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UNIVERSITY of CALGARY Roman Women Authors Authorship UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Roman Women Authors Authorship, Agency and Authority by Crystal Dean A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF GREEK AND ROMAN STUDIES CALGARY, ALBERTA SEPTEMBER, 2012 © Crystal Dean 2012 Library and Archives Bibliothèque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l'édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-91104-4 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-91104-4 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l'Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans le loan, distrbute and sell theses monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, électronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriété du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette thèse. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformément à la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privée, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont été enlevés de thesis. cette thèse. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. ABSTRACT Three major works written by women have survived from the Roman world: Perpetua’s Passio (early 3rd century AD), Proba’s Cento (mid 4th century AD) and Egeria’s Itinerarium (late 4th century AD). This thesis examines these early Christian works and authors within their individual historical contexts and also applies them to the larger framework of Roman history in order to develop an inclusive historical narrative for Roman women writers. In opposition to the largely dismissive attitudes found in scholarship towards the literacy, textual complexity, and public voice of female Roman authors, this thesis uses the corpus to argue for the presence of an adaptive educational system that served to enable female authorship, a visible textual pattern of socio-political voice that provided a degree of agency for female-authored texts and the integration of Christian traditions of female speech and testimony that imbued the extant corpus with authority. Thus, this thesis argues for a significant, albeit generally unrecognized, creative tradition that existed across time for Roman women writers. The meager survival of female-authored texts, however, necessitates the examination of the extant corpus not only as part of a larger cohesive history, but also as uniquely successful works. An examination of the common elements within the texts that appear to have aided in the reception of these particular works suggests that ambiguity (in genre, authorial voice and textual purpose) rendered these texts both mutable and sustainable because it blurred the boundaries of expectations in terms of authorship, agency and authority within the texts and allowed for them to be employed for multiple purposes. Thus, the corpus represents the successful negotiation of two seemingly disparate contexts: a long-standing tradition of women writers upon which it could draw and the ability to stand apart from this tradition. That these texts were able to mediate a balance is further indication of the complexity and sophistication of the corpus and indeed offers valuable insight into a poorly understood component of Roman intellectual life. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to first and foremost thank my thesis committee for sharing their wisdom and support during the writing of this thesis. To my supervisor, Dr. John Vanderspoel, thank you for all the time (and red wine) that you have devoted to this project. To my committee members, Dr. Noreen Humble, Mr. James Humes, Dr. Jewel Spangler, and Dr. Rebecca Nagel, I thank each and every one of you for the comments and conversations that led to this work. I would also like to thank the Department of Greek and Roman Studies at the University of Calgary for all the assistance and support that I have received over the years. My time here has been wonderful and the warmth and support of the department has been invaluable to me. I also would like to thank those dear people that have stood besides me during this process and who have been my colleagues, sounding boards, travel companions and best friends. To Stefanie Skinner, Bryan Natalie, Graham Wrightson and Carolyn Willikes, thank you for sharing the journey! Finally, I would like to thank my family for all of their love and encouragement. To my mother, Faith Dean, thank for inspiring me to follow my passion (even when it led to grad school). To my grandparents, Don and Genevie Dean, thank for your loving support and understanding. Lastly, to my husband Adam Lajeunesse, thank for all of your support and advice, and for staying calm as you endured writer’s block, bad TV, bouts of brilliance and the general chaos of thesis writing. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract..............................................................................................................................ii Acknowledgements ..........................................................................................................iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................. iv Epigraph ........................................................................................................................... vi Introduction and Methodology........................................................................................ 1 In Search of the “Auctrix”....................................................................................... 1 Roman Women Writers: Issues and Ideas .............................................................. 4 Overview of Thesis Chapters.................................................................................. 9 Methodology ......................................................................................................... 12 Chapter One: Approaching Roman Women Writers ................................................. 33 Roman Women Writers: An Overview................................................................. 33 Late Antique Women Writers ............................................................................... 58 Late Antique Authors: Perpetua............................................................................ 58 Late Antique Authors: Proba ................................................................................ 62 Late Antique Authors: Egeria ............................................................................... 73 Beyond Ancient Christianity: Eudocia, Hypatia, Demo II, and Eucheria ............ 83 Conclusions........................................................................................................... 86 Chapter Two: Gender, Genre and Liminality in Latin Literature............................ 89 Genre..................................................................................................................... 90 Authorial Gender................................................................................................. 109 Female Speech .................................................................................................... 115 Ambiguity and Reception ................................................................................... 121 Chapter Three: Female Education in the late Roman World .................................. 132 Roman Women and Roman Education: Perceptions and Possibilities ............... 133 Women Writers and Education in Late Antiquity .............................................. 151 Egeria and Female Illiteracy ............................................................................... 157 iv The Study Circle ................................................................................................. 169 Conclusions......................................................................................................... 180 Chapter Four: Publication and Public Vocation ....................................................... 182 Forerunners of Late Antique Female Authors: The Republican Voices............. 185 Forerunners of Late Antique Female Authors: The Imperial Voices ................. 199 Textual Visibility and Textual Authorship ......................................................... 207 Egeria and Public Visibility................................................................................ 212 Egeria and Political
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