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The Adaptive Reuse of Industrial Heritage As Cultural Clusters in China: a Case Study in Chongqing

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The Adaptive Reuse of Industrial Heritage As Cultural Clusters in China: a Case Study in Chongqing The Adaptive Reuse of Industrial Heritage as Cultural Clusters in China: A Case Study in Chongqing By Jie Chen A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of the Built Environment University of New South Wales March 2018 PLEASE TYPE THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES Thesis/Dissertation Sheet Surname or Family name: CHEN First name: Jie Other name/s: Abbreviation for degree as given in the University calendar: PhD School: Built Environment Faculty: Built Environment Title: The Adaptive Reuse of Industrial Heritage as Cultural Clusters in China: A Case Study in Chongqing Abstract 350 words maximum: (PLEASE TYPE) Following the adoption of a socialist market economy throughout the late 1970s and 1980s, the Chinese city has accommodated radical changes in its urban landscapes, especially the dramatic transformation of large industrial sites. Along with the rapid urban transformation and the neglect of historic cores, Chinese cities are witnessing the rapid disappearance of industrial heritage. This negative reality of conservation practice raises a fundamental question about the reasons for such cultural myopia. To reveal the main factors that dominate the results of brownfield regeneration projects in urban China, this thesis reviewed theories on the production of space and the literature on the Chinese context. A single case study approach was adopted, collecting data from semi-structured interviews, document reviews and popular media. Through an investigation in the major industrial inland city of Chongqing, the thesis examined how the idea of industrial heritage reuse has travelled as a global concept with its Chinese precedents to Chongqing, and why the idea has been diluted in the regional context. The case study of the Chongqing Steel Factory regeneration project revealed that the negative outcome of industrial heritage conservation was associated with Chongqing’s contextual constraints, covering aspects of capital accumulation, entrepreneurial urban governance and the post- reform sociocultural environment. It was argued that the heritage value was dramatically sacrificed to short-term profitability in property development, when relatively weak economic conditions, entrepreneurial governance with a focus on investment return, a lack of strong heritage legislation and regulation, and limited local cultural support work together. These findings build on existing theories concerning the production of space and the urban policy mobility, and relate the concepts of idea learning and mutation, capital accumulation, power relations and social efforts for spatial justice to industrial heritage studies in the Chinese context. This thesis contributes knowledge to three distinct areas: firstly, to research on brownfield transformation; secondly, to industrial heritage studies; and thirdly, to Chinese urban studies. The Chongqing experience seeks to inspire researchers, practitioners and policy makers in the positive transformation of other industrial cities in China, which still retain numerous industrial sites with great potential to be reclaimed. This thesis thus supports better industrial heritage outcomes. Declaration relating to disposition of project thesis/dissertation I hereby grant to the University of New South Wales or its agents the right to archive and to make available my thesis or dissertation in whole or in part in the University libraries in all forms of media, now or here after known, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. I retain all property rights, such as patent rights. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis or dissertation. I also authorise University Microfilms to use the 350 word abstract of my thesis in Dissertation Abstracts International (this is applicable to doctoral theses only). …………………………………………………………… ……………………………………..……………… ……….……………………...…….… Signature Witness Signature Date The University recognises that there may be exceptional circumstances requiring restrictions on copying or conditions on use. Requests for restriction for a period of up to 2 years must be made in writing. Requests for a longer period of restriction may be considered in exceptional circumstances and require the approval of the Dean of Graduate Research. FOR OFFICE USE ONLY Date of completion of requirements for Award: ORIGINALITY STATEMENT 'I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge it contains no materials previously published or written by another person, or substantial proportions of material which have been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at UNSW or any other educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis. Any contribution made to the research by others, with whom I have worked at UNSW or elsewhere, is explicitly acknowledged in the thesis. I also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work, except to the extent that assistance from others in the project's design and conception or in style, presentation and linguistic expression is acknowledged.' Signed . Date COPYRIGHT STATEMENT 'I hereby grant the University of New South Wales or its agents the right to archive and to make available my thesis or dissertationin whole or part in the University libraries in all forms of media, now or here after known, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. I retain all proprietary rights, such as patent rights. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis or dissertation. I also authorise University Microfilms to use the 350 word abstract of my thesis in Dissertation Abstract International (this is applicable to doctoral theses only). I have either used no substantial portions of copyright material in my thesis or I have obtained permission to use copyright material; where permission has not been granted I have applied/will apply for a partialrestriction of the digital copy of my thesis or dissertation.' Signed .............................................................................. Date ................................................................................. AUTHENTICITY STATEMENT 'I certify that the Library deposit digital copy is a direct equivalent of the final officially approved version of my thesis. No emendation of content has occurred and if there are any minor variations in formatting, they are the result of the conversion to digital format.' Signed ............................................................................ Date ........ .......................................... .............................. Abstract Following the adoption of a socialist market economy throughout the late 1970s and 1980s, the Chinese city has accommodated radical changes in its urban landscapes, especially the dramatic transformation of large industrial sites. Along with the rapid urban transformation and the neglect of historic cores, Chinese cities are witnessing the rapid disappearance of industrial heritage. This negative reality of conservation practice raises a fundamental question about the reasons for such cultural myopia. To reveal the main factors that dominate the results of brownfield regeneration projects in urban China, this thesis reviewed theories on the production of space and the literature on the Chinese context. A single case study approach was adopted, collecting data from semi- structured interviews, document reviews and popular media. Through an investigation in the major industrial inland city of Chongqing, the thesis examined how the idea of industrial heritage reuse has travelled as a global concept with its Chinese precedents to Chongqing, and why the idea has been diluted in the regional context. The case study of the Chongqing Steel Factory regeneration project revealed that the negative outcome of industrial heritage conservation was associated with Chongqing’s contextual constraints, covering aspects of capital accumulation, entrepreneurial urban governance and the post-reform sociocultural environment. It was argued that the heritage value was dramatically sacrificed to short-term profitability in property development, when relatively weak economic conditions, entrepreneurial governance with a focus on investment return, a lack of strong heritage legislation and regulation, and limited local cultural support work together. These findings build on existing theories concerning the production of space and the urban policy mobility, and relate the concepts of idea learning and mutation, capital accumulation, power relations and social efforts for spatial justice to industrial heritage studies in the Chinese context. This thesis contributes knowledge to three distinct areas: firstly, to research on brownfield transformation; secondly, to industrial heritage studies; and thirdly, to Chinese urban studies. The Chongqing experience seeks to inspire researchers, practitioners and policy makers in the positive transformation of other industrial cities in China, which still retain numerous industrial sites with great potential to be reclaimed. This thesis thus supports better industrial heritage outcomes. i Acknowledgements I would like to express my deepest gratitude and appreciation to Emeritus Professor Bruce Judd, my principal supervisor, who enthusiastically supported my research from the very beginning of my PhD journey to the end. His invaluable contribution, expert
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