DOCSLIB.ORG

025 Asymetric Change of Daily Temperature Range

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
025 Asymetric Change of Daily Temperature Range April 1994 Prepared for CONF-9309350 United State* Department of Energy Mat Category UC-402 Office of Energy Reeearch Office of Health and Environment*! Research Carbon Dioxide rteaearch Program Washington, DC 2058S 025 Asymetric Change of Daily Temperature Range Proceedings of the International MINIMAX WORKSHOI Held Under the Auspices of NOAA National Environmental Watch and the DOE Global Change Research Program September 27-30,1993 College Park, Maryland Edited by: George Kukla Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory Palisades, NY Thomas R. Karl National Climatic Data Center Ashevilie, NC Michael R. Riches Department of Energy Washington, DC Under Contract No. DE-FG02-85ER60372 DISTRIBUTION OF THIS DOCUMENT IS UNLIMITED CONTENTS Page FOREWORD i SUMMARY iii Maximum and minimum temperatures: A backward and a forward look D.E. Parker 1 Daily maximum and minimum temperature datasets archived at NCAR and some applications D. Shea, R. Jenne, W. Spangler 13 The effect of artificial discontinuities on recent trends in minimum and maximum temperatures D.R. Easterling, T.C. Peterson 19 Anthropogenic bias influences on near surface air temperatures (Abstract) T.R. Oke 33 The influence of night time cloud cover on the observed minimum temperature in China C.B. Baker, R.G. Quayle, W. Wanlin 35 Assessment of urban heat islands: A satellite perspective K.P. Gallo, J.D. Tarpley, A.L. McNab, T.R. Karl 57 Variations in winter temperature extremes on European part of the former USSR V.N. Razuvaev, E.G. Apasova, O.N. Bulygina, R.A. Martuganov 69 Fluctuation of maximum and minimum air temperatures in the Czech and the Slovak Republics R. Brazdil, M. Budikova, P. Fasko, M. Lapin 85 Observed trends in the diumal temperature range in the North Atlantic region (Abstract) P. Frich 109 Maximum and minimum temperature trends in Ireland, Italy, Thailand, Turkey and Bangladesh P.D. Jones 113 Recent changes in the diumal temperature range over Australia N. Plummer, Z. Lin, S. Torok 127 Southwest Pacific temperatures: Trends in maximum and minimum temperatures MJ. Salinger 145 Page The climate record: Charleston, South Carolina 1738-1991 DJ. Smith 161 The geographical distribution of changes in maximum and minimum temperatures B. Horton 179 Trends in maximum and minimum temperature and diurnal temperature range over India (Abstract) S.V. Singh, P.D. Jones 199 Climate variability as seen in daily temperature structure D.A. Robinson, DJ. Leathers, M.A. Palecki, K.F. Dewey 201 Cloudiness trends this century from surface observations (Abstract) K. McGuffie, A. Henderson-Sellers 231 Diurnal variations of cloud from ISCCP data B. Cairns 235 Changes in minimum and maximum temperatures at the Pic du Midi in relation with humidity and cloudiness, 1882-1934 J. Dessens, A. Biicher 253 Observed effects of aerosols on the diurnal cycle of surface air temperature (Abstract) A. Robock 273 The detection of climate change in the Arctic: An updated report H. Ye, L.S. Kalkstein, J.S. Greene 277 Simulated diurnal range in a global climate model for present and doubled CO2 climates (Abstract) J.F.B. Mitchell, J.R. Lavery, H.-X. Cao 299 Long-term changes of the diurnal temperature cycle: Implications about mechanisms of global climate change J. Hansen, M. Sato, R. Ruedy 301 DTR and cloud cover in the Nordic Countries: Observed trends and estimates for the future E. Kaas, P. Frich 327 Simulating the diurnal temperature range: Results from Phase l(a) of the Project for Intercomparison of Landsurface PararneterisationsSchemes (PELPS) A. Henderson-Sellers, A.J. Pitman 353 Page The estimate of the diurnal cycle of the carbon dioxide induced greenhouse effect: Results from 1-D models of the atmosphere vertical structure P.F. Demche ^o, G.S. Golitsyn 369 Atmospheric ozone as a climate gas W.-C. Wang, X.-Z. Liang, M.P. Dudek, D. Pollard, S.L. Thompson 373 Diurnal asymmetry of the surface air temperature response of radiative- convective model calculations to the effects of CO2 and aerosol forcing: Cloud and boundary layer process feedbacks (Abstract) G.L. Stenchikov, A. Robock 391 Predicted and observed long night and day temperature trends P.J. Michaels, P.C. Knappenberger, D.A. Gay 399 Comparison of observed seasonal maximum, minimum and diurnal temperature range with simulations from three global climate models G. Kukla, J. Gavin, M. Schlesinger, T. Karl 415 Climate forcing by anthropogenic aerosols (Abstract) R.J. Charlson 427 Trends in frequency of extreme temperatures: implications for impact studies (Abstract) R.W. Katz 429 Human health impacts of a climate change and potential mitigating factors L.S. Kalkstein 433 Responses of dynamic crop models to changes in maximum and minimum temperatures (Abstract) C. Rosenzweig 463 Potential impacts of asymmetrical day-night temperature increase on biotic systems H.A. Mooney, G.W. Koch, C.B. Field 467 APPENDIX - NEWS RELEASE 485 LIST OF ATTENDEES 491 FOREWORD Ten years ago Tom Karl and George Kukla proposed to analyze data from 130 rural stations in the USA and Canada for evidence of any change in air temperature. The most striking observation they made was a significant decrease of daily temperature range at most of the stations over the last several decades. At a smaller number of sites, together with their coworkers, they later examined how the changes in the maximum and minimum temperature related to humidity, wind speed and direction, urban-rural differences and cloud cover. The motive was to test if the change in diurnal range could be linked to the greenhouse gas induced climate change. One of the concerns of the project was that the identified change in the diurnal temperature range might have multiple and possibly undeterminable causes. The results obtained for the USA and Canada appeared consistent with the expectations of the greenhouse gas induced climate change involving cloud cover and atmospheric aerosols. However, because of the relatively limited area over which they were obtained, the general circulation models were unable to shed further light on the observed changes. The experiment was therefore expanded to include available data bases from outside North America. Contacts were made with researchers world-wide and up to century-long observational records have been analyzed. The Minimax workshop has resulted from this effort. The meeting was sponsored as a part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Environmental Watch Project and the U.S. Department of Energy Environmental Science Division's Global Change Research Program. These proceedings of the workshop provide a snapshot of the state-of-the-science. Nearly 40 researchers from 10 nations report on the data, the analyses, the model studies, and the potential future implications of a continuing change of diumal temperature range. The discussion is timely, for it will contribute to the science assessment being conducted through the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. I would like to thank all the workshop participants for their efforts and express my appreciation to George Kukla and Tom Karl for organizing the meeting. Michael R. Riches, Acting Director Environmental Sciences Division U.S. Department of Energy 11 MINIMAX WORKSHOP SUMMARY George Kukla Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University Palisades, New York 10964 Thomas Karl NOAA/National Climatic Data Center Federal Building Asheville, North Carolina 28801 Michael Riches Environmental Sciences Division, ER-74 U.S. Department of Energy Washington, D.C. 10585 Following pages present the results of 37 scientists from ten countries who looked into the character of current global warming. They confirmed the earlier finding of Karl et al. (1993), namely that more of the warming is occurring at night thau during the day. As a result, the diurnal temperature range (DTR) is decreasing over a major part of the studied land surfaces, although areas of opposite trends were also detected. Additional observations of the phenomenon were presented at the meeting and its causes and potential impacts discussed. OBSERVATIONS In addition to the areas analyzed in Karl's work new zones with decreasing DTR were identified in several countries in the North Atlantic region (Frich, this volume), Ireland, Thailand, Bangladesh and Turkey (Jones, this volume), central India (Singh and Jones, this volume) and elsewhere (Horton, this volume). The analyzed area currently covers over 40% of the global land surface. Additional details were presented about the areas where the nighttime wanning was reported earlier (Plummer et al., this volume; Horton, this volume, iii Robinson et al., this volume; Smith, this volume; Razuvaev et al., this volume; Baker et al., this volume). Although most global climate models expect the strongest impact < c he CO2 rise in the high latitudes, no systematic change of minimum and maximum temperatures nor an overall warming has been observed in the Arctic over the last 50 years or so (Kahl et al., 1993; Ye et al., this volume). Some researchers noted that the decrease of the DTR is most pronounced in autumn (Horton, this volume; Karl et al., 1993; Kukla and Karl, 1993). Interesting is also the location of the areas where the DTR increased, possibly in part as a result of decreased cloudiness. Such zones are in the vicinity of Hudson Bay and Labrador where the temperature range increases most markedly in winter and spring (Horton, this volume) in parts of Europe (Brazdil et al., this volume; Horton, this volume; Jones, this volume), northeastern and southeastern India (Singh and Jones, this volume) and notably uver the west Pacific Islands (Salinger, this volume). The decrease of the daily temperature range is not always due to the rise of the night temperatures. For instance this is the case only over the northern and central section of the European part of the former USSR, whereas in the southern part the range decreases because of depressed daily maxima (Razuvaev et al., this volume).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Full Transcript of Inaugural AARST Science Policy Forum, New York Hilton, Friday 20 November 1998, 7–9 Pm
    social epistemology, 2000, vol. 14, nos. 2}3, 131–180 A public debate on the science of global warming: is there su¶ cient evidence which proves we should limit greenhouse gas emissions because of climate change? Full transcript of inaugural AARST Science Policy Forum, New York Hilton, Friday 20 November 1998, 7–9 pm. JAMES E. HANSEN (aµ rmative) PATRICK J. MICHAELS (negative) 1. Moderator’s introductory remarks Dr Gordon R. Mitchell : … You know, it’s been said that rhetoric of science is nothing more than a bunch of covert neo-Aristotelians blowing hot air. Tonight, we plan to test that hypothesis when AARST hosts a public debate about global warming. Before the evening’s arguments cool o¶ , it is our hope that some of the heat and the light produced by this debate will start to melt away a few of the doubts that the rhetoric of science enterprise is a rare ed and detached scholarly project, of little relevance to con- temporary science policy discussions … But before I lay out tonight’s debate format and introduce the participants, I want to talk brie y about the origins of this event. At last year’s AARST preconference gathering in Chicago, Michael Hyde and Steve Fuller issued a charge to those gathered in the audience. This charge basically involved a call for relevance, a plea for ‘measurable outcomes ’ and ‘public engagement ’ in rhetoric of science scholarship. This call to action resonated deeply with my own political commitments, because I believe that privileged members of the academy shoulder a double-sided obligation.
    [Show full text]
  • Ships Observing Marine Climate a Catalogue of the Voluntary
    WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION INTERGOVERNMENTAL OCEANOGRAPIDC COMMISSION (Of UNESCO) MARINE METEOROLOGY AND RELATED OCEANOGRAPHIC ACTIVITIES REPORT NO. 25 SHIPS OBSERVING MARINE CLIMATE A CATALOGUE OF THE VOLUNTARY OBSERVING SHIPS PARTICIPATING IN THE VSOP-NA WMO/TD-No. 456 1991 NOTE The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression ofany opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariats of the World Meteorological Organization and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation ofits frontiers or boundaries. Editorial note: This publication is an offset reproduction of a typescript submitted by the authors and has been produced withoutadditional revision by the WMO and IOC Secretariats. SHIPS OBSERVING MARINE CLIMATE A CATALOGUE OF THE VOLUNTARY OBSERVING SHIPS PARTICIPATING IN THE VSOP-NA Elizabeth.C.Kent and Peter.K.Taylor .James .Rennell. centre for Ocean Circulation, Chilworth Research Park. Southampton. UK PREFACE Meteorological observations made onboard merchant vessels of the i'H) vollIDtary observing shipa (ves) scheme, when transmitted to shore in real-time:J are a substantial canponent of the Global Observing System of the World Weather Watch and are essential tc> the pr<>vision of marine lleteorological services ~ as well as tc> ID€:teorol.ogical analyses and forecasts generally. These observations are also recorded in ships r meteorological log1xx>ks:t for later exchange., archival and p:roc-essing -through the i'H) Marine CliJDa.tc>logical StlJllDa'ries Scheme, and as such. they conatitute an equally essential source of data for determining the cliJDa.tc>logy of the marineatlooaphere and ocean surface, and 'for OJIIIPUt.ing a variety of air-sea fluxes.
    [Show full text]
  • Greenp Eace.Org /Kochindustries
    greenpeace.org/kochindustries Greenpeace is an independent campaigning organization that acts to expose global environmental problems and achieve solutions that are essential to a green and peaceful future. Published March 2010 by Greenpeace USA 702 H Street NW Suite 300 Washington, DC 20001 Tel/ 202.462.1177 Fax/ 202.462.4507 Printed on 100% PCW recycled paper book design by andrew fournier page 2 Table of Contents: Executive Summary pg. 6–8 Case Studies: How does Koch Industries Influence the Climate Debate? pg. 9–13 1. The Koch-funded “ClimateGate” Echo Chamber 2. Polar Bear Junk Science 3. The “Spanish Study” on Green Jobs 4. The “Danish Study” on Wind Power 5. Koch Organizations Instrumental in Dissemination of ACCF/NAM Claims What is Koch Industries? pg. 14–16 Company History and Background Record of Environmental Crimes and Violations The Koch Brothers pg. 17–18 Koch Climate Opposition Funding pg. 19–20 The Koch Web Sources of Data for Koch Foundation Grants The Foundations Claude R. Lambe Foundation Charles G. Koch Foundation David H. Koch Foundation Koch Foundations and Climate Denial pg. 21–28 Lobbying and Political Spending pg. 29–32 Federal Direct Lobbying Koch PAC Family and Individual Political Contributions Key Individuals in the Koch Web pg. 33 Sources pg. 34–43 Endnotes page 3 © illustration by Andrew Fournier/Greenpeace Mercatus Center Fraser Institute Americans for Prosperity Institute for Energy Research Institute for Humane Studies Frontiers of Freedom National Center for Policy Analysis Heritage Foundation American
    [Show full text]
  • Response to Comments the Authors Thank the Reviewers for Their
    Response to comments The authors thank the reviewers for their constructive comments, which provide the basis to improve the quality of the manuscript and dataset. We address all points in detail and reply to all comments here below. We also updated SCDNA from V1 to V1.1 on Zenodo based on the reviewer’s comments. The modifications include adding station source flag, adding original files for location merged stations, and adding a quality control procedure based on the final SCDNA. SCDNA estimates are generally consistent between the two versions, with the total number of stations reduced from 27280 to 27276. Reviewer 1 General comment The manuscript presents and advertises a very interesting dataset of temperature and precipitation observation collected over several years in North America. The work is certainly well suited for the readership of ESSD and it is overall very important for the meteorological and climatological community. Furthermore, creation of quality controlled databases is an important contribution to the scientific community in the age of data science. I have a few points to consider before publication, which I recommend, listed below. 1. Measurement instruments: from my background, I am much closer to the instruments themselves (and their peculiarities and issues), as hardware tools. What I missed here was a description of the stations and their instruments. Questions like: which are the instruments deployed in the stations? How is precipitation measured (tipping buckets? buckets? Weighing gauges? Note for example that some instruments may have biases when measuring snowfall while others may not)? How is it temperature measured? How is this different from station to station in your database? Response: We have added the descriptions of measurement instruments in both the manuscript and dataset documentation.
    [Show full text]
  • Creating an Atmosphere for STEM Literacy in the Rural South Through
    JOURNAL OF GEOSCIENCE EDUCATION 63, 105–115 (2015) Creating an Atmosphere for STEM Literacy in the Rural South Through Student-Collected Weather Data Lynn Clark,1,a Saswati Majumdar,1 Joydeep Bhattacharjee,2 and Anne Case Hanks3 ABSTRACT This paper is an examination of a teacher professional development program in northeast Louisiana, that provided 30 teachers and their students with the technology, skills, and content knowledge to collect data and explore weather trends. Data were collected from both continuous monitoring weather stations and simple school-based weather stations to better understand core disciplinary ideas connecting Life and Earth sciences. Using a curricular model that combines experiential and place-based educational approaches to create a rich and relevant atmosphere for STEM learning, the goal of the program was to empower teachers and their students to engage in ongoing data collection analysis that could contribute to greater understanding and ownership of the environment at the local and regional level. The program team used a mixed- methodological approach that examined implementation at the site level and student impact. Analysis of teacher and student surveys, teacher interviews and classroom observation data suggest that the level of implementation of the program related directly to the ways in which students were using the weather data to develop STEM literacy. In particular, making meaning out of the data by studying patterns, interpreting the numbers, and comparing with long-term data from other sites seemed to drive critical thinking and STEM literacy in those classrooms that fully implemented the program. Findings also suggest that the project has the potential to address the unique needs of traditionally underserved students in the rural south, most notably, those students in high-needs rural settings that rely on an agrarian economy.
    [Show full text]
  • Danish Meteorological Institute Ministry of Transport
    DANISH METEOROLOGICAL INSTITUTE MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT ——— TECHNICAL REPORT ——— 98-14 The Climate of The Faroe Islands - with Climatological Standard Normals, 1961-1990 John Cappelen and Ellen Vaarby Laursen COPENHAGEN 1998 Front cover picture Gásadalur located north west of Sørvágur on the western part of the island of Vágar. Heinanøv Fjeld, 813 m high can be seen in the north and Mykinesfjørdur in the west. The heliport is located to the right in the picture - near the river Dalsá. The photo was taken during a helicopter trip in May 1986. Photographer: Helge Faurby ISSN 0906-897X Contents 1. Introduction....................................................................................................3 2. Weather and climate in the Faroe Islands..................................................5 3. Observations and methods............................................................................9 3.1. General methods...................................................................9 3.2. Observations........................................................................9 4. Station history and metadata.......................................................................13 5. Standard Normal Homogeneity Test..........................................................15 5.1. Background.........................................................................15 5.2. Testing for homogeneity.....................................................15 6. Climatological normals.................................................................................17
    [Show full text]
  • A Rational Discussion of Climate Change: the Science, the Evidence, the Response
    A RATIONAL DISCUSSION OF CLIMATE CHANGE: THE SCIENCE, THE EVIDENCE, THE RESPONSE HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED ELEVENTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION NOVEMBER 17, 2010 Serial No. 111–114 Printed for the use of the Committee on Science and Technology ( Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.science.house.gov U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 62–618PDF WASHINGTON : 2010 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY HON. BART GORDON, Tennessee, Chair JERRY F. COSTELLO, Illinois RALPH M. HALL, Texas EDDIE BERNICE JOHNSON, Texas F. JAMES SENSENBRENNER JR., LYNN C. WOOLSEY, California Wisconsin DAVID WU, Oregon LAMAR S. SMITH, Texas BRIAN BAIRD, Washington DANA ROHRABACHER, California BRAD MILLER, North Carolina ROSCOE G. BARTLETT, Maryland DANIEL LIPINSKI, Illinois VERNON J. EHLERS, Michigan GABRIELLE GIFFORDS, Arizona FRANK D. LUCAS, Oklahoma DONNA F. EDWARDS, Maryland JUDY BIGGERT, Illinois MARCIA L. FUDGE, Ohio W. TODD AKIN, Missouri BEN R. LUJA´ N, New Mexico RANDY NEUGEBAUER, Texas PAUL D. TONKO, New York BOB INGLIS, South Carolina STEVEN R. ROTHMAN, New Jersey MICHAEL T. MCCAUL, Texas JIM MATHESON, Utah MARIO DIAZ-BALART, Florida LINCOLN DAVIS, Tennessee BRIAN P. BILBRAY, California BEN CHANDLER, Kentucky ADRIAN SMITH, Nebraska RUSS CARNAHAN, Missouri PAUL C. BROUN, Georgia BARON P. HILL, Indiana PETE OLSON, Texas HARRY E. MITCHELL, Arizona CHARLES A. WILSON, Ohio KATHLEEN DAHLKEMPER, Pennsylvania ALAN GRAYSON, Florida SUZANNE M.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide Wave Analysis and Forecasting
    WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION GUIDE TO WAVE ANALYSIS AND FORECASTING 1998 (second edition) WMO-No. 702 WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION GUIDE TO WAVE ANALYSIS AND FORECASTING 1998 (second edition) WMO-No. 702 Secretariat of the World Meteorological Organization – Geneva – Switzerland 1998 © 1998, World Meteorological Organization ISBN 92-63-12702-6 NOTE The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Meteorological Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities or concerning the delimitation of its fontiers or boundaries. CONTENTS Page FOREWORD . V ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . VI INTRODUCTION . VII Chapter 1 – AN INTRODUCTION TO OCEAN WAVES 1.1 Introduction . 1 1.2 The simple linear wave . 1 1.3 Wave fields on the ocean . 6 Chapter 2 – OCEAN SURFACE WINDS 2.1 Introduction . 15 2.2 Sources of marine data . 16 2.3 Large-scale meteorological factors affecting ocean surface winds . 21 2.4 A marine boundary-layer parameterization . 27 2.5 Statistical methods . 32 Chapter 3 – WAVE GENERATION AND DECAY 3.1 Introduction . 35 3.2 Wind-wave growth . 35 3.3 Wave propagation . .36 3.4 Dissipation . 39 3.5 Non-linear interactions . .40 3.6 General notes on application . 41 Chapter 4 – WAVE FORECASTING BY MANUAL METHODS 4.1 Introduction . 43 4.2 Some empirical working procedures . 45 4.3 Computation of wind waves . 45 4.4 Computation of swell . 47 4.5 Manual computation of shallow-water effects . 52 Chapter 5 – INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL WAVE MODELLING 5.1 Introduction .
    [Show full text]
  • By: ESSA RAMADAN MOHAMMAD D F Superintendent of Stations Kuwait
    By: ESSA RAMADAN MOHAMMAD Superintendent O f Stations Kuwait Met. Departmentt Geoggpyraphy and climate Kuwait consists mostly of desert and little difference in elevation. It has nine islands, the largest of which is Bubiyan, which is linked to the mainland by a concrete bridge. Summers (April to October) are extremely hot and dry with temperatures exceeding 51 °C(124°F) in Kuwait City several times during the hottest months of June, July and August. April and October are more moderate with temperatures over 40 °C uncommon . Winters (November through February) are cool with some precipitation and average temperatures around 13 °C(56°F) with extremes from ‐2 °Cto27°C. The spring season (Marc h) iswarmand pltleasant with occasilional thund ers torms. Surface coastal water temperatures range from 15 °C(59°F) in February to 35 °C(95°F) in August. The driest months are June through September, while the wettest are January through March. Thunderstorms and hailstorms are common in November, March and April when warm and moist Arabian Gulf air collides with cold air masses from Europe. One such thunderstorm in November 1997 dumped more than ten inches of rain on Kuwait. Kuwait Meteorology Dep artment Meteorological Department Forecasting Supervision Clima tes SiiSupervision Stations & Upper Air Supervision Communications Supervision Maintenance Supervision Stations and Upper air Supervision 1‐ SfSurface manned Sta tions & AWOS 2‐ upper air Stations & Ozone Kuwait Int. Airport Station In December 1962 one manned synoptic, climate, agro stations started to report on 24 hour basis and sending data to WMO Kuwait Int. Airport Station Kuwait started to observe and report meteorological data in the early 1940 with Kuwait Britsh oil company but most of the report were very limited.
    [Show full text]
  • National Report From
    WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION INTERGOVERNMENTAL OCEANOGRAPHIC COMMISSION (OF UNESCO) _____________ ___________ JCOMM SHIP OBSERVATIONS TEAM SECOND SESSION London, United Kingdom, 28 July – 1 August 2003 NATIONAL REPORTS OCA website only: http://www.wmo.ch/web/aom/marprog/Publications/publications.htm WMO/TD-No. 1170 2003 JCOMM Technical Report No. 20 C O N T E N T S Note: To go directly to a particular national report, click on the report in the "Contents". To return to "Contents", click on the return arrow ← in Word. Argentina......................................................................................................................................... 1 Australia .......................................................................................................................................... 5 Canada ......................................................................................................................................... 17 Croatia .......................................................................................................................................... 27 France........................................................................................................................................... 33 Germany ....................................................................................................................................... 45 Greece .........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • A Guide for Amateur Observers to the Exposure and Calibration Of
    A Guide to the Siting, Exposure and Calibration of Automatic Weather Stations for Synoptic and Climatological Observations By Andrew K. Overton © Andrew K. Overton 2009 1 Contents Introduction......................................................................................................................................... 3 Siting and Exposure.................................................. ......................................................................... 3-7 Temperature and relative humidity......................................................................................... 4, 5 Precipitation............................................................................................................................ 5, 6 Wind speed and direction........................................................................................................ 6, 7 Sunshine, solar & UV radiation............................................................................................... 7 Calibration........................................................................................................................................... 7-15 Pressure................................................................................................................................... 9 Air temperature....................................................................................................................... 10 Grass minimum and soil temperature....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Thermometer Screen Design on the Observed Temperature
    WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION THE EFFECT OF THERMOMETER SCREEN DESIGN ON THE OBSERVED TEMPERATURE by W. R. ~~!A!iKS CIMO Rapporteur on Measurement of Surface Temperature I WMO • No. 315 I .Secretariat of the World Meteorological Organization - Geneva • Switzerland 1972 .: s \. s ~.) :~·., . : ~:· r 1.• s· 2 Y l_ s P~s FOREWORD The fact that a thermometer screen creates its own micro-environment has been realized since temperature measurements were first taken on a systematic basis. The magnitude of the effects of the screen and screen design have thus been studied by investigators in many parts of the world. Mr. W. R. Sparks has reviewed a large number of published studies to identify the aspects of thermometer screen design, exposure and use that affect the tempera­ ture measured inside the screen. In addition he has compiled an extensive biblio­ graphy and completed a survey of the types of thermometer screens currently used by meteorological services. I believe that the present report will be welcomed as a very thorough review of this subject and it gives me great pleasure to extend my appreciation, on behalf of the WMO, to Mr. Sparks for the time and effort he has put into its preparation. ~· D. A. Davies Secretary-General SUMMARY The author has stated that the purpose of this publication is to identify, through a review of existing literature, those aspects of thermometer screen design, exposure and use that affect the temperature measured in a screen. In carrying out this comprehensive review he has referred to a large number of published studies, the earliest dating back to 1869, the most recent being published in 1969.
    [Show full text]