VCH Oxfordshire • Texts in Progress • Goring (July 2019) • © VCH Oxfordshire • Landownership • p. 1

VCH Oxfordshire Texts in Progress

Goring

Landownership

In the mid-to-late Anglo-Saxon period Goring may have been the centre of a sizeable royal estate, parts of which became attached to the burh of Wallingford (Berks.) following its creation in the late 9th century.1 By 1086 there were three estates in the parish, of which two can be identified as the later Goring and Gatehampton manors.2 Goring priory (founded before 1135) accrued a separate landholding which became known as Goring Priory manor, while the smaller manors of Applehanger and Elvendon developed in the 13th century from freeholds in Goring manor’s upland part, Applehanger being eventually absorbed into Elvendon. Other medieval freeholds included Haw and Querns farms and various monastic properties. In the 17th century Goring Priory and Elvendon manors were absorbed into a large Hardwick estate based in neighbouring Whitchurch, and in the early 18th Henry Allnutt (d. 1725) gave Goring manor as an endowment for his new Goring Heath almshouse. Gatehampton manor, having belonged to the mostly resident Whistler family for almost 200 years, became attached c.1850 to an estate focused on Basildon Park (Berks.), until the latter was dispersed in 1929−30 and Gatehampton manor itself was broken up in 1943. The Hardwick estate, which in 1909 included 1,505 a. in Goring,3 was broken up in 1912, and landownership has since remained fragmented. Significant but more short-lived holdings were amassed by John Nicholls from the 1780s, by the Gardiners of Whitchurch from 1819, and by Thomas Fraser c.1820, the first two accumulations including the rectory farm and tithes.

Goring Manor

Before the Conquest Goring was held by Wigod of Wallingford, a kinsman and prominent official of Edward the Confessor. His lands passed in part to the Norman magnate Robert d’Oilly (who had married Wigod’s daughter Ealdgyth), and in 1086 Robert held 20 hides in

1 Above, vol. overview; cf. K.S.B. Keats-Rohan, ‘The Genesis of the Honour of Wallingford’, in K.S.B. Keats-Rohan and D.R. Roffe (eds.), The Origins of the Borough of Wallingford: Archaeological and Historical Perspectives (2009), 63. 2 DB, ff. 157v., 158, 159. The third may have been what became Goring priory’s Stapnall’s grange: below (Goring Priory). 3 Hardwick Estate Office, deed 6 May 1909. VCH Oxfordshire • Texts in Progress • Goring (July 2019) • © VCH Oxfordshire • Landownership • p. 2

Goring, possibly c.2,400 acres.4 The manor passed after his death c.1092 to his daughter Matilda and her husband Miles Crispin (d. 1107), forming part of Miles’s honor of Wallingford,5 and overlordship remained with the honor and with its successor the honor of Ewelme.6 Tenancy of the manor (held as two knights’ fees)7 belonged by 1154 to William Druval,8 who was succeeded before 1174 by his nephew Thomas Druval.9 He retained the manor in 1185 but died soon afterwards, his brother Hugh acting as guardian for Thomas’s under-age son Hugh.10 The elder Hugh may have died in 1194 when the manor escheated to the Crown,11 and the younger Hugh was dead by 1202, when Alan Basset had custody of his lands during the minority of Hugh’s own son and heir Hugh, who was of age by 121212 and died probably in 1240.13 Another Hugh Druval was granted free warren in Goring in 1254,14 and one or perhaps two further men of that name held the manor successively until at least 1301.15 By 1303 it belonged to John de Mohun, Lord Mohun, of Dunster (Som.), lord of neighbouring Streatley (Berks.), who had given his Somerset manor of Isle Brewers to Hugh Druval in exchange.16 John and his wife Ada received a grant of free warren in Goring in 1314.17 The manor had by then been reduced in size probably partly through grants to Goring priory, and in 1279 contained around 12 hides, perhaps c.1,440 a. in all.18 From John (d. 1330) the manor passed to his grandson John de Mohun, Lord Mohun, who came of age in 1341 and died a distinguished soldier in 1375. His widow Joan (d. 1404)19 retained a life interest under a settlement of 1346,20 and may have leased the manor to Elizabeth Loveday of Elvendon, in whose name courts were held in 1377 and

4 DB, f. 158; Blair, A-S Oxon. 174. 5 Sanders, Eng. Baronies, 54, 93. 6 e.g. Red Book Exch. I, 309; Feudal Aids, IV, 154, 201. 7 e.g. Red Book Exch. I, 309; Book of Fees, I, 446; Feudal Aids, IV, 154, 201. 8 Eynsham Cart. I, p. 106; Red Book Exch. I, 309; below (other estates). For the Druvals, cf. Goring Charters, I, pp. xl–xliv; Boarstall Cart. pp. 302–3; C.D. Tilley, ‘The Honour of Wallingford, 1066–1300’ (Univ. of London PhD thesis, 2011), passim. 9 Pipe R 1174 (PRS 21), 88; Eynsham Cart. I, p. 106; below (Goring Priory; other estates). 10 Pipe R 1185 (PRS 34), 221; Eynsham Cart. I, pp. 10–11; cf. M. Chibnall (ed.), Select Documents of the English Lands of the Abbey of Bec (Camden 3rd ser. 73, 1951), 13–14, where a date c.1190 is more likely. 11 Pipe R 1194 (PRS n.s. 5), 17; below (Goring Priory). He was certainly dead by 1196: Goring Charters, I, p. xlii. 12 Rot. Lib. (Rec. Com.), 27, 77; Book of Fees, I, 118; Red Book Exch. II, 598. 13 Close 1237–42, 343; Goring Charters, I, p. xli; Boarstall Cart. p. 303. He was alive in 1235: Oxon. Fines, pp. 95, 97; Book of Fees, I, 446. 14 Cal. Pat. 1247–58, 325. 15 Rot. Hund. II, 42, 777; Feudal Aids, IV, 154; Boarstall Cart. pp. 296, 303; Goring Charters, I, pp. xli– xliv, no. 50. 16 Feudal Aids, IV, 291, 314; Cal. Pat. 1301–7, 327; VCH Berks. III, 512–13. 17 Cal. Chart. 1300–26, 249. 18 Rot. Hund. II, 777−8. 19 Complete Peerage, IX, 21–5; Cal. Inq. p.m. VII, p. 218. 20 Cal. Inq. p.m. XVIII, p. 386; TNA, CP 25/1/190/19, no. 64. VCH Oxfordshire • Texts in Progress • Goring (July 2019) • © VCH Oxfordshire • Landownership • p. 3

1379.21 Joan’s heirs were her daughters Elizabeth, countess of Salisbury, who died childless in 1414; Philippa, duchess of York, who died also childless in 1431; and Maud (d. 1401), the wife of John le Strange, Lord Strange, of Knockin (Salop.).22 Goring belonged to Philippa in 1428,23 but by 1438 the lord was Maud and John’s son Richard le Strange (d. 1449),24 heir to both the Mohun and Strange baronies. From him the manor descended to his son John (d. 1479) and to John’s daughter Joan, who married Sir George Stanley (d. 1503), son and heir apparent of the earl of Derby.25 Their son Thomas inherited the earldom on the death of his grandfather in 1504, and the Strange and Mohun baronies (including Goring) on his mother’s death in 1514. Following his own death in 1521 the manor was held by his widow Anne during the minority of their son Edward, 3rd earl of Derby, who reached full age in 1530; thereafter it passed with the earldom from Edward (d. 1572) to his son Henry (d. 1593), to Henry’s son Ferdinando (d. 1594), and to Ferdinando’s brother William.26 He sold it in 1597 to his distant cousin Sir Edward Stanley of Tong (Salop.),27 who in 1605 sold it to Sir Francis Stonor of Stonor Park in Pyrton.28 From Sir Francis (d. 1625) Goring descended with Stonor to his son William (d. 1651), to William’s son Francis (d. 1653), and to Francis’s brother Thomas,29 who sold Cleeve mill in 166230 and retained 699 a. in Goring in 1674.31 The following year he sold the manor house and the 282-a. demesne (Goring farm) to his brother Henry,32 and in 1680 conveyed the rest of the manor to Henry (later Sir Henry) Allnutt of Ibstone (Bucks.). Allnutt granted it in 1682 to his youngest son Henry (d. 1725), a London barrister, under whose will the manor and estate (comprising 358 a. in Goring in 1826) were left to his kinsman and executor Richard Clement of Sandford, in trust as an endowment for Goring Heath almshouse. Richard, who was called lord of Goring in 1728, died in 1730, and the lordship was exercised thereafter by trustees of the almshouse charity.33

21 OHC, E1/M1/CR/2; E1/M2/CR/2 (citing a lease by the Mohuns); below (Elvendon); local govt (manor cts). 22 Complete Peerage, IX, 24–5; Cal. Inq. p.m. XVIII, p. 386. 23 Feudal Aids, IV, 201, mistakenly calling her Eliz.; cf. Goring Charters, I, lxiv. 24 TNA, C 88/121/59; OHC, E1/M1/CR/30. 25 Complete Peerage, IX, 25; XII (1), 355–6; TNA, C 1/1519/75–6. 26 Complete Peerage, IV, 208–13; L&P Henry VIII, III, pp. 1185–6; OHC, E1/M1/CR/19; Berks. RO, D/ECw E1. 27 OHC, O15/2/1D/1; TNA, CP 25/2/198/39/40 Eliz. I Mich. 28 OHC, O15/2/1D/3. 29 VCH Oxon. VIII, 155; OHC, O15/2/1D/5; O15/2/4D/1–3. 30 TNA, CP 43/319, ro. 146; ibid. CP 25/2/707/14 Chas II Mich. 31 OHC, O15/4/M2/1. 32 Ibid. O15/2/4D/3; ibid. Hen. I/ii/2; below (other estates). 33 Ibid. O15/2/1D/6–7; O15/3/3D/2; O15/4/M1/2–5; O15/1/W/1; ibid. P402/1/M/1. For the estate’s later history, below, social hist. (welfare). VCH Oxfordshire • Texts in Progress • Goring (July 2019) • © VCH Oxfordshire • Landownership • p. 4

Manor House (later Goring or Parsonage Farm) Little is known about the medieval manor house, which c.1180 stood immediately north of the parish church within the same large enclosure, and was evidently occupied by Thomas Druval, his brother Hugh, and their sister Emma.34 The Druvals were still resident in the late 13th century, but the Mohuns and later lords lived elsewhere,35 and the house was presumably occupied by manorial officers and was later leased with the demesne, as in 1557 when the lessee was Thomas Clarke.36 By 1669, when Henry Stonor was tenant, it was known as Goring Farm, the name by which he bought it in 1675;37 from 1784, however, it was owned with the adjoining rectory house and glebe, and became known as Parsonage Farm.38 An L-shaped farmhouse was shown on a map of 1727, its outbuildings set around a farmyard which fronted the village street. The farmyard layout was significantly altered before 1819 and was cleared piecemeal during the 19th century,39 while the house itself was rebuilt for Ernest Eyre Greenwell c.1900,40 acquiring its present name of Grahamsfield soon after.41

The Goring manorial site (Parsonage Farm) as mapped in 1819 to the left of ‘Church Yard’, also showing the rectory house (burned down in 1938) above the word ‘Parsonage’. The two were in the common ownership of John Nicholls at this date. Source: OHC, Hen. I/iv/71.

34 East Sussex RO, FRE/7008; J. Blair, ‘The Foundation of Goring Priory’, Oxoniensia 51 (1986), 194–7. For the enclosure, above, landscape etc. (settlement). 35 Goring Charters, I, nos 3, 20; Tilley, ‘Honour of Wallingford’, 117, 214, 223; above. 36 OHC, E1/M1/CR/19. 37 Ibid. O15/2/4D/3; ibid. Hen. I/ii/2; BL, Add. MS 78123 A. 38 Below (other estates); OHC, Hen. I/iv/70 and 71; OS Maps 1:2500, Oxon. LII.14 (1877−99 edns). Sometimes also known as Parsonage Cottage. 39 BL, Add. MS 78123 A; cf. ibid. C; OHC, Hen. I/iv/70 and 71; OS Maps 1:2500, Oxon. LII.14 (1877−99 edns). 40 OHC, RDC6/3/Y1/22, /46, and /64. 41 Ibid. DV/XII/27; cf. OS Map 1:2500, Oxon. LII.14 (1912 edn). VCH Oxfordshire • Texts in Progress • Goring (July 2019) • © VCH Oxfordshire • Landownership • p. 5

Gatehampton Manor

In 1086 there were two estates in Gatehampton, of which the smaller (reckoned at 1½ hides) may have been that later acquired by Goring priory as its Stapnall’s grange.42 The larger (5 hides and a mill) was Gatehampton manor, which in 1066 had belonged to Wigod of Wallingford, and in 1086 was held by Miles Crispin,43 perhaps incorporating an additional hide in Berkshire.44 Like Goring the estate formed part of Miles’s honor of Wallingford, with which the overlordship remained.45 A knight’s fee held of the honor by Ralph Langetot in 1166 was possibly Gatehampton,46 and following his death soon afterwards his lands were given in custody to David Marshal (d. 1175),47 probably during the minority of Cecilia Langetot who held Gatehampton c.1181.48 Before 1185 she married Alard Fitz William,49 whose obligation for the manor was reduced in the early 1190s from a whole knight’s fee to a fifth, in reward for his service with John, count of Mortain, the lord of the honor of Wallingford.50 Alard was succeeded before 1212 by his daughter Emma and her husband Walter Pipard (d. 1214) of Rotherfield Peppard,51 and in 1219 Gatehampton was held by another Cecilia Langetot, Emma’s cousin or daughter by a previous marriage, who married Roger Sifrewast52 and (later) Baldwin Coudray.53 Baldwin and Cecilia were both dead by 1224, when William Ferrers bought the wardship of Gatehampton during the minority of their son and heir Fulk Coudray.54 Fulk, who attained his majority between 1230 and 1235,55 died in 1251 and was succeeded by his son Peter, a minor, whose wardship and marriage were sold by the king to Ralph Fitz Nicholas.56 Geoffrey Coudray, who held the manor under Peter in 1255, was probably his brother,57 but Peter himself was lord by 1279, when he held it for a fifth of a knight’s fee and 40 days’

42 Below (Goring Priory). 43 DB, f. 159. 44 Ibid. f. 61v.; below, econ. hist. (medieval farming). 45 e.g. Book of Fees, I, 118, 446; Feudal Aids, IV, 176, 201; below, local govt. 46 Red Book Exch. I, 309; Boarstall Cart. p. 55. An alternative is Shiplake: below, Shiplake, landownership. 47 Pipe R 1176 (PRS 25), 136; Pipe R 1177 (PRS 26), 165; Farrer, Honors, I, 253. 48 Goring Charters, I, no. 1. Cecilia’s relationship to Ralph is unclear: cf. Rot. de Dominabus, 41; Boarstall Cart. p. 55; Reading Cart. I, no. 261. 49 Rot. de Dominabus, 41; Book of Fees, I, 117. 50 Boarstall Cart. nos 174–5; Cartae Antiquae, Rolls 1–10 (PRS n.s. 17), no. 59. 51 Book of Fees, I, 117–18; cf. Pipe R 1206 (PRS n.s. 20), 223–5; VCH Oxon. XVI, 311; Hist. MSS Com. 6th Rept, 586; Boarstall Cart. p. 55, mistakenly naming Walter’s wife as Cecilia. 52 Cur. Reg. VIII, 199; cf. VCH Berks. III, 413; VCH Hants. III, 367, naming Cecilia’s husband Richard. 53 Book of Fees, I, 252; Boarstall Cart. no. 176; Rot. Litt. Claus. II, 41, naming Alard as Cecilia’s grandfather. 54 Cal. Fine 1216–24, 399; Rot. Litt. Claus. II, 41; cf. Close 1227–31, 219. 55 Pipe R 1230 (PRS n.s. 4), 174; Book of Fees, I, 446. 56 Cal. Inq. p.m. I, 57–8; Cal. Pat. 1247–58, 126; cf. VCH Berks. III, 413. 57 Rot. Hund. II, 42; Goring Charters, I, p. xxxix, nos 12–13; Boarstall Cart. p. 56. VCH Oxfordshire • Texts in Progress • Goring (July 2019) • © VCH Oxfordshire • Landownership • p. 6

service at Wallingford castle in the event of a siege.58 The following year Peter settled the manor on his son Thomas, following the determination of a life interest belonging to Richard Merton, clerk.59 Both Peter and Richard were dead by 1306 when Thomas gave a life interest in Gatehampton to his mother Agnes, the daughter and coheiress of Emery de Sacy.60 She retained the manor in 1316,61 but was dead by 1324.62 Thomas was succeeded in 1349 by his grandson James Coudray, on whom he had settled the reversion of the manor for life in 1340. James’s elder brother Fulk made the grant permanent in 1350,63 and James and his wife Margaret remained in possession in 1371, when they granted the reversion to Thomas Aldrington.64 James was dead by 1372 when the manor was held by Aldrington and his wife Margaret, possibly James’s widow.65 In 1374 they settled the manor from after their deaths on Henry Aldrington (d. 1375) and his wife Elizabeth, lord and lady of Elvendon,66 and in 1383 Elizabeth and her new husband John Shilford granted it to trustees, retaining life tenancies for the annual rent of a rose.67 Thomas Aldrington was still living in 1394, however, when he assigned his life interest to another group of trustees,68 and by 1402 Gatehampton belonged to John Rede of Checkendon and his wife Cecily.69 John Rede (d. 1404), twice MP for Oxfordshire, was succeeded by his son Edmund (d. 1430) and by Edmund’s son Edmund, a minor, who gained full possession of Gatehampton in 1434.70 Sometime sheriff and MP for the county, he was knighted in 1465 and died in 1489, when under a settlement of 1461 the manor was retained in dower by his widow Katherine (d. 1498), passing thereafter to Edmund’s grandson and heir Sir William Rede of Boarstall (Bucks.).71 Sir William (d. 1527) was succeeded by his son Leonard, who in 1547 sold the manor to his son-in-law Thomas Dynham of Piddington.72 Dynham conveyed it in 1552 to Ralph Whistler of South Moreton (Berks.),73 who in 1557 settled it on his second son Edward at his marriage to Marion Smith, retaining a half-share for life.74

58 Rot. Hund. II, 778. 59 Boarstall Cart. nos 177–8. 60 Cal. Pat. 1301–7, 423; VCH Berks. III, 413. 61 Feudal Aids, IV, 170. 62 TNA, C 143/176/7. 63 Ibid. CP 25/1/190/18, no. 64; Boarstall Cart. nos 179, 184–5; Cal. Inq. p.m. IX, p. 171. 64 Boarstall Cart. nos 187–8. 65 Ibid. nos 189–90; TNA, CP 25/1/190/22, no. 43. 66 Boarstall Cart. nos 191–2; TNA, CP 25/1/190/22, no. 58; below (Elvendon). 67 Boarstall Cart. nos 193–4; TNA, CP 25/1/289/53, no. 97; below (Elvendon). 68 Boarstall Cart. nos 195–6. 69 Ibid. nos 197–8; above, Checkendon, landownership. 70 Boarstall Cart. nos 199–201, 559; VCH Oxon. VIII, 153; Hist. Parl. s.v. Jn Rede. 71 Cal. Inq. p.m. Hen. VII, I, p. 198; II, p. 156; Cal. Fine 1485–1509, 278–9; W.R. Williams, The Parliamentary History of the County of Oxford (1899), 35; Goring Charters, I, pp. lix−lx. 72 VCH Oxon. VIII, 153; Cal. Pat. 1547–8, 49; BL, Harl. Ch. 79 G 13. 73 Cal. Pat. 1550–3, 431; TNA, WARD 2/9/28A/6; WARD 2/9/28A/13. 74 Cal. Pat. 1557–8, 79; TNA, C 142/179/63; C 60/405, no. 33. VCH Oxfordshire • Texts in Progress • Goring (July 2019) • © VCH Oxfordshire • Landownership • p. 7

Following Ralph’s death in 155875 Edward held Gatehampton until his death in 1577, when it passed to Marion during the minority of their son John, who gained possession in 1585.76 From John (d. 1626), who acquired the neighbouring Whitchurch manor in 1605,77 Gatehampton descended in the direct Whistler line to Edward (d. 1652), John (d. 1704),78 Edward (d. 1710), and John (d. 1735), who was succeeded by his brother Ralph.79 He died unmarried in the service of the East India Company in 1750, leaving the manor to his nephew Ralph Whistler,80 who in 1755 sold it to Philip Durell of Aldenham (Herts.).81 Durell was a distinguished naval officer who died in Canada in 1766,82 leaving Gatehampton to his daughter Anne, who in 1781 married the Revd Thomas Warwick (d. 1785).83 At her death in 1818 it passed to their daughter Ann Julia, wife of William Daman (d. 1845) of Romsey (Hants.),84 who in 1846 owned c.550 a. in the parish.85 Before 1852 the estate was bought by the merchant and politician James Morrison of Basildon Park (Berks.), following whose death in 1857 it descended with Basildon to his son Charles (d. 1909), to Charles’s sister Ellen (d. 1910), and to Ellen’s brother Walter, who the same year gave it to his nephew Major James Archibald Morrison.86 In 1929 he sold most of the Basildon Park estate to Sir Edward Iliffe of Yattendon (Berks.),87 who in 1930 conveyed Gatehampton (491 a.) to Charles Howard of Coombe Park in Whitchurch. After Howard’s death in 1943 the estate was broken up,88 and following various sales the manor house was bought in 1981 by John and Christine Farr, who retained it in 2017.89

75 R.F. Whistler, ‘The Annals of an English Family’, Sussex Archaeol. Collns 35 (1887), 61–88. 76 TNA, C 142/179/63; C 60/405, no. 33. 77 Ibid. PROB 11/151/86; OHC, F I/60–1; Whistler, ‘Annals’, 84–5; below, Whitchurch, landownership. 78 TNA, PROB 11/220/343; OHC, MS Wills Oxon. 88/4/8; ibid. par. reg. transcript, burial 1703/4; Hearth Tax Oxon. 3; G. Druce, A Genealogical Account of the Family of Druce of Goreing in the County of Oxon (1735), 3–4. 79 TNA, PROB 11/518/273; PROB 11/675/7; OHC, par. reg. transcript, burials 1710, 1735; Druce, Fam. of Druce, 4. 80 TNA, PROB 11/782/18; ibid. C 11/190/31. 81 OHC, F XI/2–4. 82 Dictionary of Canadian National Biography, s.v. Durell. 83 OHC, F XI/8–13. 84 TNA, PROB 11/1609/200; PROB 11/2012/71. 85 OHC, tithe award (1846). 86 Gardner’s Dir. Oxon. (1852); Kelly’s Dir. Oxon. (1883–1928 edns); ODNB, s.v. Jas Morrison; VCH Berks. III, 460; Country Life, 19 May 1977, p. 1299. 87 Sale Cat., Basildon Park estate (1929): copy in Berks RO, D/EX1051/1; The Times, 31 Oct. 1929, 14 Dec. 1929. 88 The Times, 14 Dec. 1929; Sale Cat., Gatehampton Farm (1945): copy in GGA, Box File 2; J. Farr, ‘Gatehampton: an Oxfordshire hamlet’ (unpubl. typescript, 2000): copy in GGA; below, Whitchurch, landownership. 89 Farr, ‘Gatehampton’, 30. VCH Oxfordshire • Texts in Progress • Goring (July 2019) • © VCH Oxfordshire • Landownership • p. 8

Manor House (Gatehampton Manor)

None of Gatehampton’s medieval lords appear to have been resident, the Coudrays holding other manors including Padworth (Berks.), and the Redes living mainly at Checkendon.90 The oldest surviving part of the present Gatehampton Manor is a two-storeyed timber- framed north-east wing with brick infill and two cross gables,91 built perhaps for Edward Whistler (d. 1577) and his wife Marion (d. c.1591). Both apparently lived there, and Marion left her son John ‘all the wainscot and benches in the hall and the glass in the windows, parlour, and about the house and chambers’.92

Gatehampton Manor (left) and adjacent 17th-century barn (right).

By kind permission of John and Christine Farr.

In the 17th century the house’s southern part was rebuilt as a three-bay lobby-entry structure with a timber frame, later encased in flint and brick. An upper chamber preserves bolection-moulded wooden panelling.93 Edward Whistler was resident at his death in 1652 (when the house was known as Gatehampton Farm),94 and his son John Whistler was taxed on five hearths in the 1660s.95 Subsequent Whistler lords lived there until 1750,96 after which the house became a tenanted farmhouse let to members of the Pearman family.97 Scratched bricks indicate that the main house was extended westwards by a single bay in 1780 for

90 VCH Berks. III, 413; above, Checkendon, landownership. 91 NHLE, no. 1059589 (accessed Dec. 2017). 92 TNA, C 142/179/63; ibid. PROB 11/77/147. 93 Unless indicated, following based on NHLE, no. 1059589; Farr, ‘Gatehampton’, 11−12; GGA, archit. sketches of Gatehampton Manor by F.C. Dixon (1968). 94 TNA, PROB 11/220/343. 95 Hearth Tax Oxon. 3. 96 e.g. TNA, PROB 11/518/273; PROB 11/675/7; PROB 11/782/18; Secker’s Visit. 69. 97 e.g. TNA, PROB 11/1059/356; OHC, QSD/L/132; London Metropolitan Archives, MS 11936/378/585790. VCH Oxfordshire • Texts in Progress • Goring (July 2019) • © VCH Oxfordshire • Landownership • p. 9

William and Sarah Pearman,98 and around the same time a 2½-storey south range was added in brick, creating a symmetrical classical façade with two rows of four sash windows and two gables visible from the river. Around 1900 the south front was altered for Charles Morrison, who added a central porch and flanking two-storey extensions, one with a five- sided bay window.99 A late 17th-century barn c.50 m. north-west of the house formed part of the manorial complex.100

Goring Priory Manor

Goring Priory manor was built up piecemeal from the nunnery’s foundation before 1135, beginning presumably with an initial endowment taken out of Goring manor: in 1279 it was believed that a hide in Goring which the nuns held directly of the honor of Wallingford had been given ‘in pure alms at the foundation of the house’.101 In the late 12th century both Thomas Druval and his brother Hugh added to the nuns’ Goring property,102 and before c.1181 Cecilia Langetot gave a hide in Gatehampton, presumably that later confirmed by Fulk Coudray, who made further gifts there.103 The Gatehampton hide is probably to be identified with the priory’s grange at Stapnall’s (recorded from 1291),104 which in 1517 comprised 100 a. in Gatehampton,105 and which may have derived from the 1½-hide estate at Gatehampton held in 1086 by a certain Brian from William Warenne (d. 1088).106 By 1279 the priory owned another five yardlands in Goring in addition to the two hides,107 and its tenements later included those called ‘Pynnokes’, ‘Grygges’, and ‘Cokkes’,108 as well as ‘Burned House’, ‘Squyars’, and ‘Long House’.109 By 1535 it had at least 14 tenants in Goring and Gatehampton, and its demesne covered almost 400 acres.110 Following the priory’s Dissolution in 1536 its ‘site’ (comprising the manor house and demesne) was granted in 1538 to Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk, who conveyed it the same year to Sir Thomas Pope, treasurer of the Court of Augmentations and founder of Trinity College, Oxford.111 Pope acquired the rest of the manor from the Crown,112 and in

98 ‘WP 1780’ and ‘SP 1780’ on W front. For Wm and Sarah, wall tablet in church. 99 cf. OHC, RDC6/3/Y1/10. 100 NHLE, no. 1368938. 101 Rot. Hund. II, 778; Blair, ‘Foundation of Goring Priory’; below, relig. hist. 102 Blair, ‘Foundation of Goring Priory’; Goring Charters, I, nos 1–2. 103 Goring Charters, I, no. 1; Boarstall Cart. no. 202; above (Gatehampton). 104 Tax. Eccl. 45, ‘Stapelhull’; above, landscape etc. (settlement); below, econ. hist. 105 I.S. Leadam (ed.), Domesday of Inclosures 1517–1518 (1897), I, 337. 106 DB, f. 157v.; below, Mapledurham, landownership. For Brian, cf. VCH Oxon. VI, 327. 107 Rot. Hund. II, 778. 108 Goring Charters, I, no. 154; II, nos 243, 289. 109 Leadam, Domesday of Inclosures, I, 337; TNA, SC 6/HENVIII/2924, m. 8d. 110 Valor Eccl. II, 205–7; cf. TNA, SC 6/HENVIII/2924, mm. 6–9d. 111 L&P Henry VIII, 13 (2), p. 495; 20 (1), p. 217. 112 Ibid. 14 (1), p. 262; 20 (1), p. 217; Goring Charters, II, no. 317. VCH Oxfordshire • Texts in Progress • Goring (July 2019) • © VCH Oxfordshire • Landownership • p. 10

1546 sold the whole to the London goldsmith Thomas Calton (d. by 1559) and his wife Margaret (d. 1571).113 Their grandson Robert Calton (fl. from 1622) was resident in the early 1640s,114 and in 1654 his son Robert sold the manor to William Chilcott of Isleworth (Middx).115 He disposed of parts of the estate including the manor house and the demesne or Place farm (with a farmhouse on Station Road),116 and in 1663 sold the rest to Richard Fletcher of Ashford (Kent), who conveyed the manor the following year to Walter Blount of Mapledurham. Blount sold it in 1666 to the London lawyer Edward Hutton in trust for his father-in-law Anthony Lybbe of Hardwick House in Whitchurch,117 and it remained part of the Hardwick estate until the latter’s dispersal by sale in 1912.118 In 1841 the Goring Priory manor part of the estate comprised c.504 a., including Haw and Querns farms.119

Manor House (Goring Place)

The prioress’s lodging lay at the cloister’s north-west corner adjoining the parish church tower,120 and may have had a private chapel in 1408 when the prioress was granted a three- year licence for private celebration of mass.121 Those were presumably the premises occupied (and almost certainly enlarged) by Robert Calton and his son in the early 17th century, and sold by William Chilcott before 1662 to Robert Henderson, sometime rector of Checkendon and curate of Goring.122 He was taxed on ten hearths (the highest number in the parish) in 1665123 and died in 1670, leaving his house called Goring Place (with its orchard and dovecot) to his widow Mary for her life.124 At her death in 1684 it had at least 12 rooms, including a ‘striped chamber’, schoolroom, and great and little parlours.125 The house was later occupied by their son Edward, a surgeon,126 and at his death in 1717 (when it was let to a Mr Taylor) it was ‘of a late erection for the most part’, and ‘a very pleasant thing, though nothing near so big as it hath been’.127 Henderson’s son Edward, a Streatley

113 L&P Henry VIII, 21 (2), p. 167; Goring Charters, II, no. 318; OHC, E1/M2/CR/4; TNA, C 142/160/9. 114 Cal. Pat. 1569–72, 137; TNA, C 142/160/9; Prot. Retns 101. 115 OHC, E1/3/1D/1; E1/M2/CR/7–14. 116 Ibid. E1/3/1D/15; ibid. Hen. I/i/2; Hen. I/iv/29. For the later descent of Place farm, below (other estates); for its farmhouse (Old Farmhouse), above, landscape etc. (settlement; built character). 117 OHC, E1/3/1D/2–14. 118 Below, Whitchurch, landownership; Sale Cat., Northern Portion of the Hardwick Estate (1912): copy in WGHA. 119 OHC, E1/3/1D/22. For Haw and Querns farms, below (other estates). 120 P. Stone, An Exact Account of the Church and Priory at Goring (1893), 30. 121 Reg. Repingdon, I, 108. 122 Prot. Retns 101; OHC, E1/3/1D/15; TNA, E 179/164/504; above, Checkendon, relig. hist.; below, relig. hist. (1660−1851). 123 Hearth Tax Oxon. 2. 124 TNA, PROB 11/334/440. 125 OHC, MS Wills Oxon. 81/2/25. 126 Ibid. E1/3/1D/15−16; E1/9/16D/36; ibid. par. reg. transcript, burial 1717. 127 Bodl. MS Hearne's Diaries 74, pp. 165−6. VCH Oxfordshire • Texts in Progress • Goring (July 2019) • © VCH Oxfordshire • Landownership • p. 11

mealman, sold it in 1734 to Philip Powys of Hardwick, thus reuniting it with the manor.128 The building was later reduced to (or replaced with) a small house abutting the church’s west end, known as the Nunnery in 1779 when it was leased to the parish overseers apparently for use as a workhouse.129 Illustrations of 1823 and 1846 show it had two storeys and a tiled roof, but in 1848 it was demolished.130

Buildings still attached to the west end of Goring church, as mapped in 1819 (left: OHC, Hen. I/iv/71) and as drawn by J.C. Bourne in 1846 (right).

Elvendon Manor

Elvendon manor, which by the 15th century included lands in South Stoke,131 originated as a sub-manor of Goring. In 1279 it comprised a hide (c.120 a.), held as ¼ knight’s fee and for attendance at Goring manor court; the tenant was Walter Waleys,132 who was perhaps a direct descendant of the former lord of Goring William Druval (fl. 1154).133 The estate was called a manor by 1333, though only in 1351 did John de Mohun (as lord of Goring) give up the various rents and services due from it, including the knight service.134 The estate was temporarily divided from 1295, when Waleys or a namesake (d. by 1312) gave dower lands formerly held by his mother Isabel to his sister Emma on her marriage to Gilbert of Chalcore.135 Their share (called ‘Chalkoreslond’) passed before 1308 to their son Gilbert, who granted it the same year to John Loveday and his wife Sarah;136 the Lovedays later

128 OHC, E1/3/1D/20, describing the property’s boundaries. 129 Stone, Exact Account, 31; OHC, tithe map, no. 346; below, social hist. (poor relief). 130 Skelton, Antiq. Oxon. 4; illust. by J.C. Bourne (1846), reproduced in G. Alder and E. Carleton Williams, A Short History of the Church & Priory at Goring-on-Thames (2014), 19; below, relig. hist. (church archit.). 131 OHC, E1/M1/CR/13 and /19. 132 Rot. Hund. II, 777; Goring Charters, I, nos 27–31, 37–9. 133 Goring Charters, I, pp. xliv, lxvii. 134 Ibid. nos 147, 162. 135 Ibid. no. 40. In 1291 Waleys had granted those same lands for life to Thomas Beech (d. 1293): OHC, F XII/1−2; below, Whitchurch, landownership. 136 Goring Charters, I, no. 82. Emma was still alive in 1306: TNA, E 179/161/10 VCH Oxfordshire • Texts in Progress • Goring (July 2019) • © VCH Oxfordshire • Landownership • p. 12

acquired the remaining parts as well, in which Waleys’s widow Felicia (fl. 1312) apparently had dower.137 John Loveday was succeeded before 1331 by his son John, who granted Sarah a life interest and endowed a chantry for both his parents.138 Sarah added a Streatley fishery called Runsford and died c.1354,139 and in 1356 John was licenced to create a park within Elvendon manor.140 John (d. 1361) was succeeded by his daughter Elizabeth, who married Henry Aldrington (d. 1375)141 and, by 1379, the London merchant John Shilford, who survived her.142 Following Elizabeth’s death in 1401 the manor passed apparently to Joan, wife of Thomas Attwater (d. 1407),143 who before 1413 married Simon Raleigh of Nettlecombe (Som.). Simon died in 1440144 and Joan in 1455, leaving the manor to executors for twelve years or until 200 marks had been raised from the estate towards a chantry, probably that which Simon established in Nettlecombe church. Thereafter it was to go to her former servant Thomas Luffyncote. Joan’s will (proved in 1455)145 was contested by her cousin Alice and Alice’s husband Richard Bulstrode,146 and only in 1476 did Luffyncote and his wife Joan secure the manor from the will’s overseer Sir Edmund Rede.147 Luffyncote was dead by 1493, when Elvendon was granted to his daughter and coheir Agnes, wife of Oliver Hyde of Denchworth (Berks.).148 From Oliver (d. 1516) it descended in the direct male line to William (d. 1557), William (d. 1567), and another William,149 who in 1598 sold the manor to Dorothy, widow of William Fitzwilliam of Mablethorpe (Lincs.).150 She sold it in 1612 to Richard Paslow of Beech Farm (formerly Applehanger), acting with her apparent co-owners Sir Francis Smith of Ashby Folville (Leics.) and his brother-in-law Sir Edward Manfield of Taplow (Bucks.).151 In 1621 Paslow sold the combined Elvendon and Beech farm estates to Richard Lybbe of Hardwick, retaining a life interest,152 and following his death in 1656153 they passed to Lybbe’s son

137 Goring Charters, I, p. xliv, nos 90, 106, 113, 123; TNA, CP 25/1/189/14, no. 97; CP 25/1/189/15, no. 104. 138 Goring Charters, I, nos 181–2; II, no. 196. For the chantry, below, relig. hist. (Middle Ages). 139 Goring Charters, I, pp. l, lvii; below, econ. hist. (milling). 140 Goring Charters, I, no. 173; Cal. Pat. 1354–8, 577; below, econ. hist. (agric. landscape). 141 Goring Charters, I, pp. li–lii; II, no. 244; TNA, CP 25/1/190/21, no. 66; VCH Oxon. VII, 19. 142 OHC, E1/M2/CR/2; Goring Charters, I, p. liii; II, nos 276–7. 143 Goring Charters, I, pp. liii–liv; II, nos 258, 276–82; Cat. Ancient Deeds, I, C 994; cf. VCH Glos. VII, 186. 144 Goring Charters, II, nos 285, 295–6; VCH Som. V, 113. 145 Linc. Dioc. Docs, 66–9; OHC, E1/2/1D/1–2; cf. Goring Charters, II, no. 303, where either the date 1450 is incorrect or Joan was still alive. For the chantry, VCH Som. V, 119. 146 TNA, C 1/28/386; OHC, E1/2/1D/1–2. 147 Goring Charters, II, no. 307. 148 Ibid. no. 312; OHC, E1/9/16D/2. 149 OHC, E1/M1/CR/15–20; E1/2/1D/3–4; Hist. Parl., s.v. Wm Hyde (d. 1557), Wm Hyde (d. 1567); VCH Berks. IV, 282–3. 150 OHC, E1/2/1D/5–8. 151 Ibid. E1/2/1D/8–14; E1/9/2D/5; below (Applehanger); cf. VCH Berks. III, 128. 152 OHC, E1/9/2D/4–5. VCH Oxfordshire • Texts in Progress • Goring (July 2019) • © VCH Oxfordshire • Landownership • p. 13

Anthony, remaining part of the Hardwick estate until 1912.154 In 1841 Elvendon and Beech farms together comprised c.472 acres.155

Left: Brass in the parish church to Elizabeth Loveday (d. 1401). Source: Goring Charters, I, frontispiece.

Below: Elvendon Priory, showing 15th-century windows left of the porch. Photograph courtesy of Goring Gap Local History Society.

At the Hardwick estate’s break-up in 1912 the manor house (Elvendon Priory) was sold with 71 a. to the sitting tenant Rose Pepys (d. 1913), countess of Cottenham,156 whose husband Kenelm, 4th earl of Cottenham, sold it in 1916 to George Binyon Paris (d. 1926). In 1926 his widow Madeline sold it to Frederick Wallis, who added Park farm (159 a.) and 175 a. of woods in 1928, and in 1935 inherited Beech and Grove farms (then 416 a. together) from his wife Katherine, who had bought them in 1927. In 1947 he sold the accumulated estate to Sir Robert Black (d. 1979), Bt, whose son Sir David retained Beech Farm as his residence, selling the rest (751 a.) to Philip Pascall in 1997. Pascall remained owner in 2017.157

153 TNA, PROB 11/256/74. 154 OHC, E1/2/1D/19–34; E1/M1/CR/23–7; ibid. DV/XII/27; Sale Cat., Northern Portion of the Hardwick Estate (1912); below, Whitchurch, landownership. 155 OHC, E1/3/1D/22. 156 Sale Cat., Northern Portion of the Hardwick Estate (1912); Hardwick Estate Office, deed 5 July 1912; The Times, 5 May 1913. Tenant since 1899. 157 OHC, SL191/6D/1−2; Sale Cat., Elvendon Priory (1996): copy in OHC, P409/13/D/1; local info. VCH Oxfordshire • Texts in Progress • Goring (July 2019) • © VCH Oxfordshire • Landownership • p. 14

Manor House (Elvendon Priory)

Archaeological evidence shows that buildings have stood on the site of Elvendon Priory (a fanciful name coined c.1900) since at least the 12th century.158 The manor house is documented from 1316,159 and in 1345 there was a gated manorial enclosure with a garden adjacent.160 Most lords in the 14th and 15th centuries were resident,161 and the present two- storeyed house (built of flint and brick with three gables, brick chimneystacks, tiled roofs, and irregular stone-mullioned windows) perhaps contains at its core parts of a late medieval hall house with windows of c.1450−1500, one of which (to the left of the porch) has three arched cusped lights.162 By the 16th century (and up until c.1900) the house was a tenanted farmhouse (Elvendon Farm), which in 1599 contained a hall, parlour, kitchen, buttery, and four bedchambers, one of them over the parlour. In 1670 it had great and little halls and an old (perhaps detached) kitchen.163 The present structure owes much to alterations of c.1910 for the earl and countess of Cottenham, when a large staircase tower was built at the rear, and a new wing was built at right-angles to the main west front, forming an L-plan. The work was in a vernacular style in keeping with the rest of the building.164 The resulting gentry house has been little altered since, and contains a galleried landing with stained glass depicting historical figures and prioresses of Goring.165

Applehanger Manor

A small estate known by 1224 as Applehanger manor166 was first recorded in 1205, when Peter of Bix, lord of Bix Brand, held one hide there.167 In 1220 it belonged to Peter’s son

1 Hugh, who around the same time let the manor (assessed at /6 knight’s fee) to Osney abbey for 15s. annual rent.168 Hugh died by 1223,169 and in 1224 the abbot returned Applehanger to his daughter Emma and her husband Robert Brand to be used as dower for Hugh’s widow

158 HER, PRN 26297. For the name, above, landscape etc. (outlying settlement); there has never been a priory on the site. 159 Goring Charters, I, no. 102 (mentioning Jn Loveday’s door). 160 Ibid. no. 190, reserving to Jn Loveday ‘houses within the new gate at Elvendon with a garden adjacent’. 161 Ibid. I and II, passim. 162 NHLE, no. 1194131; Pevsner, Oxon. 616. 163 OHC, MSS Wills Oxon. 299/1/6; 33/3/21; below, econ. hist. (1500−1800). Not identified in hearth tax. 164 NHLE, no. 1194131; Pevsner, Oxon. 616, dating alterations to c.1920, although cf. OS Maps 1:2500, Oxon. LII.15 (1899 and 1913 edns). 165 Sale Cat., Elvendon Priory (1996). 166 Oseney Cart. VI, p. 150; Oxon. Fines, p. 70. 167 Cur. Reg. III, p. 278; VCH Oxon. XVI, 207. 168 Cur. Reg. VIII, p. 205; Oseney Cart. VI, pp. 148–9. 169 VCH Oxon. XVI, 207. VCH Oxfordshire • Texts in Progress • Goring (July 2019) • © VCH Oxfordshire • Landownership • p. 15

Matilda.170 Robert died between 1258 and 1261, and in 1279 his son John held a hide in

1 171 Goring (presumably Applehanger) of the honor of Wallingford, by then for /5 knight’s fee. John Brand sold the manor to William Loveday of Mongewell, who in 1281 received a grant of free warren in Applehanger.172 By 1293 it was held by William Loveday ‘of Goring’, brother of the John Loveday who later acquired Elvendon manor,173 and by 1294 he had a park there, which was broken into both then and in 1305.174 In 1303, when described as lord of the manor, he sued William Loveday of Mongewell’s son Ralph for debt.175 In 1322 he was succeeded (under a settlement of 1315) by his widow Eleanor, who granted lands to John Beech in 1326176 and was a taxpayer in the parish in 1327.177 Possibly still living in 1341, she is perhaps to be identified with the Eleanor who, with her husband John Soundy, leased lands at Applehanger to John Loveday of Elvendon for her life.178 That Eleanor was dead by 1350,179 the manor descending in halves to William Loveday’s daughters Eleanor, widow of John Beech, and Joan, wife of John Tyrel.180 In 1359 the Tyrels sold their share to Thomas Brounz of Harwell (Berks.),181 who effected an exchange which left Eleanor with the manor house and gardens, three fields, and a wood, and Thomas with a dovecot, several woods and fields, and Applehanger park.182 Later the same year Thomas conveyed his share to John Loveday, lord of Elvendon, into whose estate his property and manorial rights became absorbed.183 Eleanor’s share (including the manor house) seems to have been retained by the Beech family into the 15th century,184 although by 1523 (when the owner was William Paslow) it had lost its manorial status, forming a freehold of Elvendon manor called ‘Beeches or Applehanger’. It was later known simply as Beech farm.185 By 1560 the owner was Henry Paslow (d. 1596), whose son Richard continued to live there after buying Elvendon manor in 1612.186 Thereafter the estate (209 a. in the 18th century) descended with Elvendon until

170 Oseney Cart. VI, p. 150; Oxon. Fines, p. 70; Cur. Reg. XI, p. 427. 171 VCH Oxon. XVI, 207; Rot. Hund. II, 778. 172 Cat. Ancient Deeds, II, C 2368 (mentioning his wife Joan); Cal. Chart. 1257–1300, 255; Goring Charters, I, p. liv; below, Mongewell, landownership. 173 Goring Charters, I, pp. xlviii–l, lvii, nos. 25 (mentioning his wife Eleanor), 36; above (Elvendon). 174 Reg. Sutton, IV, 167; Cal. Close 1302–7, 244. 175 TNA, C 241/40/109. 176 Ibid. CP 25/1/189/15, no. 3; Goring Charters, I, no. 116; II, no. 227. 177 TNA, E 179/161/9. 178 Goring Charters, I, no. 155. 179 Ibid. no. 162; TNA, C 260/61, no. 46. 180 Goring Charters, I, no. 176; cf. ibid. no. 175; II, nos. 241–2. 181 TNA, CP 25/1/190/21, no. 27. 182 Goring Charters, I, nos 176–7. 183 Ibid. nos 178–9; above (Elvendon). Applehanger (or Elmore) park belonged to the lord of Elvendon in 1422: OHC, E1/M1/CR/7. 184 Feudal Aids, IV, 193; Goring Charters, II, no. 297 (‘tenement late of Wm Beech’). 185 OHC, E1/M1/CR/15. 186 Ibid. E1/M1/CR/18; E1/9/2D/1–2; TNA, C 142/247/43; above (Elvendon). VCH Oxfordshire • Texts in Progress • Goring (July 2019) • © VCH Oxfordshire • Landownership • p. 16

1912, when it comprised 192 a. and was sold to Frederick Fullbrook.187 From 1935 until 1997 it again formed part of the Elvendon Priory estate, and in 2017 belonged to Sir David Black, Bt.188 No trace survives of the manor house mentioned in 1359. The existing Beech Farm was built probably for Richard Paslow, and incorporates a 17th-century arch-braced timber- framed structure of two storeys and three bays, with later brick infill. Perhaps originally with a lobby entry, it has a half-hipped plain tile roof, and a rear brick cross wing added probably in the 18th century.189

Beech Farm in the 1960s. Photograph courtesy of Goring Gap Local History Society.

Other Estates

Monastic Estates

Several religious houses acquired estates in Goring during the Middle Ages, amongst them the hospital of St John the Baptist in Wallingford, which received a house and an acre in Gatehampton from Walter Pipard (d. 1214).190 A much more substantial Eynsham abbey estate derived from a grant by the lord of Goring William Druval (fl. 1154) of a hide and 27 a., in return for his son Hugh becoming a monk there.191 Known as ‘Childeslonde’, it carried valuable pasture rights and lay adjacent to the South Stoke boundary, becoming part of the abbey’s Stoke manor.192 Thomas Druval added a grove near Applehanger and a small island

187 OHC, E1/9/2D/4–10; Sale Cat., Northern Portion of the Hardwick Estate (1912); Sale Cat., Grove and Beech Farms (1944): copy in OHC; above (Elvendon). 188 Above (Elvendon); local info. 189 NHL, no. 1059588; photos (1968) in GGA. Not identified in hearth tax. 190 Berks. RO, W/RTb 141; ibid. W/THa 52; above (Gatehampton). 191 Eynsham Cart. I, p. 106 192 Ibid. II, p. xlix; VCH Oxon. VII, 96, 99; below, econ. hist. (Middle Ages). VCH Oxfordshire • Texts in Progress • Goring (July 2019) • © VCH Oxfordshire • Landownership • p. 17

in the Thames c.1175,193 leaving the abbey with 100 a. of arable and 32 a. of woods in Goring by 1279.194 A 1366 abbey survey nevertheless found only 51 a. at ‘Childeslonde’,195 which in 1546 (after the Dissolution) passed to Christ Church, Oxford, with Stoke manor.196 The college retained 46 a. in Goring (still called ‘Childs lands’) in 1812, and 44 a. in 1910.197 Wallingford priory acquired a hide with a yardland and an acre of meadow (all in Goring) from William Druval c.1150, in thanksgiving for the care the monks had shown him when he was sick. The hide was later used to fund the priory church roof,198 and by 1229 the yardland (called ‘Constable’s land’) was let indefinitely to Goring priory for 5s. annual rent.199 In 1279 only two yardlands in Goring were reputed to belong to Wallingford priory,200 although c.1420 the prior claimed four yardlands against the lord of Elvendon, and produced Druval’s charter in evidence.201 No further record of the property has been found. The Norman abbey of Bec acquired a yardland and a mill (Cleeve mill) in Goring from Thomas Druval (fl. 1174), whose brother Hugh added a second yardland and 3 a. of meadow called ‘Swyncombemede’, the last to support the abbey’s chamberlain.202 The property became attached to the abbey’s Swyncombe manor (administered from its priory of Ogbourne, Wilts.),203 and by 1279 it included a Thames fishery.204 From 1404, following the priory’s confiscation during the wars with France, its possessions were held by John, duke of Bedford, on whose death in 1435 Cleeve mill escheated to the Crown.205 Three years later the king granted it to Humphrey de Bohun, duke of Gloucester,206 who in 1443 gave it to Eton College.207 Its possession of the mill was confirmed in 1467,208 but by 1566 it belonged to the earl of Derby, and thereafter descended with Goring manor until 1662.209

193 Eynsham Cart. I, pp. 107, 110–11; R.C. Van Caenegem (ed.), Eng. Lawsuits Wm I to Ric. I, Vol. II (Selden Soc. 107, 1991), 644–5; below, econ. hist. (Middle Ages). 194 Rot. Hund. II, 778. 195 Eynsham Cart. II, pp. 125–6. 196 VCH Oxon. VII, 96; OHC, E1/M1/CR/18; ibid. SL26/2/D/1. 197 OHC, Goring heath enclo. award; ibid. DV/XII/27. 198 H.O. Coxe and W.H. Turner, Cal. Charters in Bodleian Library (1878), 11. 199 Ibid. 11–12; Rot. Litt. Claus. II, 206; Oxon. Fines, pp. 85, 97; Goring Charters, II, no. 337; cf. OHC, E1/M2/E/1 (mentioning the rent); P. Preece, ‘Constable Field, Goring’, SOAG Bulletin 46 (1990), 23– 4. 200 Rot. Hund. II, 778. 201 OHC, E1/M1/CR/9; cf. Goring Charters, I, nos. 83, 153; II, no. 217. 202 M. Chibnall (ed.), Select Documents of the English Lands of the Abbey of Bec (Camden 3rd ser. 73, 1951), 13–14, 26–7, 89; below, econ. hist. (agric. landscape). For the mill’s identification as Cleeve mill, C.T. Flower (ed.), Public Works in Medieval Law, II (Selden Soc. 40), pp. 125–7. 203 M. Morgan, The English Lands of the Abbey of Bec (1946), 145; Chibnall (ed.), Select Docs, 89, 127; VCH Oxon. XVIII, 373. 204 Rot. Hund. II, 778; below, econ. hist. (milling; fishing). 205 Cal. Pat. 1408–13, 267; Cal. Inq. p.m. XXIV, p. 388; Cal. Close 1435–41, 24–5; VCH Oxon. XVIII, 373. Docs from 1435 mention only the mill, the meadow being last mentioned in 1410 and the 2 yardlands not after 1279. 206 Cal. Pat. 1436–41, 189, 304. 207 Cal. Close 1441–7, 163. 208 Cal. Pat. 1467–77, 62. 209 Berks. RO, D/ECw/T11; above (Goring). For its later history, below, econ. hist. (milling). VCH Oxfordshire • Texts in Progress • Goring (July 2019) • © VCH Oxfordshire • Landownership • p. 18

Lay Estates

Medieval estates in lay hands included Haw and Querns farms at Goring Heath. The former was presumably the house called ‘Hawe’ held by Ralph Hawe with a ploughland and 20 a. of woods in 1351, while the latter was perhaps the house then held by Nicholas Rumbald with 2 yardlands and 10 a. of woods. Both passed later to John Hawe,210 whose family retained them as freeholds of Elvendon and Goring Priory manors until 1589,211 when William Hawe of Easthampstead (Berks.) sold Haw farm (or ‘Hawe Place’) to Richard Lybbe of Whitchurch. The farm (mapped in 1609 when it covered 72 a.) was subsequently absorbed into the Lybbes’ Hardwick estate,212 and Querns, too, belonged to the Lybbes by 1654.213 The farms were later combined with Holmes’s in Whitchurch, making a single 199-a. holding which remained part of the reduced Hardwick estate after 1912.214 Other land in Goring formed part of South Stoke’s Hyde manor from at least the 16th century,215 while Reading Corporation bought an estate at Greenmoor Hill in South Stoke and Goring c.1639, using funds bequeathed by the town’s clothier and benefactor John Kendrick (d. 1624). The estate covered 109 a. in the two parishes in 1775,216 but in 1848 the corporation retained only 25 a. in Goring, which it apparently sold before 1910.217

Goring Farm, Place Farm, and Nicholls’s Estates The 282-a. Goring demesne farm acquired by Henry Stonor in 1675218 was sold in 1681 to Sir John Holt, later Lord Chief Justice, who in 1694 sold it to Clement Kent (d. 1701) of Goring.219 Kent’s son Clement sold it in 1715 to Thomas and William Tew, both of London,220 whose other Goring property included Place farm; that had been bought in 1702 from Edward Pink, whose father William had acquired it in 1662 from the lord of Goring Priory manor.221 In 1720 the Tews sold their combined Goring estate to Francis Hawes of Purley (Berks.),222 a director of the South Sea Company, and in the wake of the South Sea Bubble it was sold in 1726 to Sarah Churchill, dowager duchess of Marlborough.223 She owned 427 a. in Goring the following year.224

210 Goring Charters, I, no. 162. In 1334 Rumbald was of ‘Hawe’, and his land adjoined Jn Hawe’s: ibid. II, no. 229. 211 OHC, E1/8/1D/1–6; E1/M1/CR/19; E1/M2/CR/3–12; TNA, SC 6/HENVIII/2924, m. 6. 212 OHC, E1/8/1D/7–16; E1/M2/CR/14; Bodl. MS C17:49 (171). 213 OHC, E1/3/1D/9. 214 Ibid. E1/1/1D/56; Hardwick Estate Office, survey 9 Oct. 1913. 215 VCH Oxon. VII, 98; TNA, CP 25/1/191/31, no. 56; Cal. Inq. p.m. Hen. VII, III, p. 103. 216 Berks. RO, R/AT5/1, f. 22; ODNB, s.v. Kendrick; cf. Berks. RO, D/QR19/3/10; OHC, P7/2/D2/1–6. 217 OHC, tithe award; ibid. DV/XII/27. 218 OHC, O15/4/M2/1; above (Goring manor). 219 OHC, Hen. I/ii/2–6; ibid. par. reg. transcript, burial 1701. 220 Ibid. Hen. I/ii/10 and /14. 221 Ibid. Hen. I/i/1–20; above (Goring Priory). 222 OHC, Hen. I/iii/6–7. 223 Ibid. Hen. I/iii/13–14. VCH Oxfordshire • Texts in Progress • Goring (July 2019) • © VCH Oxfordshire • Landownership • p. 19

From Sarah (d. 1744) the estate passed to her grandson John Spencer, created Earl Spencer in 1765, who conveyed it to his son George John, Viscount Althorp, in 1779. He sold it in 1784 to John Nicholls, owner of the rectory estate, who bought additional properties in the parish225 and received 674 a. and 356 a. respectively at the enclosures of 1788 and 1812.226 Despite piecemeal sales (notably of the 231-a. Place farm)227 he retained c.1,000 a. in 1819, including Spring, Grove, Newhouse, and Parsonage farms. Of that c.800 a. was sold the same year to Samuel Gardiner (d. 1827) of Whitchurch, becoming part of the Whitchurch-based Coombe Park estate,228 which in the 1840s (before further additions) included 660 a. in Goring.229

Coombe End and Stapnall’s Around 1820 Thomas Fraser of Woodcote House in South Stoke built up a 532-a. estate in Goring and Whitchurch known as Coombe End, of which 428 a. (including Stapnall’s and Coombe End farms) lay in Goring.230 Both farms had formerly belonged to Goring Priory manor,231 from which Stapnall’s was separated by 1618 and passed through the Greenaway, Pink, Taylor, Fuller, Pearman, and Burton families until Fraser bought it in 1818.232 Coombe End farm was owned in 1642 by Henry Whistler, passing to the Wallises of Nettlebed and Whitchurch from 1707, to Robert Sherson in 1787, and to Fraser in 1821.233 Fraser (d. 1823), who was also lord of Checkendon, was succeeded by his Scottish son-in-law Adam Duff,234 who in 1858 sold the Coombe End estate (428 a. in Goring and 104 a. in Whitchurch) to Samuel Weare Gardiner of Coombe Park.235 Sales in 1881 left the Coombe Park estate with only c.360 a. in Goring,236 and when it was broken up in 1920 its property there principally comprised Coombe End (140 a.), Stapnall’s (109 a.), and

224 BL, Add. MS 78123 A; below, econ. hist. (1500–1800). 225 BL, Add. MS 78123 C; OHC, Hen. I/iv/18, 25–7, 55–6; ibid. F I/127−8; Complete Peerage, XII (1), 153–4; below (rectory). 226 OHC, Goring and Goring heath enclo. awards. 227 Ibid. Hen. I/iv/55–6; cf. ibid. /70–1. 228 Ibid. Hen. I/iv/68–72; below, Whitchurch, landownership. Parsonage fm included the former Goring fm: above, Goring manor (manor ho.). 229 OHC, tithe award; for additions, below (Coombe End). 230 OHC, F VIII/58–9; F IX/134; F XIV/21, 23. 231 Ibid. E1/M2/E/1; Bodl. MS Ch. Oxon. 2475; above (Goring Priory). 232 OHC, E1/9/14D/1; ibid. F IX/1–60, 78; Par. Colln, II, 152. 233 OHC, F VIII/1–59; Par. Colln, II, 153. For the Wallises, VCH Oxon. XVIII, 283; below, Whitchurch, landownership. 234 Above, Checkendon, landownership. Adam’s brother Thos Abercromby Duff apparently had an interest in 1848: OHC, tithe award; A.N. Tayler and H.A.H. Tayler, The Book of the Duffs (1914), 322, 327. 235 OHC, F VIII/64–73; F XIV/23. 236 Ibid. Wat. IX/2; below, Whitchurch, landownership. VCH Oxfordshire • Texts in Progress • Goring (July 2019) • © VCH Oxfordshire • Landownership • p. 20

Coldharbour (31 a.) farms.237 Coombe End farm itself was bought by its tenant Sir Rickman John Godlee (d. 1925), Bt, whose widow Juliet sold it in 1932 to the National Trust.238

Rectory Estate and Tithes

Between 1209 and 1235 Goring priory formally appropriated the church and its revenues.239 The estate, valued at £10 13s. 4d. in 1291,240 included glebe and hay or small tithes worth £4 13s. 4d. in 1341,241 although the glebe’s size is unknown before the early 19th century, when it exceeded 100 acres.242 In 1537, after the priory’s Dissolution, the Crown leased the estate to John Stonor for 21 years at £8 5s. annual rent, and in 1539 granted the reversion to Richard Hutchinson and Sir Thomas Pope.243 Pope sold his interest to Thomas and Margaret Calton with Goring Priory manor in 1546,244 and the rectory estate descended with that manor until 1614,245 when it was bought by Richard Lybbe of Hardwick.246 He sold it in 1631 to Sir Peter Vanlore, Bt, of Tilehurst (Berks.),247 who in 1639 sold it to Edward Chamberlain, William Whistler, and Richard and Henry Allen.248 By 1655 it belonged to the London haberdasher Thomas Allen (d. 1670),249 who in the 1660s occupied a house with seven hearths,250 presumably the rectory house north-east of the church.251 Thomas also built a nearby curate’s house on the glebe, while his son William (of Hadham, Herts.) imposed a perpetual £30 rent charge for the curate’s stipend,252 before selling the estate in 1680 to the Reading clothier Sebastian Lyford (d. 1703).253 Lyford’s grandson and heir Clement Kent (d. 1746), an MP and sheriff of Berkshire,254 left it to his wife Bathshua (d.

237 Sale Cat., Coombe Park Estate (1920): copy in HE Arch., SC00836. 238 ODNB, s.v. Godlee; L. Prosser et al., ‘Coombe End Farmhouse, Goring Heath, Oxfordshire: Historic Building Recording’ (unpubl. report for Archaeological Solutions Ltd 2011, accessed online), 9; www.nationaltrust.org (accessed March 2017). 239 Rot. Welles, I, 179; below, relig. hist. 240 Excluding Bec abbey’s portion: Tax. Eccl. 30; below (tithes). 241 Nonarum Inquisitiones, 136. 242 Below. 243 L&P Henry VIII, 14 (1), 262; Goring Charters, II, no. 317. 244 L&P Henry VIII, 21 (2), 167; Goring Charters, II, no. 318. 245 Cal. Pat. 1569–72, 137; above (Goring Priory). 246 TNA, CP 25/2/340/12 Jas. I Trin. 247 Ibid. CP 25/2/473/7 Chas. I Mich.; Complete Baronetage, II, 35. 248 TNA, CP 25/2/474/15 Chas. I Mich. 249 Ibid. C 7/418/1. 250 TNA, E 179/164/504; Hearth Tax Oxon. 2. 251 Above, landscape etc. (settlement). 252 TNA, PROB 11/334/2; Secker’s Corresp. 34; OHC, MS Archd. Oxon. b 40, f. 144; below, relig. hist. (endowment). 253 TNA, CP 25/2/710/32 Chas. II Mich. 254 Ibid. PROB 11/470/391; Hist. Parl. s.v. Clement Kent; Par. Colln, II, 152; VCH Berks. III, 311−29. VCH Oxfordshire • Texts in Progress • Goring (July 2019) • © VCH Oxfordshire • Landownership • p. 21

1750),255 followed by Richard Kent (d. 1756), who in 1752 sold the estate to Frank Nicholls subject to a life interest.256

The rectory house as painted in 1938. Image by kind permission of John Farr.

Nicholls, a Surrey-based Oxford academic and royal physician, was succeeded in 1778 by his son John, a barrister and politician, who accrued a significant estate in Goring257 and lived both in the parish and in Kensington (Middx), apparently remodelling the rectory house and its outbuildings.258 In 1807 the glebe (or Parsonage) farm covered 144 a. including 82 a. of arable,259 although by 1819 (when Nicholls sold the estate) it was only 119 acres. The purchaser was Samuel Gardiner (d. 1827) of Whitchurch,260 whose successors sold much of it piecemeal, including 57 a. advertised in 1889.261 The rectory house itself was bought in 1928 by the tenant Albert James Edmondson, a politician later knighted and created Baron Sandford, who moved away soon afterwards and let the house to tenants until its destruction by fire in 1938. At that date it was a rambling building of red brick lit by sash windows.262 Following the fire Edmondson gave part of the site for an extension to the parish hall, another part for a churchyard extension, and the remainder to the parish council for use as a public garden.263

255 TNA, PROB 11/754/402; OHC, par. reg. transcript, burial 1750. 256 OHC, Hen. I/iv/56 and /59; TNA, PROB 11/824/203. Richard’s relationship to Clement is unclear. 257 OHC, Hen. I/iv/56; ODNB, s.v. Francis [Frank] Nicholls; Hist. Parl. s.v. Jn Nicholls; above (Goring Fm etc.). 258 Above, landscape etc. (settlement); below. 259 The Times, 19 Sept. 1807. 260 OHC, Hen. I/iv/68–72; below, Whitchurch, landownership. 261 Goring Parish Mag. (July 1889); GGA, folder 6, abstract of title (1895); cf. OHC, DV/XII/27. 262 Painting of 1938, reproduced in Goring Gap News, Apr. 2013, 23. 263 OHC, RDC6/2/F4/4; Goring Gap News, Nov. 1989; below, social hist. (since 1900); relig. hist. (since 1900). VCH Oxfordshire • Texts in Progress • Goring (July 2019) • © VCH Oxfordshire • Landownership • p. 22

Tithes During the Middle Ages most of Goring’s tithes belonged (with the rectory estate) to Goring priory, which leased some to tenants.264 Shares in a few, however, were granted to other religious houses, amongst them Osney abbey, which acquired demesne tithes from Robert d’Oilly (d. c.1092) and transferred them to Goring priory c.1160 for 4s. a year,265 still paid in the 1530s.266 Miles Crispin (d. 1107) and Thomas Druval (fl. 1174) both gave demesne tithes to Bec abbey,267 worth 13s. 4d. in 1291;268 those were administered by the abbey’s Ogbourne priory (Wilts.),269 and passed with its other Goring property to John, duke of Bedford, who in 1421 gave them to St George’s Chapel, Windsor.270 Worth 10s. a year in 1535,271 they were known later as the ‘Beckharlewins, Beckharvest, or Berkharvest tithes’, and were let to owners of Whitchurch’s Hardwick estate from the 1720s or earlier until at least 1862.272 St Frideswide’s priory, Oxford, owned 15s.-worth of tithes in Goring and Nuffield in 1535, acquired apparently from Goring priory.273 Tithe ownership after the Dissolution became more diffuse,274 so that at enclosure in 1812 (which extinguished tithe payments from 1,033 a. in Goring) allotments were made to 14 proprietors in lieu of tithes, while eight others received tithes in exchange for lands.275 Tithes remained due in 1848 from 3,346 a. in the parish, of which those from 1,335 a. belonging to Henry Phillip Powys and another 78 a. split amongst four different landowners were redeemed that year. The rest were commuted to annual rent charges, Samuel Weare Gardiner receiving £288 a year, Ann Julia Daman £159, and 11 others £68 or less: in all a total of £608 was charged on 1,933 acres.276 By the early 20th century the number of tithe rent owners had risen to more than eighty.277

264 TNA, SC 6/HENVIII/2924, m. 9d. 265 Oseney Cart. VI, pp. 148–9; H.E. Salter (ed.), Facsimiles of Early Charters in Oxford Muniment Rooms (1929), no. 58; Goring Charters, II, no. 344. 266 Valor Eccl. II, 168, 206; TNA, SC 6/HENVIII/2924, m. 7d. 267 The former in both Goring and Gatehampton: D.M. Smith (ed.), English Episcopal Acta I: Lincoln 1067–1185 (1980), 13–14; Chibnall (ed.), Select Docs, 13–14. 268 Tax. Eccl. 30. 269 A.H. Cooke, The Early History of Mapledurham (ORS 7, 1925), 95; Goring Charters, II, no. 265. 270 Cal. Inq. p.m. XXIV, p. 388; Cal. Close 1435–41, 24–5; above (other estates). 271 Valor Eccl. II, 168, 206; TNA, SC 6/HENVIII/2924, m. 7d. 272 Goring Charters, II, pp. lxxxiv–v; OHC, E1/M4/E/2; E1/T/1–21. Not mentioned in the 1848 tithe award. 273 Valor Eccl. II, 168, 206; VCH Oxon. XVIII, 363. 274 cf. OHC, F VIII/13; F IX/2, 81; ibid. Hen. I/iv/29. 275 Ibid. Goring enclo. award. 276 Ibid. tithe award. 277 G. Alder, ‘Colonel Bingay’s burden: the search for chancel repair liability in the parish of Goring’, Goring & Streatley Local Hist. Soc. Jnl 15 (2013), 29–36; cf. OHC, MSS Oxf. Dioc. c 460/7−9.