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Ann Arbor, MI 48106 THE ORIGINS AND EVOLUTION OF SOMATICS: INTERVIEWS WITH FIVE SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTORS TO THE FIELD DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Michele Ann Mangione, B.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1993 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Seymour Kleinman Approved Dr. Fiona Travis Dr. Charles Simonian Emcation, and Recreation Copyright by Michele Ann Mangione 1993 To my parents Thomas and Elizabeth Mangione and in memory of Timothy Frank Mangione and Anna Mangione 11 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I express heart-felt appreciation and thanks to my life-partner Susan Moseley for her magnificent support and caring throughout the years of the final phases of this endeavor. Her assistance made this possible. Thanks also to Joy Martinez who has seen me through the whole process and has always been a great help. I am grateful to Jenny Farkas who constantly encouraged me to keep at it. Thanks to Nancy Cullen for her friendship and intuitive guidance. Gratitude to Phoenix Campbell for her caring and the gift of my "dissertation angel". Always appreciation to Arlene Benson and her inspiring wisdom and joy. To Jill Green for her listening "ear" and expert advise my sincere thanks. Many friends, in countless ways, have been generous and helpful. Their support has been invaluable. My thanks to all, especially-Donna Bennett, Jean Block, Jo Ann Casaday, Melanie Cornelious, Barb Fisher, Tamara Frasure, Lynn Hallstein, Geri lacobelli, Macha Alla Mangione, Mary Jo Marraffa, Christine Moranda, Amy Moseley, E.B. Moseley, Evita Moseley, Indy Moseley, M.T. Moseley, Angela Nicolosi, Shirley Parsley, Nancy Patton, Karen Peters, Jane Russell, Smokey Shumate, and Lucinda Willis. Also endless thanks to my iii wonderful clients who have listened, been supportive and patient. My parents Elizabeth and Thomas Mangione have been the most incredible parents ever. Deep gratitude to them for their support and for all those long­ distance, life-saving, telephone calls. Big thank you's to two very special guys—Terrence Mangione and Thomas Mangione—my big brothers. They have offered enthusiasm and encouragement. Thank you's also to my sister-in-laws, Mia Mangione and Judy Mangione. Much appreciation to those who lent their transcription, typing, or technological skills. Special thanks to Nancy Drake for her editing. Deep gratitude to my advisor and committee members-Seymour Kleinman, Fiona Travis, and Charles Simonian. And also to the respondents whose generosity made this study possible-Roger Pierce, Alexandra Pierce, Seymour Kleinman, Don Johnson, and Eleanor Criswell Hanna. IV VITA January 16, 1957 Born-Glendale, California 1979 B.A. Dance, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California 1980-present Movement Education Instructor, Consulting and Private Practice 1983 MassageTechnology Diploma, Institute of Psycho-Structural Balancing, San Diego, California 1983-present Massage/bodywork, Consulting and Private Practice 1983 Polarity Massage/ Bodywork Certificate, Institute for Development of Well Being, Hemet, California 1984 Professional Movement Teaching Certificate, The Center of Balance, Redlands, California 1985 M.A. Psychology, Sierra University/ University Without Walls, Santa Monica, California 1985-1986 Bereavement Coordinator, Hemet Hospice, Inc., Hemet, California 1986-1989 Teaching Associate, The Ohio State University, School of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, Columbus, Ohio 1987-1988 Stress Management Workshop Faciliator Columbus Psychological Services, Columbus, Ohio 1987, 1989 Graduate Administrative Associate, The Ohio State University, Institute for the Advancement of Arts in Education, Columbus, Ohio 1988-1992 Consultant, Massage/body worker, and Movement Teacher, Whetstone, Wholistic Health Center, Columbus, Ohio Present Massage/body worker, Movement Teacher, Natural Weight and Eating Awareness Consultant, Consulting and Private Practice, Columbus, Ohio FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Health, Physical Education, and Recreation Minor Field: Somatic Studies VI TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iii VITA V CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION 1 Need for This Study 6 Purpose 8 Medtodology 8 Values 9 Delimitations and Limitations 10 Definitions 12 Chapters 14 Summary 14 References 15 II. BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW 17 Introduction 17 Background 18 Connections with the East 18 Naming 19 Evolution of the Field 20 Early Pioneers-Turn of the Century to 1930s 21 Biographical Sketches 23 Lineages-1930s to 1970s 30 Experiential Nature of Field 30 VII Increasing Communication 31 Cultural Changes 32 Biographical Sketches 34 The Term "Somatics"-- 1970s to the Present 43 Biographical Sketches 49 Summary to the Background 53 Review of Related Literature 54 Historical Accounts 54 Somatics Histories 55 General Bodywork Histories 58 Personal Histories 59 Somatics 60 Speculations on the Future 61 Review of Previous Interview Projects 64 Summary of Review of Related Literature 67 Summary 67 References 69 111. METHODS AND PROCEDURES 77 Introduction 77 Qualitative Research 77 Interviewing Methodology 79 Interview Guide Approach . 79 Areas of Inquiry and the Interview Guide 81 Population of the Study 83 Interview Protocol 85 Transcriptions and Follow-Up 86 Ethics 88 Profiles and Data Analysis 89 Checks on the Study 90 Peer Debriefing 91 Member Checks 92 Audit Trail 92 Vlll Summary 93 References 95 IV. REPORT OF THE FINDINGS 96 Introduction 96 Alexandra Pierce 97 Roger Pierce 106 Seymour Kleinman 114 Don Hanlon Johnson 122 Eleanor Criswell Hanna 126 Analysis of Interview Data 136 Introduction to Analysis 136 Definitions of Somatics 137 History of the Field 141 Parameters of the Field 145 Particular Practices 146 Descriptors 147 Relationship of Field to the World 148 Outside and/or Not Accepted 149 Gaining Acceptance 149 Self-Imposed Separation 150 Identification with Other Movements 150 Image of Field in Relation to the World 151 Issues Facing the Field 151 The Issue of Non-Acceptance by the World 152 Issues Within the Field 157 Separatism Within the Field 157 Inadequate and Uninformed Trainings 159 Issues of Cost and Class 162 The Need for Research 163 Singular Issues 164 Issues Partially Define Current State of the Field 164 IX Suggestions and Solutions 164 Suggestions for Gaining Acceptance 165 Somatics in Schools and Other Institutions 166 Solutions to Separatism 167 Suggestions for Improved Trainings and Practices 168 An Ideal Academic Somatics Department 171 Other Suggestions for the Field 172 Directions for Growth 174 Positive Aspects of the Field 174 Increased Acceptance 175 Dialogue 175 Contributions 176 Individuals, Practitioners, and Practices 178 Insights into the Current State of the Field 179 Future of the Field 179 Summary to the Analysis 182 V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 183 Introduction 183 Summary of the Inquiry 183 Learnings 184 Recommendations for Future Research 185 Recommendations for the Future of Somatics 189 Suggestions from Respondents of this Study 189 Uneveness of the Field 189 Need for a Professional Somatics Organization 190 Goals of the Field 192 Increasing Quality 194 Summary 195 BIBLIOGRAPHY 196 APPENDICES A. Interview Guide 206 B. Eleanor Criswell Hanna 208 C. Don Hanlon Johnson 238 D. Seymour Kleinman 265 E. Alexandra Pierce 311 F. Roger Pierce 357 XI CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION What has become apparent is that there is a common view emerging that the human can understand and self-regulate the body far more easily than we dreamed possible. It is a view that is little short of revolutionary in terms of medicine, education, and psychotherapy- revolutionary in that it involves a turning away from the traditional view in the West of