Van The CERN Accelerator School was collaboration of Science, to all Hove of CERN and Steven Wein­ greatly encouraged by the res­ scientists using the CERN facilities, berg of Austin. The 1985 an­ ponse to the General Accelerator to the excommunication of national nouncement will be made on 8 Physics Course organized last year prestige here at CERN. August. in collaboration with the Orsay and

196 CERN Courier, June 1985 In bubble chamber experiments, neutrino Technology/Maryland/Stony Brook/ interactions in the chamber walls are Tohoku/Tufts group. A neutrino radiograph normally rejected. However by studying was obtained last year at CERN by the the tracks coming from these interactions, CERN'/Dortmund'/Heidelberg/Saclay neutrino a neutrino 'tomograph' of the chamber can experiment which clearly showed the iron be obtained. The figure shows the walls of a liquid hydrogen target installed distribution of neutrino events near the iron upstream of the detector {see July/August wall of the Fermilab 15 foot bubble chamber 1984 issue, page 239). from an experiment by an Illinois Institute of

Saclay Laboratories in France. This year, the School offers the Ad­ vanced Accelerator Physics course, organized jointly with the Ruther­ ford Appleton Laboratory and the Department of Nuclear Physics, • at »• •••??•• ttts* 23224*1 t 24***4* ••• • •• Oxford. This course, to be held in • 13 •41*2 *f 32)»* 2**29«3442*««**394i*4** * 222*222 2* • • • •••• *»294 3 1 *23»22*2243** 422 4*2443234***2 5*22 • 2* • •• * ...4 • 3**2 • 2*2 ••4499 *2 32*32*32*322*24*3 *32 ••• • Oxford from 16-27 September, is • *3 *42 32*3 *i*232*« 252* • 2* 232*32*3 2442* *2 222*I*• *42 *2«*22 23 22 **4* 2 29 *9*2* *Sa29 2 3 •• *2*944*32*9*432492323 ** *t «2**2*2 the logical continuation of the ear­ •2 2 *2* •223* *4223*42** 2 222*••2224*2i»22**2 2*3* 22 •* «2** *4* 2 • *2»*232* 2»* 3*2**43*3*222 ••||»| •|492* *2224 • 2»» *2 24 3 • *3* • • • 3***Sf *»22*292* 2*323 4 33*23432233**4» 3 ••• 3 *2* 3 • » • ner one and requires prior knowl­ • J* 3 *I 22* ||2* 35*...2.2.42*4324..«4*2 2*2*3 4*222 23** *3 « *t •2 2*»424 »*2**332?2*9*2 3*223*3*3* •..•«• 44* 2923*2*3 •• 3 * 2 3232**32 23 *2222 324** 2 72*3 2 *4*» ..43326 • *2***f|2** ****** edge of accelerator physics. Furth­ 2 «* 2**2 *4| 234334* «*92 22*534•233352 **| **44 *2*«*22«22 • ••• 2 « •• 2 22*2 49332 2*9* 32*2 *3*.333333275 ..3*23**43 42*3 2 *2 2322 »23 er information from Mrs. S. von •3*3 2*322*2**3* 2***39* « 32 ***2»2*3 2* 3* 2 *22 • * «9 23 3*« 2 2*2 *42 *29 233*34 **3 «• • »*9 2233*2224 • 3*****2*« * Wartburg, CERN Accelerator **32»2f I 22**2S4 5 3422*32 «2 • 2«*|i42* 934*23*443* 32*2223**22*** 2*** School Secretary, LEP Division, 2*92**4»4*3»• *3**41 I** *• •• 9*2 * 434**422***ft»4»3C2»62S*«« 2* • *• 22 2*2322 22 **23 3 •••• *2»*34233M32 .42*3332*624629*2 •2*32J24*.••34. 242*«2** * 2 CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzer­ 22 .32.231 *343*444 33423*52 • 39 394 2«2*2*92432***** «3 • » 43544232332*9*.333S4»324222 *222*222 3234 22 •••} 2* * 2 9*34243*22l**9 9343 94*9911 * 93423233 *3 33* 3 S*« 22 2 land. 422343323332334 3224 337345* 44.4*3*3 »32*22**3** • 2*2* 32445354235*622572127352 *4* 4224222932 2 1 2* * * 2 •*9*9i?994432444 2*24 441* ••? 44 2**.32232*» 2 • •32t3*4f2934394934329**29 4* *3l442«4 ••» *2 2 *•* • 3 •34»3«92322822*3*339443939 2 29 2324*23* • 3* 2 • •»3344234323494?*9*9332424| *232»2» 344*222 «** 2 3 The next in the series of IUPAP ••3333 6324224*24**3433€2*3 24*24*3 22*2 2 2 *«2» 2 33622333 §»«» 34333*9222 24 34233*1 3 »23*4** »22923932**4394*342* .42 22 | 2 32 *»23**« 22 • • International Conferences on Nu­ •2 99224224**2«42 2* • 3*22 * 2432* «* «| clear Physics will be held in Harro­ • * 24* 2««»2»*22* **3* • 3 * 2**2 • 2 gate, UK, from 25-30 August 1986. Further information from Meetings Officer, Institute of Phy­ sics, 47 Belgrave Square, London SW1X 80X, UK.

human commitment to the success vain-la-Neuve, Belgium in 1981 of the first course. Despite all his and Bizerte, Tunisia in 1983. Lou- Trieste pays tribute other responsibilities, he directed vain-la-Neuve will again welcome to Alfred Kastler the course from the first to the the 1985 School. The schools on last day, listening to all lectures, Non-Conventional Energy have On 11 March, the International taking part in all scientific discus­ been held at ICTP. Centre for Theoretical Physics sions and taking an interest in During the ceremony, ICTP Direc­ (ICTP) in Trieste paid tribute to the young scientists from developing tor Abdus Salam and S. Lundqvist, memory of Alfred Kastler, Nobel countries, not only in their individ­ Chairman of the ICTP Scientific Laureate for Physics 1966 and ual difficulties relating to the course Council, together with some of Chairman of the ICTP Scientific itself, but also in their day-to-day Kastler's former collaborators, des­ Council from 1970 to 1982, who problems. Also he never missed cribed his many contributions to died on 7 January 1984. the Italian lessons for course par­ science and the spread of scientific The ceremony took place in the ticipants. knowledge. context of one of the programmes Another innovation of Kastler initiated by him the cycle of ex­ was the institution of courses in tended courses on Atomic, Mole­ French for scientists from French- cular and Laser Physics, this year speaking African countries. This seeing the sixth of the series. The led to biennial Summer Schools addition of Atomic, Molecular and on Physics Teaching and on Non- Laser Physics to the multidiscipli- Conventional Energies. The cycle nary curriculum of the ICTP was started in 1977 with the Physics by itself an innovation; however Teaching School held in Trieste. the most striking feature had been The subsequent ones were held Kastler's total intellectual and in Grenoble, France in 1979, Lou-

CERN Courier, June 1985 197 THE UNIVERSITY OF GENEVA RUTHERFORD APPLETON LABORATORY has an opening for a HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS RESEARCH ASSOCIATES SENIOR

There are vacancies for Research Associates to RESEARCH ASSOCIATE work with experimental groups in high energy phy­ (Maitre denseignement et de recherche) sics. Groups from the Rutherford Appleton Labora­ tory are working on experiments at CERN, DESY, in the Department SLACand FERMILAB. of Nuclear and Particle Physics

Candidates should normally be less than 28 years For this full time position experience in particle old. Appointments are made for 3 years, with pos­ physics, data processing and experimental tech­ sible extensions of up to 2 years. RAs are based niques is required. either at the accelerator laboratory where their ex­ periment is conducted, or at RAL depending on the The candidate will, for the time being, join a group requirements of the experiment. We have in addi­ performing an experiment at CERN SPS, to detect tion home-based programmes on development of direct photon production. detectors, microprocessor systems, etc. Most ex­ The appointment may be effective as of October periments include UK university personnel with 1st 1986 or at any other date upon mutual agree­ whom particularly close collaborations are main­ ment. tained. Applications should be sent before June 30, Please write for an application form quoting VN 303 1985, to the Director of to Departement de physique nucleaire Recruitment Office, R20, et corpusculaire Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Prof. E. Heer Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire 0X11 OQX, 24, quai Ernest-Ansermet ENGLAND. 1211 Geneva 4, from whom further information may be obtained.

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198 CERN Courier, June 1985 Accelerator The Max-Planck-Institut fiir Physik und Astrophysik, Physics Head Munich, Brookhaven National Laboratory is offering the position for a Brookhaven National Laboratory seeks a scientist to establish and to head an Accelerator Physics Branch within High Energy Facilities. The successful candi­ date will be responsible for building an organization Ph. D. Physicist from a nucleus of accelerator physicists now on the staff. The new Branch will provide a coherent frame­ in work for theoretical and experimental studies on ques­ tions of general and long-term importance to accelera­ Elementary Particle Physics tor design, as well as for answers to specific problems relating to the design of the Superconducting Super Collider (SSC), the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS) Booster, the We are looking for an experimental physicist with AGS Beam Stretcher, etc. The Head of the Accelerator experience in high energy particle physics to parti­ Physics Branch will report to the Associate Director of cipate in the analysis of an experiment on high High Energy Facilities. energy muon proton scattering which will be per­ Candidates should have a history of significant accom­ formed with a vertex detector (streamer chamber) plishment in accelerator physics or related fields, and and a forward spectrometer at Fermilab. the demonstrated ability to organize and lead the work of experienced physicists, engineers, postdoctorals The appointment will normally be for three years affiliated with the Accelerator Technology Fellows Pro­ with a possible extension. gram, and support staff. Applications and inquiries should be directed to: Ernest D. Courant, Chairman, Applications (including curriculum vitae, list of pu­ Search Committee, Building 902A, Brookhaven blications and the names of two referees) should be National Laboratory, Associated Universities, Inc., sent as soon as possible to Upton, Long Island, NY 11973. Equal opportunity employer m/f. Prof. IM. Schmitz Max- Planck-1 nstitut Il III BROOKHAVEN fiir Physik und Astrophysik • 11 NATIONAL LABORATORY Fohringer Ring 6 « II I ASSOCIATED UNIVERSITIES INC D-8000 Miinchen 40, West Germany

EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY

The European Space Agency offers a RESEARCH FELLOWSHIP IN X-RAY ASTRONOMY

in its Space Science Department (Astrophysics Division) situated at the European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, the Netherlands.

Research and development of focal plane instrumentation for future generations of X-ray imaging telescopes is being undertaken, based on the Gas Scintillation Proportional Counter development pioneered within the group. Observational data from the EXOSAT mission are being analysed.

Applicants should have research experience in the development of instrumentation, either in the space field or in nuclear physics, and be conversant with associated electronic systems and data handling. Knowledge in astrophysics, while desirable, is not essential.

Applicants should also have a Ph.D. or equivalent degree. Good knowledge of English or French is required; some knowledge of the other language is desirable.

The fellowship will be for a period of one or two years.

Applications should be directed to the Head of Personnel, ESTEC, Postbus 299,2200 AG Noordwijk, the Netherlands, including detailed curriculum vitae. For enquiries, phone 1719-83308

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204 CERN Courier, June 1985 UP TO 1 x 104 UP TO 15 GAIN HIGH PULSE HIGH ENERGY GAIN IN VERY HIGH IN HIGH LINEARITY AT RESOLUTION AND MAGNETIC FIELDS MAGNETIC FIELDS HIGH COUNT RATES GOOD PULSE NEW FINE MESH TYPE NEW MESH TYPE, IN MAGNETIC LINEARITY 10 STAGE PMT FLAT TRIODE PMT ENVIRONMENTS HYBRID MESH/BOX The new R2063 fine The R2046 mesh type MESH DYNODE PMT AND GRID PMT mesh tube performs very tube provides enough The R1652 combines The R1911-01 uses box well in high magnetic gain (about 15) to pre­ superior performance in and grid dynodes at the fields to about 10K gauss. serve your signal while magnetic fields, good front'end for high energy This unique 2" tube is the operating in magnetic gain and high count rate resolution and new mesh first high quality detector fields of up to 10K gauss. linearity. This 3 inch type dynodes in the final for High Energy Physics The compact flat geom­ diameter, head on tube stages for excellent pulse to overcome the gain etry with 3" diameter with 9-stage mesh- linearity. Pulse linearity killing effect of magnetic permits stacking large dynodes uses a new of less than 2% deviation environments. numbers of detectors proximity focus design at 50 mA 1500 V is with good volumetric for operation in magnetic significantly better than efficiency. fields up to a few standard PMT's. This 3" hundred gauss. tube is ideal for physics and medical diagnostic applications because of its reduced length.

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CERN Courier, June 1985 213 THE MOST COMPLETE, SOPHISTICATED AND VERSATILE

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Au CERN, a Geneve, on accelere des parti- d'etancheite de 7 m de circonference dont trouverez chez nous un vaste assortiment. cules a charge electrique jusqu'a la vitesse sont dotees les chambres doivent done En plus, vous pouvez compter, sans cie la lumiere. On ne peut le faire que dans presenter une precision et une qualite de aucune contrainte materielle, sur nos con- des conditions de vide pousse. Les joints surface elevees. Afin qu'ils puissent resister seils fondes sur des annees d'experience a un dosage d'irradiation a haute charge portant sur tout le spectre de la technique. energetique representant 166 666 fois ce qu'un etre humain peut supporter, Maag Technic se fait fort de resoudre Joints d'etancheite nor­ nous avons concu, chez Maag Technic, vos problemes de joints d'etancheite. malises ou sur mesure, un melange de caoutchouc tout a fait parti- en caoutchouc, en ma- culier. tiere plastique, textiles ou metalliques, a l'amiante Bien sur, nous n'avons pas a resou- ou sans amiante, etc. Joints dre des problemes aussi ardus tous les toriques. Garnitures meca- jours. Parfois, il s'agit «simplement» de niques FLEXIBOX. Bagues minuscules joints d'etancheite destines a d'etancheite. Joints hydrauli- des arroseurs anti-incendie. Quoi qu'il en maagtechnic liques et pneumatiques. Garni­ soit, chaque joint doit repondre a des tures de presse-etoupe. imperatifs plus ou moins grands. Vous en CaoutchoucMaag

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216 CERN Courier, June 1985 • High Voltage* High Energy TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS

• Non-inductive • Robust Resistivity Range: 5 ohm cm to 25000 ohm cms • Easily Assembled Stacks Bulk Density: 2.25 grams per cc Specific Heat: 2 joules/cc/°C rise • Air, Oil or SF6 Environments. Temperature Coefficient: -0.05°/oto-0.15°/o per°C temperature rise, depending on resistivity value. A comprehensive range of high transient Voltage Coefficient: Between - 0.5 to -7.5%/kV/cm depending on resistivity. powered Linear Ceramic Resistors, that Maximum Energy: 300joules per cc (600joules/cc infrequent) make light of high voltage situations time after time in a diverse range of applications, Maximum Temperature: 150°C continuous (300°C infrequent) 3 such as switching resistors in air, oil and Maximum Working KVrms/cm (Free Air) 0.87x(p/t)° SF6 EHV Circuit Breakers, Dump and p = Resistivity of 25 to 2500 ohm cms Dummy Loads, Impulse Generator Wave t = Time of 10to 50 milliseconds Shaping and Laser applications to name Maximum Working Impulse Voltage but a few. 1.2/: • kVpk/cm 1 /50 microseconds (Free Air) 4.3 x " VLog10p/2.54 p = Resistivity 25 to 2500 ohm cms Size - standard discs; Diameter (mm) 32 51 76 94 1 1 1 1 27 152 (Standard Thickness: 25.4mm) Volume (cc) 17 41 85 153 224 297 430

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FRANCE: Allen-Bradley Electronics GERMANY: Allen-Bradley GmbH 23 avenue du General Leclerc Unternehmensbereich Bauelemente 92340 Bourg la Reine Paris Karl Hromadnik-Strasse 3 D-8000 Munchen 60 Tel: (1) 547.60.06Tlx: 205465F Tel:(089) 8348056Tlx: 0521 3066 Advertisements in CERN COURIER TRANSITION JUNCTIONS frM Format A4 Monthly publication FOR CRYOGENIC, VACUUM, NUCLEAR AND SPACE APPLICATIONS All advertisements are published in both English and French editions. Second language versions accepted without extra charge.

Cost per insertion (Swiss Francs) Space Actual size (mm) (page) width by height 3 10 insertion insertions insertions

Vi 185x265 1730 1680 1630 1530 ^ TOTALLY RELIABLE BIMETALIC 185x 130 THEY HAVE THE 960 930 910 860 90x265 TRANSITION JUNCTIONS 90x130 500 480 SAME MECHANICAL 74 550 520 CHARACTERISTICS FOR TUBULAR ASSEMBLIES Supplement for: AS THE ALUMINUM UP TO 0 600 MM (24") — each additional colour 1 500 SwF

-9 3 _1 — Covers: TUBE AND CAN ALSO 10 atm. cm . S Cover 3 (one colour) 2000 SwF 2750 SwF BE FABRICATED 10MPa Cover 4 (one colour) Publication date 1 st of month of cover date: TO ANY MATERIAL 0 to 573 K Closing date for positive films and copy 1 st of month preceding cover date SPECIFICATIONS UNDER RADIATION The cost of making films and of translation for advertisements are charged in addition. Screen (offset) 60 or 54 Swiss (1 50 English) Advertisements cancelled after 1 st of month preceding cover date will be invoiced. Advertising space is limited to 50% of contents and insertions are selected on a strict first-come first-served basis. » COMMISSARIAT A L'ENERGIE ATOMIQUE These rates are effective for the year 1985. CALL OR WRITE FOR DOCUMENTATION All enquiries to: THEVENET CLERJOUNIE > DEPARTEMENT JONCTIONS TC Micheline FALCIOLA / CERN COURIER - CERN CONTACT: M. ARMAND PINET, CONSULTING ENGINEER CH-1211 Geneva 23 Switzerland 22, AVENUE FRANKLIN-ROOSEVELT . 69517 VAULX-EN-VELIN Tel. (022) 83 41 03 Telex 2 36 98 CEDEX FRANCE • TELEPHONE: (7) 849.54.64 - TELEX380544F

218 CERN Courier, June 1985 c.f e pe//Y esf I'un des derniers- nes de Bourns, un potentiomefre \Trimmer de la categorie compocte 'Cermet, 6 mm X 6 mm: tres foible encombrement Oest a la loupe que ses avantages apparaissent le plus clairement. Vous pouvez I'inserrer automa- tiquement ef le regler par le dessus ou le cote, au choix, meme auto- matiquemenf. II est etanche ef son netfoyage ne pose vraiment aucun probleme, de plus, il est teste selon un NQA de 0,1 %, sans supplement de prix pour vous. La ou il a ete soude, il reste longtemps - con­ sequence de sa fiabilite.

Comme tous les pofentiometres Trimmers de Bourns, le nouveau modele 3323, est livre en baretfes plastiques de 50 pieces. Impec­ cable, d'acces aise, il permet une protection parfaite des connexions sorties. Ipvitez done le 3323 chez vous. Son curriculum vitae est a votre disposition. i

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