DOCSLIB.ORG

Intermedia Mobility in the Public Sphere Framing Bikesharing in Mass Media and Social Media Across Three Cultures

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Intermedia Mobility in the Public Sphere Framing Bikesharing in Mass Media and Social Media Across Three Cultures Intermedia Mobility in the Public Sphere Framing Bikesharing in Mass Media and Social Media across Three Cultures Dirk von Schneidemesser Dissertation submitted to the Hertie School of Governance in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor rerum politicarum (Dr. rer. pol.) in the Doctoral Programme in Governance Berlin, 2017 First advisor Prof. Dr. Andrea Römmele Hertie School of Governance Second advisor Prof. Dr. Barbara Pfetsch Freie Universität Berlin © 2017 Dirk von Schneidemesser No further reproduction or distribution is allowed without explicit permission. Abstract Accompanying developments in communication technologies and practices, new possibilities emerge for actors to participate in public debate on political issues. While the influence of traditional mass media on public opinion formation processes in the public sphere has been firmly established, the rise of digital media adds complexity to communication processes that are only beginning to be understood. This research aims to add to the understanding of how social media contributes to the normative goals of the public sphere. Much of the research at the nexus of digital media and the public sphere focuses on extraordinary issues or events such as revolutions or electoral politics, leaving a gap as to how everyday political issues are discussed and debated in a hybrid media context. This research addresses that gap by examining a non- sensational policy issue – bikesharing – in two public sphere arenas. Quantitative and qualitative content analyses of print media and Twitter texts are applied to compare and contrast these two mediums across three cases. This comparative approach using the German, North American, and Spanish cases offers insight into the role of social media in different traditional media systems. The findings indicate that while framing of the issue of bikesharing in print media is commonly reflected on Twitter, the reverse is seldom the case. Frame and issue spill-over from Twitter to print media was only found in the North American case, where the meaning of bikesharing represents the largest departure from the status-quo. Political and cultural contextual factors led print media frames to go unchallenged on Twitter in the Spanish case and the debate was channeled through a stronger political logic in the German case. There was an observed preference for obtrusive issue attributes when legitimizing positions for or against bikesharing on Twitter, suggesting a bias for experience-based rationale on that medium. Social media does not have a unified effect on the legitimacy and efficacy of the public sphere, rather political and cultural factors influence the role of social media in public debate as well as the efficacy of social media to help impact political decisions. ii For Mike iii Acknowledgements This project would never have gotten off the ground, the research never carried out, and the project certainly never concluded had it not been for the encouragement, inspiration, and reassurance of so many people I had the pleasure of encountering along the way, and indeed long before I even knew what a dissertation was. I am extremely lucky to have had so much support from so many different people, and for that I am deeply grateful. Thanks goes to my first supervisor Andrea Römmele for giving me the room to work and think independently but also knowing when and how to ask the right questions to keep the research moving in the right direction. I am also grateful for the encouragement of my second advisor Barbara Pfetsch, whose colloquium provided a great space to gather input and sort ideas. I would also like to express thanks to Hans-Peter Meister, Henning Banthien, and Christian Klasen of IFOK, whose generosity enabled this research project. I had a great office mate, and a great hallway crew too for smiles and solidarity. A great debt of gratitude goes to my fellow researchers and students whose curiosity and enthusiasm provided me with exchanges of the most important kind when stuck deep in a long research process, as well as the reassuring knowledge that there are other people like me out there, and that’s all right. Cheers Herr Ross, you saw that it was time for me to take this step, and you were right. I wouldn’t be here without your specific encouragement to do specifically this. To the Radentscheiders, you all provided me with proof that the way we talk about our cities matters, which in turn confirmed that this project looks at arenas that shape the world we live in. Thanks also to the Ikarians, who always had something tasty and nutritious on the stove when I didn’t make it to the store before it closed. I could never find the words to express my profound appreciation for my family. I am forever in awe that they provide love and support in a way that makes me know it’s ok if I can’t find those words. Lastly, I would like to express deep gratitude to Angelica, who always believed in me, even when I didn’t. iv The Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................................... iv The Tables ..................................................................................................................................................... x The Figures ................................................................................................................................................... xi The Abbreviations ....................................................................................................................................... xii 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. The Structure of the Dissertation ................................................................................................. 2 1.2. The Theory: Traditional Media, Digital Media, and the Public Sphere ......................................... 3 1.3. The Cases and Constants .............................................................................................................. 5 1.3.1. The Example Discourse: Bikesharing - A Local Policy Issue................................................... 5 1.3.2. The Case Cultures .................................................................................................................. 7 1.4. The Mediums ................................................................................................................................ 8 1.5. The Research Question and Research Relevance ......................................................................... 8 1.6. The Method................................................................................................................................. 10 2. Media and the Public Sphere .............................................................................................................. 12 2.1. Civil Society & the Public Sphere ................................................................................................ 13 2.1.1. Structure: Citizenship, Participation, and the Public Sphere .............................................. 15 2.1.2. Alternative Conceptions of Citizenship Impacting the Structure of the Public Sphere ...... 16 2.1.3. The All Affected Principle as the basis for Public Sphere Participation .............................. 18 2.2. Media and the Public Sphere ...................................................................................................... 19 2.2.1. The Local is embedded in the Global .................................................................................. 20 2.2.2. The Public Sphere for Cities and Local Policy ...................................................................... 23 2.2.3. Deliberative Public Sphere Theory for Local Policy Spaces ................................................. 23 2.3. Social Media’s Contribution to a Democratic Public Sphere ...................................................... 24 2.3.1. Media and the Status Quo .................................................................................................. 25 2.3.2. Barriers to Entry in the Public Sphere ................................................................................. 27 2.3.3. The Digital Public Sphere is Dead, Long Live the Digital Public Sphere .............................. 27 2.3.4. Politics and Participation on Social Media: Challenging or Supporting the Status Quo ..... 28 2.4. Social Media and an imperfect Public Sphere – Legitimacy and Efficacy? ................................. 31 2.4.1. Twitter and an imperfect Public Sphere ............................................................................. 32 3. Local Political Communication in the Hybrid Media System .............................................................. 35 3.1. The Rise of a Policy Arena: The Urban ........................................................................................ 35 v 3.1.1. Case selection: Bikesharing ................................................................................................. 36 3.1.2. Why Bikesharing? ................................................................................................................ 36 4. Local Contexts: Transport
Load more

Recommended publications
  • City of Paris Climate Action Plan
    PARIS CLIMATE ACTION PLAN TOWARDS A CARBON NEUTRAL CITY AND 100% RENEWABLE ENERGIES An action plan For a fairer for 2030 Together and more and an ambition for climate inclusive city for 2050 Conceptualized by: City of Paris, Green Parks and Environment Urban Ecology Agency Designed by: EcoAct Published: May 2018, 2000 copies printed on 100% recycled paper EDITOS A RESILIENT CITY 02 54 THAT ENSURES A HIGH-QUALITY LIVING ENVIRONMENT PREAMBLE 56 Air Improving air quality for better health 05 6 Paris, 10 years of climate action 61 Fire 9 Towards carbon neutrality Strengthen solidarity and resilience 11 Creating a shared vision in response to heat waves 12 Zero local emissions 64 Earth 13 Relocation of production and innovation Biodiversity to benefit all parisians 13 Adaptation, resilience and social inclusion 67 ​Water 14 Three milestones, one urgent need A resource that needs protection for diversified uses A CARBON-NEUTRAL AND 18 100% RENEWABLE-ENERGY CITY A CITY THAT IS VIEWED 19 Energy 70 AS AN ECOSYSTEM Paris: a solar, 100% renewable-energy city 71 A successful energy transition and a key player in French renewables is a fair transition 25 Mobility 76 Mobilisation Paris, the city of shared, active Paris mobilises its citizens and stakeholders and clean transport 81 Governance of the low-carbon transition 34 Buildings A 100% eco-renovated Paris with A CITY THAT MATCHES low-carbon and positive-energy buildings 84 ITS MEANS TO ITS AMBITIONS 40 Urban planning 85 ​Finance A carbon-neutral, resilient A city that is preparing finance for the energy and pleasant city to inhabit transition 44 Waste 88 ​Carbon offsetting Towards zero non-recovered waste Paris fosters metropolitan cooperation and a circular economy in paris for climate action 49 Food 91 Advocacy Paris, a sustainable food city A city that speaks on behalf of cities 95 GLOSSARY Making Paris a carbon-neutral city © Jean-Baptiste Gurliat © Jean-Baptiste powered entirely by renewable energy by 2050.
    [Show full text]
  • Long-Term Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics in Parisian Soil-Tree Systems Aleksandar Rankovic
    Living the street life : long-term carbon and nitrogen dynamics in parisian soil-tree systems Aleksandar Rankovic To cite this version: Aleksandar Rankovic. Living the street life : long-term carbon and nitrogen dynamics in parisian soil-tree systems. Ecology, environment. Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2016. English. NNT : 2016PA066728. tel-01653082 HAL Id: tel-01653082 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01653082 Submitted on 1 Dec 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSE DE DOCTORAT DE L’UNIVERSITÉ PIERRE ET MARIE CURIE – PARIS VI ÉCOLE DOCTORALE SCIENCES DE LA NATURE ET DE l’HOMME : ÉCOLOGIE ET ÉVOLUTION (ED 227) SPÉCIALITÉ ÉCOLOGIE PRESENTÉE PAR ALEKSANDAR RANKOVIC POUR OBTENIR LE GRADE DE DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ PIERRE ET MARIE CURIE – PARIS VI LIVING THE STREET LIFE: LONG-TERM CARBON AND NITROGEN DYNAMICS IN PARISIAN SOIL-TREE SYSTEMS DYNAMIQUES DE LONG TERME DU CARBONE ET DE l’AZOTE DANS DES SYSTÈMES SOL-ARBRE PARISIENS SOUTENUE PUBLIQUEMENT LE 29 NOVEMBRE 2016 DEVANT LE JURY COMPOSÉ DE : LUC ABBADIE, PROFESSEUR À L’UPMC DIRECTEUR DE THÈSE SÉBASTIEN BAROT, DIRECTEUR DE RECHERCHE À L’IRD CO-ENCADRANT SÉBASTIEN FONTAINE, CHARGÉ DE RECHERCHE À L’INRA EXAMINATEUR NATHALIE FRASCARIA-LACOSTE, PROFESSEUR À AGROPARISTECH RAPPORTEUR JEAN-CHRISTOPHE LATA, MAÎTRE DE CONFÉRENCES À L’UPMC CO-ENCADRANT JEAN LOUIS MOREL, PROFESSEUR À L’UNIVERSITÉ DE LORRAINE RAPPORTEUR FRANÇOIS RAVETTA, PROFESSEUR À L’UPMC EXAMINATEUR ! 2 À Ranisav, Zorka et Lazar, pour m’avoir élevé.
    [Show full text]
  • Paris Cycling Policies. Towards a 15
    Velo-City 2017 Christophe NAJDOVSKI, deputy mayor of Paris in charge of transports and public space Paris cycling policies Towards a 15% modal share by 2020. Part 1 - Background Paris and its agglomeration, institutionnal framework 4 levels of authority for transport : State, Region, “Département ”, Cities Part 1 - Background Ile de Paris France WALK 38,7% 60,5% 3% - 5% of home/office BIKES 1,6% commutes made by parisians. 2 MOTORIZED 1,4% 1,8% WHEELS A city of short distances : you can walk from PUBLIC one end of the city to the other in less than TRANSPORT 20,1% 27,3% 2 hours 6,7% CARS 37,8% Mobility Datas/ modal split - 2010 General context : cycling in Paris PRO CONS Flat terrain Traffic density Mild climate Urban cuts Dense network of public Dense city with short transport with relatively distances cheap prices Congested urban space Beautiful urban fathering difficulties for landscape parking Part 2 – Mobility Policy 2000s: Development of a more ambitious policy. 2008-2014 Pacification of public roads and public space in Paris and creation of Vélib’ Developing Public transports – the tramway Part 3 - Paris cycle plan 2015-2020 Aim : to triple cycling use and reach a 15% modal share by 2020 . A previously unseen (in Paris) 150 M€ budget . Doubling the total lenght of bicycle lanes (from 700km to 1.400km) . Create a cycling express network to cross Paris from N. to S. and from E. to W. Offering a cycling continuity between Paris/closed suburb (Paris’s gateways) . Other policy measures : bike parking, suporting cycling citizen associations, cycle touring, financial support to acquire a bike… Le Réseau Express Vélo rue de Rivoli - projection Foster inter-modal commutes 2 high-capacity Bike stations to be created in parisian Railway stations.
    [Show full text]
  • My Phd Thesis 2
    Moving beyond physical mobility: blogging about urban cycling and transport policy Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2014 Laura Golbuff Abstract It is often acknowledged that movement exists in multiple, interdependent forms and that we live in an Information Age. However, mobilities perspectives on contemporary cycling tend to neglect the a) interconnections between transport (physical mobility of people and objects) and communication (mobility of symbolic information) b) paradigmatic shifts in modernity that affect how and why we communicate about transport. This thesis responds to such neglect. Firstly, it places urban cycling in an internet context by examining practices and perceptions of policy blogging, asking why do individuals blog about cycling-related transport policy and to what effect? Secondly, it analyses the answers to these questions through the theoretical lens of the risk society and reflexive modernisation theses. Empirical data is the result of 46 semi-structured interviews with bloggers and expert system representatives, mostly in London, New York and Paris. Blogging about cycling-related transport policy is shown to be an individualised response to the perceived failings of expert systems, as well as in Giddens’ words, a ‘reflexive project of the self’. Citizens who may otherwise only be policy subjects or passive consumers of transport, emerge as policy, media and civil society actors by virtue of their ability to publish information, which forms the basis of social relations. Through blogging, they produce and mobilise knowledge. Knowledge claims mediated by blogging interact with expert systems responsible for transport, which in turn adapt; routine institutional practices evolve; a new order emerges; blogging makes a difference.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Transport and Non-Motorized Transport in a Sustainable Perspective
    Public transport and non-motorized transport in a sustainable perspective Arjen Jaarsma consultant Balancia The Netherlands Outline 1.Crisis 2.Future 3.Low carbon cities 4.Cities on the road to sustainability 5.Walking, cycling, public transport and cars 6.Mombasa 7.Cities in 2090 1. CRISIS Yes, we have more than one crisis: • economic crisis • climate crisis • oil crisis • food crisis 2. FUTURE The future is....... sustainability. Three P’s: People, Planet, Profit. Four Z’s: zero waste, zero emissions, zero congestion, zero accidents. 3. LOW CARBON CITIES Low carbon city = city with zero (or low) CO2 emissions. Three main producers of CO2 in cities: 1. Buildings (housing, working) 2. Hard infrastructure (energy delivery, waste management, water supply, sewage, etc.) 3. Mobility of persons and goods (traffic) 4. CITIES ON THE ROAD TO SUSTAINABILITY • Amsterdam (the Netherlands) – solar energy / cycling / electric vehicles • Vauban (suburb of Freiburg in Germany) – car free / tram / cycling / car sharing • Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-city (China) – new planned city with 90% PT+cycling • Masdar City (UAE) – new planned city, the low carbon city of the future! MASDAR CITY (United Arab Emirates) • Satelite city of Abu Dhabi • In 2016: 40-50.000 inh. + 70.000 jobs • Zero-carbon city: generating all its own power • Walled: no urban sprawl + protection against desert winds, all buildings max. 5 storeys • No broad streets but tight shady alleys (Arabian style), roads are all pedestrian • Public transport (metro, light rail, HST?) + Personal Rapid Transit + parking at border of city 5. WALKING, CYCLING, PUBLIC TRANSPORT AND CARS The private car on fossile fuels was great in the 20 th century but is definitely not the transport mode in the 21 st century.
    [Show full text]
  • Rer B Tarif Billet
    Rer B Tarif Billet Juridic and subalpine Euclid jellify, but Stu slovenly hachures her lochia. When Delbert beards his reputability ferments not misguidedly enough, is Rustie scotomatous? Calvinistical Cam always whirls his bushman if Hillel is glandered or rebuffs bleakly. Available in one month there interactive, rer b has two of the ile de gaulle airport bus routes toward brest, alignées du confort du trajet en illimitée durant toute seule et jeune Please stand by a thriving gambling, rer can speak it. Generally, except for early and late hours, travellers should not worry about specific Metro train times; just get to your station and take the next train. There are a number of services by which you can call for taxis or make a reservation in advance. With Paris being such a popular destination I thought it may come in handy for some of you! This before is in wise way affiliated with The Walt Disney Company made its subsidiaries. In this cooking class, you will learn they make the spent and delicious menu from jail so that you easy bake his own Macarons by your own small home. Thanks for own update Barbara. However, some areas are safer than others. Paris: Should you buy a Navigo pass? Where is the train station and what is the best way to get there? When cool add such the airport access, needle is sausage good deal. There are traditional french, so if it would be aware that parisians, we exclusively used for longer journeys that there are no itinerary matches your restaurant.
    [Show full text]
  • East London Cyclist FEBRUARY / MARCH 2008 the NEWSLETTER for TOWER HAMLETS WHEELERS  LONDON CYCLING CAMPAIGN
    EastEast London Cyclist www.wheelers.org.uk FEBRUARY / MARCH 2008 THE NEWSLETTER FOR TOWER HAMLETS WHEELERS LONDON CYCLING CAMPAIGN LCCLCC 30 years on… LiftLift lobby In September, the LCC will have been around for 30 years, (and Wheelers for about the same time!) The lift service at the Greenwich to Island Gardens foot tunnel has Over the years, Wheelers and the London Cycling become unreliable recently, despite a major overhaul a couple of Campaign have been working hard to improve years ago. This is due both to mechanical problems with the lifts and to a shortage of operators. The tunnel is a vital route for cyclists, conditions for cycling both London-wide and locally in with large numbers using it day to get to work at Canary Wharf. Tower Hamlets. When the lifts are out of action, there are 8 flights of stairs at each end – a major disincentive to using a bike, especially as the DLR We’ve had many successful campaigns and initiatives, and have cannot be used as an alternative. The lifts are managed by Greenwich become increasingly recognised by local authorities, planners, council, but jointly funded by Greenwich and Tower Hamlets. We government, police, and organisations such as TfL, and have have raised the problem with both councils and urged them to considerable input both locally and nationally into improving improve the situation. standards and promoting cycling as a sustainable, affordable, Dave Allison healthy, green, practical, and convenient way of getting around. (It can be fun too!) GreenGreen machines Cycling has undoubtedly moved up the political agenda and is seen as an essential part of transport, environmental, and even Wheelers led a ride to the Day of Action Against Climate health policies, with commitments being made for continued th investment in cycle lanes, cycle training, bike parking, and Change march on 8 December, which included a bike ride changing behaviour, such as the congestion charge.
    [Show full text]
  • Paris Climate Action Plan Towards a Carbon Neutral City and 100% Renewable Energies
    PARIS CLIMATE ACTION PLAN TOWARDS A CARBON NEUTRAL CITY AND 100% RENEWABLE ENERGIES An action plan For a fairer for 2030 Together and more and an ambition for climate inclusive city for 2050 Conceptualized by: City of Paris, Green Parks and Environment Urban Ecology Agency Designed by: EcoAct Published: May 2018, 2000 copies printed on 100% recycled paper EDITOS A RESILIENT CITY 02 54 THAT ENSURES A HIGH-QUALITY LIVING ENVIRONMENT PREAMBLE 56 Air Improving air quality for better health 05 6 Paris, 10 years of climate action 61 Fire 9 Towards carbon neutrality Strengthen solidarity and resilience 11 Creating a shared vision in response to heat waves 12 Zero local emissions 64 Earth 13 Relocation of production and innovation Biodiversity to benefit all parisians 13 Adaptation, resilience and social inclusion 67 ​Water 14 Three milestones, one urgent need A resource that needs protection for diversified uses A CARBON-NEUTRAL AND 18 100% RENEWABLE-ENERGY CITY A CITY THAT IS VIEWED 19 Energy 70 AS AN ECOSYSTEM Paris: a solar, 100% renewable-energy city 71 A successful energy transition and a key player in French renewables is a fair transition 25 Mobility 76 Mobilisation Paris, the city of shared, active Paris mobilises its citizens and stakeholders and clean transport 81 Governance of the low-carbon transition 34 Buildings A 100% eco-renovated Paris with A CITY THAT MATCHES low-carbon and positive-energy buildings 84 ITS MEANS TO ITS AMBITIONS 40 Urban planning 85 ​Finance A carbon-neutral, resilient A city that is preparing finance for the energy and pleasant city to inhabit transition 44 Waste 88 ​Carbon offsetting Towards zero non-recovered waste Paris fosters metropolitan cooperation and a circular economy in paris for climate action 49 Food 91 Advocacy Paris, a sustainable food city A city that speaks on behalf of cities 95 GLOSSARY Making Paris a carbon-neutral city © Jean-Baptiste Gurliat © Jean-Baptiste powered entirely by renewable energy by 2050.
    [Show full text]
  • Spain's National Cycling Tour and the Politics of Regional and National Identity, 1975
    Spain’s National Cycling Tour and the Politics of Regional and National Identity, 1975- 2000 Alexander Tuck January 2015 Abstract This thesis examines the banal nationalism of La Vuelta Ciclista a España (Spain’s national cycling tour) in the post-Franco period. In light of recent work completed on post- Franco Spanish nationalism, this project provides a robust empirical analysis of four newspaper’s coverage of the race between 1975 and 2000. The object of this thesis is to provide empirical ballast to a number of hypotheses and suggestions that have been made, primarily as to the role of informal symbols such as sport in the immediate post- Franco period where formal national symbols suffered a delegitimisation. There are two major themes in this work: firstly, a theme that comprises Spanish national identity and nationalism in the post-Franco period, and secondly, a theoretical theme that looks to interrogate and develop Michael Billig’s theory of Banal Nationalism (Billig 1996). Utilising Billig’s original publication, as well as other work on Le Tour de France, this thesis constructs a mixed quantitative/qualitative content analysis of newspapers in this period, seeking to expand our knowledge of informal national symbols beyond areas, such as football, where analyses have already been done. Newspapers from the main territorial cleavage in the country, Spain and Catalonia, are represented in an examination of the growth of La Vuelta as a national symbol as well as how this has been mediated across political and territorial lines. 2 Table of Contents Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... 2 1 - Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 4 2 - Literature Review ................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • University of Groningen Bicycle Sharing System Wiersma, Bouke
    University of Groningen Bicycle sharing system Wiersma, Bouke Published in: Default journal IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2010 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Wiersma, B. (2010). Bicycle sharing system: role, effects and application to Plymouth. Default journal. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 11-02-2018 Abstract This thesis investigates the role and effects of a bicycle sharing system, and studies the feasi- bility of such a system in Plymouth. The research consists of a literature review, policy dis- cussion, case studies, and a detailed assessment of the local demand by performing inter- views, focus groups and a survey. This study concludes that a bicycle sharing system in Ply- mouth is at the moment very unlikely to become successful, in terms of attracting significant numbers of users, achieving substantial modal shift and reducing CO 2 emissions.
    [Show full text]
  • Policy Bundles for Reducing Transportation Emissions in Large
    Policy Brief October 2014 SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITIES Policy Bundles for Reducing Sustainable Prosperity is a national Transportation Emissions in Large Cities research and policy network, based at the University of Ottawa. SP focuses on market-based approaches to build a stronger, greener, more competitive economy. It brings together business, policy Key Messages and academic leaders to help inno vative ideas inform policy development. • Transportation - the movement of goods and people from one location to another - is responsible for about one quarter of Canada’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.1 Some modes of transportation also create air pollution and traffic congestion, which in turn contribute to Witten by: health and ecological impacts and lost economic productivity. All of these impose economic Stephanie Cairns and Pomme Arros costs on households, businesses, and governments. This Policy Brief is based on two research papers (MBIs, Climate Change, and • The bulk of transportation-related emissions arise from the road travel generated by individual Sustainable Transportation Governance in choices about where to live, work or study and how to travel between these locations, and by Cities and Climate Change and Transportation the shipment of goods by road. This Policy Brief focuses on passenger emissions, the major Governance: Looking for Lessons in New York contributor to growth in transportation GHGs. City, London, and Paris) written by David Gordon, PhD Candidate, University of • Municipalities have many policy tools to manage these emissions. Fiscal measures can Toronto. Additional research and writing support was conducted by Dana Krechowicz. reinforce land use, transit investment and other mode shift strategies. For example, market- Alex Wood and Michelle Brownlee provided based instruments (MBIs) make GHG-intensive transportation choices more expensive and valuable comments.
    [Show full text]
  • A Social History of Women and Cycling in Late-Nineteenth Century New Zealand
    A SOCIAL mSTORY OF WOMEN AND CYCLING IN LATE-NINETEENTH CENTURY NEW ZEALAND A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Lincoln University by Clare S. Simpson Lincoln University 1998 MEMORANDUM The Academic Registrar Lincoln University This is to certify that this thesis entitled: A Social History of Women and Cycling in Late -Nineteenth century New Zealand. is the work of Clare S. Simpson and has been supeNised by me. SupeNisor: Professor Grant Cushman HOD: Dr Jenny J. Ross Date: 25 November 1998 thes is J"or PD:~l Abstract of a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Ph.D. A SOCIAL mSTORY OF WOMEN AND CYCLING IN LATE-NINETEENTH CENTURY NEW ZEALAND by Clare S. Simpson In the final decade of the nineteenth-century, when New Zealand women began riding the bicycle, they excited intense public debate about contemporary middle-class ideals of femininity. The research question posed is: "why did women's cycling provoke such a strong outcry?" Three nineteenth-century cycling magazines, the New Zealand' Wheelman, the New . Zealand Cyclist,and the New Zealand Cyclists' Touring Club Gazette, were examined, along with numerous New Zealand and British contemporary sources on women's sport and recreation, etiquette, femininity, and gender roles. The context of the late-nineteenth century signifies a high point in the modernisation of Western capitalist societies, which is characterised in part by significant and widespread change in the roles of middle-class women. The bicycle was a product of modern ideas, designs, and technology, and eventually came to symbolise freedom in diverse ways.
    [Show full text]