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Language Families Language Families Ling 203 9/29/2010 Indo-European Comparison Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages Proto-Indo-European Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages Family Tree Model (Indo-European) Indo-European in More Detail Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IndoEuropeanTree.svg Romance Languages (Wave Model) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Romance-lg-classification-en.png Indo-European Language Family Family Subgroup Branch Major Languages Minor Languages Indo- Germanic Western English, German, Yiddish, Dutch, Flemish, Afrikaans Frisian, Luxembourgian European Northern Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic Faroese Eastern (Gothic) Italic Latino- (Latin) Faliscan Romance Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian/ Catalan, Provençal, Rhaeto- Moldavian Romansch, Sardinian Celtic Brythonic Welsh, Breton (Cornwallish) Goidelic Irish, Scots Gaelic (Manx) Hellenic Greek Albanian Albanian Slavic Eastern Russian, Ukrainian, Belorussian Western Polish, Czech, Slovak Sorbian Southern Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovenian, Macedonian Baltic Lithuanian, Latvian Armenian Armenian Indo- Iranian Farsi, Pashto, Kurdish, Baluchi, Tajik, Ossetian Gilaki, Mazanderani Iranian Indic Sanskrit, Hindi-Urdu, Bengali, Punjabi, Marathi, Bhili, Romany, Maldivian Gujarati, Bihari, Rajasthani, Oriya, Assamese, Kashmiri, Nepali, Sindhi, Sinhalese This and the following language family charts are taken from Ling 101 slides of Kenneth Hyde Uralic, Altaic, and Afro-Asiatic Languages Family Subgroup Branch Example Languages Uralic Finno-Ugric Finnic Finnish, Estonian, Mordvin, Udmurt, Mari, Komi, Saami (=Lappish) Ugric Hungarian, Xanty Samoyed Nenets, Selkup, Nganasan, Enets Altaic Turkic Southern Turkish, Azerbaijani, Turkmen Central Kazakh, Kirgiz, Karakalpak, Nogai Eastern Uzbek, Uigur, Salar Western Karachay, Bashkir, Tatar Bolgar Chuvash Northern Yakut, Altai, Khakas, Tuva, Shor Mongolian Khalkha (=Mongolian), Buriat, Kalmyk, Ordos Tungusic Northern Evenki, Even Southern Manchu, Oroch, Olcha, Samagir Family Subgroup Branch Example Languages Afro- Semitic Arabic Arabic, Maltese Asiatic Canaanite Hebrew Aramaic (Syriac), Aramaic, Assyrian Ethiopic Amharic, Tigrinya, Tigre, Gurage, Harari, (Geez) Berber Tamazight, Riff, Kabyle, Shawiya, Tamahaq, Shilha Cushitic Somali, Oromo, Sidamo, Beja, Afar, Saho Egyptian (Coptic) Chadic Hausa, Gwandara, Tumak, Musey Caucasian, Dravidian, Sino-Tibetan, and Independents Family Subgroup Branch Language Caucasian South Georgian, Mingrelian Northwest Kabardian, Adygh, Abxaz, Abaza Northeast Nax Chechen, Ingush Dagestan Avar, Lezgi, Dargwa, Lak, Tabasaran, Tsaxur Dravidian Northwest Brahui Dravidian Northeast Kurukh, Malto Proper Central Telugu, Gondi, Kui South Tamil, Kannada, Malayalam, Tulu Family Subgroup Branch Language Sino- Sinitic Bai Hokin, Bai, Tali Tibetan Chinese Mandarin, Yue (=Cantonese), Wu, Xiang, Gan, Northern Min, Southern Min Tibeto- Tibetic Newari, Lepcha, Central Tibetan, Magar, Rangkas, Rungchenbung Burman Burmic Meithei, Angami, Moso, Burmese, Lisu, Maru Family Language Inde- [Korean-Japanese] Korean, Japanese, and Ainu are often grouped together as a branch of the Altaic Korean pendent language family. This grouping, however, is still controversial. Japanese Ainu [Mon-Khmer] Vietnamese and Muong are now often accepted as being members of the Mon-Khmer Vietnamese, branch of the Austric language family. Muong [Penutian] Zuñi is claimed to be a member of the Penutian branch of the Amerind language family. Zuñi [Dene-Caucasian] Basque and Burushaski are now thought by some linguists to be a member of the Basque Dene-Caucasian language family, which includes Basque, Burushaski, North Caucasian, Sino- Burshaski Tibetan, and Na-Dene. South Pacific and Pacific Rim Languages Family Subgroup Branch Language Austric Austro- Munda Santali, Mundari, Ho, Gorum, Juang Asiatic Mon-Khmer Khmer, Mon, Palaung, Wa, Bahnar, Sedang, Khasi, Nicobarese Austro-Tai Tai Thai, Lao, Li, Mak, Yuan, Nung, Tho Miao-Yao Miao, Yao Austronesian Western Indonesian, Malay, Javanese, Sundanese, Madurese, Tagalog, Visayan, Malagasy, Malayo- Minangkabau, Achinese, Batak, Buginese, Balinese, Ilocano, Bikol, Pampangan, Pangasinan, Polynesian Igorot, Maranao, Jarai, Rhade, Cham, Chamorro, Palau Central- Marshallese, Gilbertese, Ponapean, Yapese, Trukese, Nauruan, Fijian, Motu, Yabim, Tolai, Eastern Maori, Uvean, Samoan, Tongan, Niuean, Rarotongan, Tahitian, Tuamotu, Marquesan, Malayo- Hawaiian Polynesian Family Branch Language Australian Dyirbal, Iwaidja, Djingili Chukchi-Kamchatkan Northern Chukchi, Koryak, Alyutor, Ket Southern Kamchadal Eskimo-Aleut Eskimo, Aleut African Languages Family Subgroup Branch Languages Niger- Western Mande Mende, Malinke, Bambara, Dyula, Soninke, Susu, Kpelle, Vai, Loma Congo Sudanic West Atlantic Fulani, Wolof, Serer, Dyola, Temne, Kissi, Gola, Balante Gur Mossi, Gurma, Dagomba, Kabre, Senufo, Bariba Kwa Yoruba, Ibo, Ewe, Twi, Fanti, Ga, Adangme, Fon, Edo, Urhobo, Idoma, Nupe, Agni, Baule, Kru, Grebo, Bassa Benue- Bantu Kiswahili, Luba, Kongo, Lingala, Mongo, Ruanda, Rundi, Kikuyu, Kamba, Sukuma, Congo Nyamwezi, Hehe, Chagga, Makonde, Yao, Ganda, Nkole, Chiga, Gisu, Toro, Luhya,Kisii, Meru, Nyoro, Nyanja, Ngala, Tumbuka, Bemba, Tonga, Lozi, Lwea, Lunda, Shona, Fang, Bulu, Yaundé, Duala, Bubi, Mbundu, Chokwe, Ambo, Herero, Makua, Lomwe, Tsonga, Sotho, Tswana, Pedi, Swazi, Zulu, Xhosa, Venda, Ndebele Delta Cross Efik, Ibibio Adamawa- Adamawa Mbum Eastern Eastern Zande, Sango, Gbaya, Banda Family Subgroup Branch Subbranch Languages Nilo- Eastern Sudanic Nubian Meidob, Birgid Saharan Nilotic Western Luo, Agar, Nuer, Shilluk, Lango, Acholi, Alur Eastern Teso, Karamojong, Masai, Turkana, Bari, Lotuko Southern Kalenjin, Suk Central Sudanic Sara, Mangbetu, Lugbara, Madi Saharan Kanuri, Zagawa Songhai Songhai Maban Mabang, Mimi Fur Fur, Biltine Khoisan !Kung, Nama, Sandawe, Hadza Family Subgroup Branch Languages Na-Dene Continental Athabaskan-Eyak Navajo, Apache, Chipewyan, Carrier, Chilcotin Tlingit Tlingit Haida Haida Haida Amerind Mosan Salish Bella Coola, Lillooet, Shuswap, Okanagan, Clallam, Squamish, Coeur d’Alene Wakashan Nootka, Kwakwala (=Kwakiutl) Almosan Algongiuan Cheyenne, Cree, Ojibwa, Micmac, Passamaquoddy, Shawnee Penutian Plateau Nez Perce, Klamath, Cayuse Oregon Takelma, Tfalati, Yonkalla, Coos Mexican Huave, Totonac, Mixe, Zoque, Yucatec, Maya, Tzotzil, Tzeltal, Chol, Chontal, Quiché, Mam, Cakchiquel, Kekchi Gulf Natchez, Muskogee (=Creek), Seminole (=Mikasuki), Choctaw, Chickasaw Hokan Yuman Maricopa, Mohave, Havasupai, Diegueño, Northern Shasta, Karok, Pomo Salinan (Chumash), (Salinan), (Esselen) Keresiouan Northern Iroquoian Seneca, Mohawk, Oneida Southern Iroquoian Cherokee Siouan Assiniboine, Winnebago, Omaha, Osage, Dakota, Crow Caddoan Caddo, Pawnee, Wichita Keresan Keresan Uto-Aztecan Numic Mono, Shoshone, Paiute, Comanche Taracahitic Tarahumara, Yaqui, Guarijío Aztecan Nahuatl, Pochutla, Pipil Tanoan Kiowa Kiowa, Towa Tewa-Tiwa Tewa, Taos, Isleta, Piro Oto-Manguean Otomi, Mazahua, Mixtec, Zapotec, Mazatec, Matlatzinca Chibchan- Chibchan Miskito, Lenca, Tarascan, Guaymi, Cuna, Bribri, Yanomami Paezan Paezan Colorado, Warao, Saija, Paez, Mura Ge-Pano-Carib Carib Carib, Chicão, Carijona, Japreria Ge-Pano Chulupi, Matses, Bororo, Chavante, Andean Andean Quechua, Aymara, , Araucanian, Waorani, Zaparo Equatorial Aguaruna, Tupi, Arawak, Ashaninca .
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