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Comparative Hydrology, Water Quality, and Ecology of Selected Natural and Augmented Freshwater Wetlands in West-Central Florida

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Comparative Hydrology, Water Quality, and Ecology of Selected Natural and Augmented Freshwater Wetlands in West-Central Florida Comparative Hydrology, Water Quality, and Ecology of Selected Natural and Augmented Freshwater Wetlands in West-Central Florida By T.M. Lee, K.H. Haag, P.A. Metz, and L.A. Sacks Prepared in cooperation with Pinellas County Southwest Florida Water Management District Tampa Bay Water Professional Paper 1758 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior DIRK KEMPTHORNE, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Mark D. Myers, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2009 For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS For more information on the USGS--the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report. Suggested citation: Lee, T.M., Haag, K.H., Metz, P.A., Sacks, L.A., 2009, Comparative Hydrology, Water Quality, and Ecology of Selected Natural and Augmented Freshwater Wetlands in West-Central Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1758, 152 p. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Comparative hydrology, water quality, and ecology of selected natural and augmented freshwater wetlands in west-central Florida / by T.M. Lee ... [et al.] ; prepared in cooperation with Pinellas County, Southwest Florida Water Management District, Tampa Bay Water. p. cm. -- (Professional paper ; 1758) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-4113-2353-7 (papercover) 1. Wetland hydrology--Florida. 2. Water quality--Florida. 3. Wetland ecology--Florida. I. Lee, T. M. (Terrie Mackin) II. Pinellas County (Fla.) III. Southwest Florida Water Management District (Fla.) IV. Tampa Bay Water (Fla.) V. Geological Survey (U.S.) VI. Series: U.S. Geological Survey professional paper ; 1758. GB705.F5C66 2009 577.6809759--dc22 2009015428 iii Contents Abstract ...........................................................................................................................................................1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................3 Purpose and Scope ..............................................................................................................................5 Description of Study Area ...................................................................................................................7 Rainfall Patterns and Regional Ground-Water Withdrawals ........................................................7 Description of Study Design ...............................................................................................................9 Acknowledgments ..............................................................................................................................11 Wetland Hydrogeologic Setting ................................................................................................................13 Regional Hydrogeology ......................................................................................................................13 Hydrogeologic Methods ....................................................................................................................15 Basin Stratigraphy ..............................................................................................................................21 Sub-Wetland Stratigraphy ...........................................................................................................21 Radium-226 .....................................................................................................................................32 Evidence of Karst Features in Wetland Basins ........................................................................35 Ground-Water Flow Patterns in Wetland Basins ..........................................................................37 Overview of Wetland Hydrogeologic Settings ...............................................................................43 Wetland Water Budgets .............................................................................................................................45 Methods of Computation ...................................................................................................................46 Rainfall and Evapotranspiration ..................................................................................................48 Wetland Stage, Volume, and Area ..............................................................................................48 Wetland Leakage ................................................................................................................................49 Effect of Downward Head Differences on Wetland Leakage .....................................................50 Effect of Hydraulic Conductivity on Wetland Leakage .................................................................52 Case Studies of Wetland Leakage ...................................................................................................53 Duck Pond Augmented Marsh ....................................................................................................53 S-63 Augmented Cypress .............................................................................................................54 W-5 Augmented Cypress .............................................................................................................56 Runoff to Wetlands .............................................................................................................................59 Overview of Wetland Water Budgets ..............................................................................................60 Wetland Water Quality and Geochemistry of Wetland Basins ............................................................63 iv Contents (Continued) Water-Quality and Geochemical Methods .....................................................................................63 Water-Quality Constituents ...............................................................................................................64 Field Properties and Major Ions ..................................................................................................64 Nutrients and Dissolved Organic Carbon ..................................................................................68 Stable Isotopes ..............................................................................................................................69 Basin Geochemistry ...........................................................................................................................70 Field Properties and Major Ions ..................................................................................................70 Nutrients and Dissolved Organic Carbon ..................................................................................73 Stable Isotopes ..............................................................................................................................73 Overview of Water Quality and Geochemistry ...............................................................................75 Wetland Flooding Characteristics .............................................................................................................77 Methods of Flooded Area Determination .......................................................................................78 Changes in Extent of Flooded Area ..................................................................................................78 Marshes ..........................................................................................................................................79 Cypress Wetlands .........................................................................................................................81 Comparison of Recent and Historical Flooded Area Duration Distributions ............................83 Natural Wetlands ..........................................................................................................................84 Augmented Wetlands ...................................................................................................................87 Impaired Wetlands ........................................................................................................................87 Seasonal Average Flooding Patterns ..............................................................................................91 Overview of Flooding Characteristics .............................................................................................93 Wetland Ecology ..........................................................................................................................................95 Methods of Ecological Data Collection and Interpretation .........................................................95 Periphyton .......................................................................................................................................95 Wetland Vegetation
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