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UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Breakaway Nations: the use of sport and physical culture to create a cross class Catalan identity during the Second Republic. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/23t1406c Author Stout, James Edward Publication Date 2016 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Breakaway Nations: the use of sport and physical culture to create a cross class Catalan identity during the Second Republic. A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History by James Edward Stout Committee in charge: Professor Pamela Radcliff, chair Professor Robert Edelman Professor Luis Martin Cabrera Professor Patrick Patterson Professor Katherine Woolard 2016 Copyright James Edward Stout, 2016 All rights Reserved. The Dissertation of James Edward Stout is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: Chair University of California, San Diego 2016 iii DEDICATION For my family, with thanks for being so patient after far too long telling them I would be finished soon. And for everyone who received an email that began “I’m writing this from a hospital bed. Don’t worry I’m fine…” iv EPIGRAPH “La cultura és l’àmbit que permet percebre ben clarament que Catalunya pot aspirar amb solvència a l’autogovern total, perquè tenim competències exclusives. Hem de tornar a exercir de capital cultural ” Santi Vila Vicente, La Vanguardia , 31 st January 2016 v TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page ....................................................................................................................... iii Dedication ….. ........................................................................................................................ iv Epigraph ……. ....................................................................................................................... v Table of Contents ................................................................................................................... vi List of Figures ........................................................................................................................ xi List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................................ xiii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................ xvi Vita …………. ........................................................................................................................ xviii Abstract of the Dissertation .................................................................................................. xix Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1 Historical Context of the Second Republic ................................................................ 4 The Special Case of Catalonia .................................................................................. 7 What is Catalanism? .................................................................................................. 12 Sport, Physical Culture and Identity .......................................................................... 17 Theoretical Framework- Nationalism ........................................................................ 24 Historiography ........................................................................................................... 31 Chapter Summary ...................................................................................................... 35 Chapter 1. Catalonia in Spain and Sport Before the Second Republic . ........................... 39 Catalonia in Spanish History Before the Second Republic ......................................... 40 Catalonia in early Modern Spain ................................................................. 40 From Absolutism to Liberal Monarchy: 19 th Century Spain and Catalonia. .............. 42 National and Regional Identity in 19 th Century Spain and Catalonia ........................ 49 Towards Mass Politics, 1898-1914 ............................................................... 53 vi Crisis of the Restoration in Spain and Catalonia 1914-1923 ..................................... 62 The Evolution of Catalan Political Identity ............................................................... 63 Developing the Infrastructure of Catalan Identity ...................................................... 72 The Evolution of Catalanist Culture in the early 20th Century ..................... 72 Education ...................................................................................................... 75 Physical Education ........................................................................................ 77 Sport in Catalan Identity before the Republic ............................................................ 83 Civil society and sport in Catalonia before 1931 ....................................................... 92 The Emergence of the Republic .................................................................................. 103 A Brief Narrative of the Republic: The First Biennium ................................. 103 The Catalan First Biennium .......................................................................... 107 The Second Biennium .................................................................................... 109 The Third Biennium ....................................................................................... 115 Challenges for the Republic ........................................................................................ 117 Conclusions ................................................................................................................ 124 Chapter 2. Sport as National Policy: The Government use of Sport and Physical Culture to Create National Identity ....................................................................................................... 126 The ERC and the Popular Sports Model .................................................................... 129 Government Initiatives, 1931-9 ................................................................................. 137 Sporting Facilities and Infrastructure ......................................................................... 138 Sports Governing Bodies ........................................................................................... 141 Physical Education and La Acadèmia d'Educació Física de Catalunya ..................... 147 Government Supported Sporting Events ................................................................... 158 The Use of Sports Events as International Relations ..................................... 161 Conclusions ................................................................................................................ 166 vii Chapter 3. Civil Society Mobilizations for Popular Sport – the Influence of the Citizen Sector on Forming National and Physical Culture ............................................................ 171 Civil Society, Catalanism, Democracy and the Popular Sport Movement ................. 171 Single Sport Clubs: The Case of the Club de Natació Barcelona ............................. 181 Multi Purpose Voluntary Associations That Included Physical Culture ................... 188 Ateneus ........................................................................................................... 188 Trade Union Based Centres ....................................................................................... 195 Case Study: Centre Autonomista de Dependents del Comerç i de la Indústria (CADCI) ........................................................................................................ 196 Sports Federations ...................................................................................................... 202 Collaborative Civil Society Projects .......................................................................... 211 The Media Connection and the Sports Press .............................................................. 216 Case Study: Culturasport .............................................................................. 220 The Sports Press outside of Barcelona ......................................................... 222 Sports in the General Media ......................................................................... 224 Conclusions ................................................................................................................ 226 Chapter 4. Breakaway Nations, the Volta a Catalunya and Bicycle Stage Racing as a Means of Creating Catalan Identity ................................................................................................ 229 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 229 The History of Cycling .............................................................................................. 230 The Origins and History of the Volta ........................................................................ 235 The Volta and National Identity, Creating Catalan Heroes ....................................... 239 A Cross Class Sport for a Cross
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