1N.2 Adam, Uwe-Dietrich, 5, 75, 75N.6, 78, 134 Adler-Rudel

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88392-4 - Zionism and Anti-Semitism in Nazi Germany Francis R. Nicosia Index More information

Index

‘‘acculturation,’’ 1n.2 anti-Semitism, in German history, 1, 4, Adam, Uwe-Dietrich, 5, 75, 75n.6, 78, 4n.4, 4n.5, 5, 14n.5, 16–17, 16n.16, 134 18n.21, 19–20, 26–27, 248, 284, 289, Adler-Rudel, Salomon, 160–161 290; and Jewish emancipation and Advisory Office for Jewish Economic assimilation, 1–3, 9, 30, 114–115, Assistance, 211 118–122, 136; during the Weimar Agriculture, Reich Ministry of, 161, 232, Republic, 50–53, 55, 57; early Nazi 234, 239 ideas on, 63–65; and early Nazi views Ahlwardt, Hermann, 29 on Zionism, 65–73; and the Nazi Alexander II, Tsar, 33 assumption of power, 74–75; and aliyah beth, see Committee for Illegal Zionism, 2, 2n.3, 3, 6–11, 13–31, 94, Immigration; illegal immigration 104, 178–179, 289, 290; Zionist views Allen, William Sheridan, 74 on, 31–44, 52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 61, 243, Allgemeine Zeitung des Judentums, 23 285, 286, 288, 289, 291; and the Nazi Altkarbe-Obermu¨le, 211 decision-making process, 5–6, 10, Aly, Gotz,€ 254 77–78, 244, 290, see also Jewish self- American Jewish Committee, 161 defense American Jewish Joint Distribution anti-Semitism debates, 16, 20 Committee, 162 Antisemitismusstreit, see anti-Semitism Anglo-Palestine Bank, 86–88 debates Der Angriff, 89–90, 106–108, 201, 204 anti-Zionism, Jewish, 13–14, 30, 68 anti-Jewish legislation, 76–77, 81, 100, Arab-Israeli conflict, 2n.3, 8, 8n.14, 102, 103, 105, 106, 115–116, 117, see also Arab nationalism; Arab revolt 148, 157, 159, 161, 168, 249, 254, Arab nationalism, 8, 40–41, 41n.107, 71, 265, 287, see also Nuremberg Laws 71n.83, 89, 111, 124, 133, 135, anti-Jewish violence, 53, 55, 56, 67, 76, 153n.21, 167, 189, 271, 279; and 77, 77n.9, 100, 102, 105, 115–118, Germany, 110–111, 124, 128, 140, 148, 159, 165, 174, 252, 253, 129n.79, 130–131, 133, 135, 290; 254, 286 Arab revolt, 124, 126, 131, 132, 139, Antisemiten-Katechismus (Anti-Semites’ 259, 265, 272 Catechism), 27 Arbeitsgemeinschaft ju¨ discher Antisemiten Liga, see League of Anti- Jugendorganisationen, see Working Semites Group of Jewish Youth Organizations

309

310 Index

Arbeitsgemeinschaft fu¨ r Kinder und Aussenpolitisches Amt der NSDAP, see Jugend Alijah, see Working Group for Foreign Policy Office, NSDAP Children and Youth Aliyah Austria, 25, 26, 37, 134, 137, 162–163, Arendt, Hannah, 30–32, 32n.73 179, 222, 246, 253, 257, 259, 259n.25, Aronson, Shlomo, 76–77 260, 263n.33, 276, 288; Hitler’s early arrests of Jewish leaders, 100, 140, exposure to Zionism in, 63; Nazi 177–178, 204–205, 252 emigration policy from, 134, 137–138, aryanization, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 222, 243, 245, 246, 248, 253, 254, 245, 249, 250 259, 259n.25, 260, 261, 261n.28, 263, assimilation, Jewish, 1, 1n.2, 13, 17, 271, 275; Nazi policy toward Zionism 17n.19, 30–31, 51, 72, 146, 168, 172; in, 137–139; Zionist occupational Zionist rejection of, 3, 7, 10, 15–16, retraining camps in, 221–222, 278; 31–44, 52, 53–54, 59–61, 92–94, 98, immigration to Palestine from, 270, 101, 107n.2, 148, 150, 152–153, 166, 270n.51, 283, 288; illegal immigration 285, 286, 289; non-Jewish Germans to Palestine from, 264, 270, 272, 274, and, 9, 14, 14n.5, 15, 18–30, 284, 275 285, 290, 291; and Jewish self-defense, Auswanderungsvorbereitungssta¨tte, see 51, 54, 56–61, 286; and Zionist emigration preparation facility organizations, 146, 168; and Marxism, Autoemanzipation (Autoemancipation), 60; early Nazi views on, 67–68, 70, 71, 33–34, 39 285, 290; and Nazi Jewish policy, 75, Avigur, Shaul, 272n.59 77, 105, 107–108, 111, 113–115, Avriel, Ehud, 272, 272n.59, 61 118–122, 136, 140, 172n.64, 189, 197, 229, 251–252, 278, 286–287, 290 Backe, Herbert, 232–234 ; and Revisionist Zionist criticism of the Baden, Archduke of, 7 ZVfD, 189, 193, 194, 205–206; and Baeck, Leo, 247 (fig. 8.1) Jewish occupational retraining, 208, Balfour Declaration, 15, 40–41, 46–50, 211, 220, 229, 238; and the RVt, 193, 52, 66–67 214–215; and relations among the CV, Barkai, Avraham, 72, 158n.33 RjF, and the ZVfD, 170, 174, 212, Bar Kochba, 150, 220 214–215, 278 Bauer, Yehuda, 89 Association of German Zionists- Bavaria, 72, 89, 112, 119, 228, 240 Revisionists (VdZR), 183–187 Beit Halutz, 216 (fig. 7.4) Association of Immigrants from Germany Belgium, 227 (HOG), 190n.28, 191, 194, 194n.43, Belzig, 231–232 204–205 Ben Gurion, David, 181n.1 Association of National German Jews Beratungsstelle fu¨ rju¨ dische (VnJ), 118–119 Wirtschaftshilfe, see Advisory Office Association for Religious-Liberal Jewry for Jewish Economic Assistance (VrJ), 192 Berger, Alfred, 190, 190n.30, 192 Association of Zionists-Revisionists in Bergman, Shmuel Hugo, 41n.106 Germany (LZRD), 181–185, 187 Berk, Schwarz van, 90 Auerbach (Agami), Moshe, 272, Berliner Zionistische Vereinigung, see 272n.59 Berlin Zionist Association (BZV) Auslandshachschara, see ‘‘hachschara Berlin Zionist Association (BZV), 149, abroad’’ 151 Auslandsorganisation der NSDAP, see Bernstorff, Count Johann von, 50, 50n.20 Overseas Organization, NSDAP Betar, 184, 188, 193, 202n.63, 205

Index 311

Beth Chaluz, Magdeburg, 211 Der Bundschuh, 29 Beuthen, 153 Bu¨ rckel, Josef, 274 bi-national state, 40, 41n.106, 42 Burrin, Philippe, 16 Blankensee, 221 B.Z.W. Junggruppen, 221 Blu¨ her, Hans, 29 Blumenfeld, Kurt, 13, 58, 59, 90, 97 Catholic Centre Party, 191 (fig. 3.2), 99–100, 101, 103, 145, 146, Cegla, Willi, 188 153, 157, 174, 175n.74; and Jewish Central Association of German Citizens self-defense, 54–59, 60; and contact of the Jewish Faith/Central Association with Nazis, 61–62, 191; and anti- of Jews in Germany (CV), 11, 30, 51, German economic boycott and 54, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 208, 223; propaganda, 96, 98, 110; and Zionist position of during the Weimar years, leadership over German Jewry, 102; 51, 56, 59; and Jewish self-defense, and relations with Revisionist Zionists, 53–54, 157–160, 166, 166n.50, 168; 185n.17, 190–192, 193, 194n.43 and rivalry with the Zionists, 56, 164, Bohemia and Moravia, 246, 253 164n.45, 166–170, 208; and contact (fig. 8.2), 264, 268, 270, 272, 278, with the Nazis, 62n.52, 165; and 282, 283 opposition to the anti-German boycott, Bolschwing, Otto Albrecht von, 113n.20 96, 164–165; decline of during the Bolshevism, 27, 66 1930s, 101, 150, 164, 170, 174;as Bomsdorf, 221 target of Nazi persecution, 118–119; boycotts, anti-German, 77, 80–84, and cooperation with the ZVfD, 166, 84n.30, 86, 88, 89, 92, 95, 96, 96n.66, 169, 193, 212, 215; views of on Zionist 97–98, 99, 104, 109–110, 123, 125, work in Palestine, 167–168, 171; and 164–165, 181, 184, 186, 188–189, Jewish occupational retraining, 195, 195n.48, 196, 200, 206, 251 168n.54, 211, 223–226; dissolution of, boycotts, anti-Jewish, 76–77, 95, 96, 251–252 100, 102, 105, 115, 117, 118, 148, Central Bureau for the Settlement of 158, 159, 164, 166n.50, 249, 254 German Jews in Palestine, 159–160, Bracher, Karl-Dietrich, 5 177, 177n.80, 179 Brandenburg, 223n.33, 231 Central Committee of German Jews for Breslau, 101, 225, 238 Assistance and Construction (ZJHA), Brit Chaluzim dathiim, 221 210, 210n.10, 211, 227 Brit Hajehudim hazeirim, 221 Central Office for Jewish Economic Brit Hanoar, 221 Assistance (ZjW), 210 British Council for German Jewry, 162 Central Office for Jewish Emigration, Brit Olim, 220 Vienna, 137, 138, 222, 254, 255 Brit Shalom, 40 (fig. 8.3), 259, 261n.28, 262, 263, Brodnitz, Julius, 165 271 Browning, Christopher, 5, 246 Centralverein deutscher Staatsbu¨rger Brustein, William, 16n.16 ju¨ dischen Glaubens/Centralverein der Buber, Martin, 32, 38, 40–41, 41n.106 Juden in Deutschland, see Central and 107, 42–43 Association of German Citizens of the Bulgaria, 274–275 Jewish Faith/Central Association of Bulletin der Judenstaatspartei, 186 Jews in Germany (CV) Bu¨ low, Bernhard von, 50 Chamberlain, Houston Stewart, 26, Bu¨ low-Schwante, Vicco von, 80, 111, 26n.53, 27, 28, 66 127, 248 Chemnitz, 153, 240

312 Index

Christian Socialist Party, 34, 36, 63 Dragebruch, 232 Christliche Welt, 22 Dreyfus, Alfred, 34, 34n.84 Class, Heinrich, 28 Drumont, Edouard, 35 Clodius, Carl, 133 ‘‘dual loyalty,’’ 47 Cohen, Sam, 82–83, 85–87 Du¨ hring, Eugen, 18n.21, 24–25 Cohn, Benno, 146, 162, 175, 177 Cohn, Rabbi Emil, 44, 44n.117 Eckart, Dietrich, 63n.63 ‘‘collective expulsions,’’ 246 economic decline, Jewish, 77, 78, 79, Cologne, 101, 172 82, 90, 94, 98, 104, 105, 114, 116, Colonial Office, British, 138 122, 136, 148, 156–163, 174, 179, Committee for Illegal Immigration, 126, 198, 200, 207, 210, 230, 233, 235, 272 243, 246, 249, 250, 251, 252, 254, Committee of the German Association for 258, 259, 260, 263, 265, 266, 277, Research on Palestine, 26 286, 288 Copenhagen Manifesto, 48 ‘‘economic incorporation,’’ 210 Criminal Police (KRIPO), 112 Economics, Reich Ministry of, 75n.6, 80, Cultural Association of German Jews, 80n.18, 85–88, 109, 116, 117, 126, 211 128, 131, 132, 133, 140, 157, 258, ‘‘cultural bedouins,’’ 27 261n.29, 265, 266, 278, 287 cultural Zionism, 7, 32–33, 38, 40, 41, Edelstein, Jakob, 268 42 Eichmann, Adolf, 255 (fig. 8.3); and CV-Zeitung, 223, 224 Security Service (SD) of the SS, 113, Czechoslovakia, 85, 134, 179, 227, 246, 113n.21, 203; as expert on Zionism, 270, 275, 288 113, 113n.21; attends Zionist Congress in Zu¨rich 1937, 123; and contacts with 113 20 Dannecker, Theodor, n. Feivel Polkes, 124–126, 125n.68, 89 234 Darre´, Walther, , 203–204; and the Central Office for 37 Das neue Ghetto (The New Ghetto), Jewish Emigration in Vienna, 5 Dawidowicz, Lucy, 137–138, 201, 222, 254–255, 256 ‘‘Decree for the Elimination of the Jews (fig. 8.4), 260, 261; and Jewish from the Economic Life of Germany,’’ emigration from Germany to Palestine 157 243 250 254 , , , during World War II, 140; and illegal ‘‘Decree on the Registration of the immigration to Palestine, 271–275; and 175 250 258 Property of the Jews,’’ , , Hitler and the ‘‘final solution,’’ 292 ‘‘Decree of the Reich President for the Elbing, 101 Protection of the People and the State,’’ ‘‘eliminationist’’ anti-Semitism, 19 120 251 , emancipation, Jewish, 7, 17n.19, 31, 32, 186 Democratic Revisionists, 52; early anti-Semitic rejection of, 9, 227 Denmark, 17, 18–19, 23, 28, 31, 32; Christian Deutsche Arbeitsfront, see German Labor conservative rejection of, 18; non- Front Jewish defenders of, 20; early Zionist 79 Deutsche Industrie- und Handelstag, views on, 32–43, 55; and impact on 123 Deutsches Nachrichtenbu¨ ro, Zionist work, 10, 44, 49, 57, 58, 61, 15 Disraeli, Benjamin, 73, 90, 91–92; and Zionist policy dissolution of Jewish organizations, during the 1930s, 92, 121, 152, 153, 172 189 243 250 251 252 , , , – , , 179, 286; and Nazi policy toward 260 261 265 , , Zionism, 71, 75, 77, 104–105, 108, € 109 111 130 Dohle, Walter, , , 115, 140, 285, 286

Index 313

‘‘emigration commissar,’’ 199–200 Fritsch, Theodor, 26–27, 55, 66 emigration preparation facility, 225 Frymann, Daniel, see Heinrich Class emigration school, 221n.26, 224–225 Fuchs, Eugen, 167 English Committee for the Boycott of ‘‘functionalists,’’ 5 German Goods, 96 Enlightenment, 1, 3, 7, 15, 17n.19, Gay, Ruth, 1n.2 31–32, 34, 36–37, 38, 42, 43, 44, Gehringshof, 221 108 Geiger, Abraham, 42 Essen, 153 Gemlich, Adolf, 63–64, 76 ethno-nationalism, 1, 1n.1, 3, 40, 42, Genschel, Helmut, 250 44, 93 German Christian community, Palestine, eugenics, 28 128, 130, 132–133 Eulenburg, Philipp Count zu, 15 German Committee for the Promotion of Evans, Richard, 246 Jewish Settlement in Palestine, 48, 50 Evian-les-Bains, 153 German Consul, Haifa, 268 ‘‘exclusionists,’’ 19–20 German Consulate-General, Jerusalem, see Wolff, Heinrich; Dohle,€ Walther Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 23 German Democratic Party (DDP), 191 Field, Geoffrey, 27 German-Jewish symbiosis, 20, 30, 31, 42, ‘‘final solution,’’ 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 25, 168, 170 105, 246, 248, 268, 276, 277, 278, German Labor Front, 239 280, 281, 282, 283–285, 292 German Pro-Palestine Committee, 50, Fleiss, Louis, 188 50n.20 Fleming, Gerald, 5 German Revisionist Zionist Congress, forced labor, Jewish, 113, 230, 236, 243, Berlin 1933, 183 268, 276–277, 277n.84 German Revisionist Zionist Reich Foreign Ministry, Reich, 11, 12, 47, 50, Conference, Berlin 1934, 189 75n.6, 80, 81, 84–86, 88, 89, 94, National Socialist German Workers Party 109–111, 114, 123, 127–130, 130n.82, Program 1920, 59, 70 131–133, 134, 135, 138, German Zionist Congress (15th), Berlin 139, 139n.117, 157, 195n.48, 196n.50, 1918, 49 226, 248, 261n.29, 264, 275, 279, 281, German Zionist Congress (19th), Dresden 281n.96, 282 1923, 53 Foreign Office, British, 12, 14–15, 275 German Zionist Congress (23rd), Jena Foreign Policy Office (APA), NSDAP, 1929, 58 131–132, 133 German Zionist Congress (24th), Four Year Plan 1936, 246, 249 Frankfurt 1932, 59–60 France, 14, 45, 82, 227, 246, 280, 282 German Zionist Congress (25th), Berlin La France juive, 35 1936, 145, 175 Frank, Hans, 89 Gesellschaft fu¨ r handwerkliche Arbeit, see Frankfurt am Main, 221, 263 Society for Manual Labor Frankfurt/Oder, 230, 232 Gesetz u¨ ber die Rechtsverha¨ltnisse der Frantz, Constantin, 28 ju¨ dischen Kultusvereinigungen, see Frey, Thomas, see Theodor Fritsch Law Regarding the Legal Status of Frick, Wilhelm, 117, 243, 258–259 Jewish Associations Friedemann, Adolf, 47n.9 Gestapo, 11, 75n.6, 112–113, 115, Friedenthal, Hans, 138 115n.27, 177, 278, 285; attitude and Friedla¨nder, Saul, 91, 261n.28 policy of toward Zionism, 101, 113,

314 Index

Gestapo (cont.) Grau, Wilhelm, 77 114, 115, 118, 120, 121, 122, 133, Great Britain, 14, 45, 67, 69, 78, 83, 138, 140, 152, 175n.74, 270, 285, 287; 96n.66, 111, 128, 224, 279, 280, 290 and observation of Zionist activities Gross-Breesen, 168n.54, 211, 221, and events, 84, 84n.30, 101, 111–112, 225–226, 242 118, 149; and treatment of Grossmann, Meier, 186n.20, 203 assimilationist organizations, 118, 119, Gustloff, Wilhelm, 125 251–252; and anti-Jewish violence, 116 ; and Kristallnacht pogrom, 140; and Ha’am, Achad, 32, 38, 41, 41n.107, 42, Feivel Polkes, 124–125, 203; and 43, 44 establishment of a Jewish state, 131, Haavara Transfer Agreement, 78–90, 98, 135; and the Revisionist Zionist 99, 102, 103, 105, 109, 122, 123, 124, movement, 138, 195n.48, 251; and 128, 129, 130, 130n.82, 131, 132, 133, Georg Kareski, 201n.62, 203, 204, 134, 139, 140, 144, 153, 156, 157, 204n.69; and Jewish occupational 163, 177, 181, 195, 196, 200, 229, retraining, 122, 222n.29, 223–225, 237, 259, 265, 266, 276, 284, 287, 290 228, 229n.53, 230–242; and the RVe, Habonim noar Chaluzi, 216 (ﬁg. 7.4), 249, 261–262, 268, 270; and the 220 concentration of Jews in large cities, hachschara, see occupational retraining 262–263; and centralization of ‘‘hachschara abroad,’’ 267 authority for Jewish emigration, 261, Haganah, 123–124, 124n.63, 125–126, 263; and the Haganah and illegal 267–268, 272, 274, 284 Jewish immigration to Palestine, 12, Hagen, Herbert, 124n.66, 125, 125n.68, 268, 270–276; and the Lublin 252, 263n.33 reservation, 280 Hakibbutz Hameukad, 267 Ginsberg, Asher, see Achad Ha’am Halberstadt, 221 Ginzburg, Pino, 267–268, 272, 272n.59, Halle, 221, 240 274–275 Hamburger, Ernst, 184, 187, 188, 189 Gleichschaltung, 74, 76, 77 Handbuch der Judenfrage (Handbook of Gleiwitz, 153 the Jewish Question), 27, 27n.55, 66 Goebbels, Joseph, 75, 81, 106, 201 Handelspolitische Abteilung im Goldhagen, Daniel, 4, 4n.5, 16n.16, 19 Auswa¨rtigen Amt, see Trade Policy Goldwasser, Ludwig, 189 Department, German Foreign Ministry Golomb, Jacob, 36 Hannover, 240 Goppingen,€ 166–167 Hanotaiah Ltd., 82–83, 85–87 Goring,€ Hermann, efforts to stop anti- Hantke, Arthur, 47n.9 German boycott and propaganda, 83, Harburg-Wilhelmsburg, 120 165; and Jewish emigration policy, Hashomer Hazair, 174, 221 138, 249, 257, 258, 261n.29, 251, 252, Hauptamt fu¨ r Volksgesundheit der 257, 259, 274, 281n.95; and NSDAP, see Main Ofﬁce for Public centralization of authority in Nazi Health of the NSDAP Jewish policy, 248–249, 252, Havelberg, 240 253–254, 257; and economic policy Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 41 toward German Jews, 248–249, 250, He-Halutz, 115, 150, 152, 211, 219, 220, 254, 258; and Kristallnacht pogrom, 221, 222, 231, 232, 237, 240, 266 252, 254, 272; and occupational Heidehof, 225 retraining and forced labor, 277 Heidelberg, 153 Graetz, Heinrich, 20 Heim, Susanne, 254

Index 315

Help Association of German Jews (HdJ), 228, 239; and Jewish emigration from 161 Austria, 259, 263n.33; and the end of Heman, Carl Friedrich, 16 all Jewish emigration in 1941, 281 Hentig, Werner Otto von, 110–111 Hindenburg, Paul von, 58 Herder, Johann Gottfried, 21–22, 28 Hinkel, Hans, 201, 201n.62 Herzl, Theodor, 2, 4, 7, 35; early Jewish Hinrichs, Walther, 127 opposition to, 36; and anti-Semitism as Hirsch, Otto, 215 support for Zionism, 7, 14, 15, 31, 32, Hirschberg, Alfred, 167, 224 34, 36, 288–289; and anti-Semitism as Hirschfeldt, Adolf, 188–189 cause of Zionism, 31, 32, 34, 34n.84, Histadruth, 219 35, 37, 38, 43; and sources of Zionism, ‘‘historic right of the Jewish people,’’ 41 34–37, 43, 291; and philosophy of Hitachduth Olej Germania, see Nietzsche, 36–37; and Max Nordau, Association of Immigrants from 37–38; and contribution of Der Germany Judenstaat to the Zionist movement, Hitler, Adolf, influence of Alfred 34, 156, 163, 179; and a secular Jewish Rosenberg on, 66, 66n.62 and n.63; state, 39–40; and Gershom Scholem, 43 influence of Theodor Fritsch on, 26n.53 ; Nazi attitudes toward, 63, 69, 285; ; early anti-Semitism of, 61, impact of on German Zionism in the 63–66, 285; and the Ostjuden, 70; and 1930s, 93, 104; and Jewish Zionism, 2, 10, 63, 65, 67, 68, 72, 73, occupational retraining, 208 92, 96, 104, 105, 106, 132, 133, 134, Hess, Moses, 32–35 144, 285, 288, 291; early Jewish policy Hesse, 219 of, 74–76, 84; economic and Jewish Heydrich, Reinhard, 253 (fig. 8.2), 292; policies of, 76, 77, 78, 79, 106, 108, and SD positions on Jewish emigration 156; and Revisionist Zionism, 95, and Nazi Jewish policy, 113, 116, 117; 194–195, 198, 201, 206; and the and role of Zionism in Nazi Jewish Haavara agreement, 99; and policy, 118–119, 139; control of over prohibition of individual acts against Gestapo and SD, 112–113; and use of Jews, 117; and views of England and Hebrew at Jewish events, 152; efforts the British Empire, 128; war plans and of against assimilationist message at Jewish policy of, 134, 245, 246, 284; Jewish events, 172n.64; and Jewish and central control over Jewish policy, occupational retraining, 209, 239; and 5, 249, 252–254, 257, 287; and centralization of Jewish emigration genocide against the Jews, 292; and the under the SS, 138, 253–254, 259, ‘‘final solution’’ and Palestine, 292 261n.29; and dissolution of the Reich Hitlers Zweites Buch (Hitler’s Second Representation of Jews in Germany, Book), 65 262; and illegal Jewish immigration to Hitler Youth, 76, 77n.9, 100 Palestine, 274, 281n.95 Hoofien, Siegfried, 86 Hilberg, Raul, 5, 17n.17 Hovevi Tsyion, see Lovers of Zion Hildesheim, 120 Hilfsverein der deutschen Juden, see Help illegal immigration into Palestine, 12, Association of German Jews (HdJ) 126, 135, 264, 267, 270, 270n.51 and Hillgruber, Andreas, 5 n.53, 271-275, 273 (fig. 8.6), 283, 284, Himmler, Heinrich, 111, 258, 259; 287, 290 accumulation of personal authority of Imendorfler,€ Benno, 71 over all German police, 112, 228n.52; Imperial German Declaration on and Jewish occupational retraining, Palestine, 47–48

316 Index

imperialism, British, 14–15, 46, 69, Jewish Children and Youth Homes, 212 127–128 Jewish Colonization Association (ICA), Insterburg, 150 226, 226n.43 Institute for the Study of the Jewish Jewish community, Berlin, 44, 151, 190, Question, 235, 235n.65 192–194 Institut zum Studium der Judenfrage, see Jewish community, Leipzig, 150, 150n.9 Institute for the Study of the Jewish Jewish community, Munich, 13 Question Jewish community, Palestine (Yishuv), ‘‘integrationists,’’ 18, 20 82, 125, 267, 289 ‘‘intentionalists,’’ 5 Jewish community, Vienna, 221–222, Interior, Reich Ministry of the, 11, 12, 256 (fig. 8.4), 261, 261n.28, 271 75n.6, 80, 81, 83, 86, 96, 101, 108, ‘‘Jewish conspiracy,’’ and Zionism, 18, 109, 111, 112, 115–117, 119, 126, 24–27, 28, 55, 65–68, 71, 84, 89, 99, 128, 131, 132, 139, 146, 225, 226, 127, 127n.75, 129, 130, 172, 285 232, 234–236, 239, 240, 243, 256 Jewish migration, domestic, 136–137, (fig. 8.4), 258, 259, 261n.29, 287 262–263 Israel, state of, 7, 8, 9, 13, 126 Jewish National Fund, 155n.23, 159 Der Israelit, 107n.2 Jewish National Home, 40, 41, 48–50, Israelitische Kultusgemeinde, Wien, see 50n.20, 52, 53, 57, 66, 67, 71, 73, 80, Jewish Community, Vienna 82, 83, 85, 88, 91, 108, 110, 120, 127, Israelitisches Gemeindeblatt, 195 148, 152, 153n.21, 167, 272, 278, 286 Das Israelitische Wochenblatt fu¨r die Jewish organizations, dissolution of, 172, Schweiz, 204 189, 243, 250–251, 252, 260, 261, Isto´ czy, Gyoz€ o,€ 17 262n.31, 265 Italy, 227, 271, 280 Jewish Peoples’ League, 192n.37 Ivria Bank, 194, 205, 205n.74 Jewish Peoples’ Party, 190, 192n.37, 194 Jabotinsky, Vladimir, Zionist philosophy ‘‘The Jewish Question as a Factor in of, 42, 42n.111, 181n.1; and Foreign Policy in 1938’’ 248 international anti-German economic Jewish schools, 94, 107, 115, 120, 122, boycott, 99, 181, 184; and opposition 148, 151, 151n.14, 152, 177, 207, 209, to the Haavara agreement, 99, 181; and 225, 261 split with the German Revisionist Jewish self defense, 51–60, 51n.25, 62, Zionists, 183–185, 188; and separation 90, 123, 145, 166, 169, 243, 286 from the World Zionist Organization, Jewish state, Hitler apologists and, 9; 182–184, 186, 188, 196n.49; and nineteenth-century anti-Semites and, creation of the New Zionist 17, 20, 24, 27, 29; nineteenth-century Organization, 187, 195, 203; and ‘‘liberals’’ and, 22; early Zionist plans Georg Kareski, 196, 197 for, 3, 10, 33–35, 39–44; and German- Ja¨ckel, Eberhard, 5 Jewish patriotism during World War I, Jewish Agency for Palestine, 8n.15, 11, 46, 49; and German Zionists during the 12, 58, 84, 88n.42, 98, 99, 100, 102, Weimar Republic, 109, 122, 138, 140, 148, 152, 155, 57–58; Hitler and early Nazi views on, 160, 161, 176, 177n.80, 178, 179, 65–66, 68, 71–73; Feivel Polkes and 210n.10, 227, 237, 239, 252, 265, 269 Zionist hopes for the establishment of, (fig. 8.5), see also Palestine Office of the 124–125; opposition of the Nazis to, Jewish Agency for Palestine 126–134, 144, 196, 258–259, 279, Jewish Agriculture e.V., 211 287–288, 290, 292; Haavara and the

Index 317

establishment of, 130–132; the SD and Ju¨ dische Rundschau, 45, 46, 47, 49, 51, the Gestapo on, 131, 132, 135, 136, 53, 55, 59, 61, 62, 89, 91, 97, 101, 139, 140, 144; and conflict between the 171, 175, 176 (fig. 5.3), 183, 190, 191, ZVfD and the State Zionists, 189, 197, 224 197n.54; Revisionist Zionist views on, Das ju¨ dische Volk, 194, 205 185, 196–197, 198, 203 Ju¨ dische Volkspartei, see Jewish Peoples Jewish State Party, 186, 186n.19 and Party n.20, 187, 188, 203 Ju¨ discher Pfadfinderbund ‘‘Makkabi Jewish State Zionism, 42 Hazair,’’ 151, 221 Jewish Telegraphic Agency, 96 Justice, Reich Ministry of, 80, 116 Jewish war veterans, see Reich League of Jewish War Veterans (RjF) Kadima, 220 Jewish youth, and World War I, 45; and Kalischer, Rabbi Zvi Hirsch, 32 Zionism during the Weimar Republic, Kant, Immanuel, 22 50–51; and the political left in Kareski, Georg, 187 (fig. 6.1); Nuremberg Germany, 60, 174, 231; growing Racial Laws and 1935 interview of popularity of Zionism among, with Der Angriff, 106–108, 201–202; 101–103, 120, 146, 150, 175, 207, 220 and formation of the State Zionist ; and He-Halutz, 115, 150, 152, 211, Organization, 187, 188, 194; and 219, 231, 266; and Revisionist conflict with the ZVfD, 188–190, Zionism, 122, 151, 152, 184, 188, 193, 190n.28, 192–194; and the Jewish 200, 202, 202n.63, 203, 206, 251; and Peoples Party, 190, 192, 192n.37; and Youth Aliyah, 122, 178n.81, 212, 242; the Catholic Centre Party, 191; and the Zionist focus on, 148–149, 152–153, question of contact with the NSDAP, 162–163, 283; CV and, 167, 169n.56, 191–192; criticism of within the Jewish 170; RjF and, 172; and occupational community, 192–193; and the RVt, retraining, 118, 144, 150–151, 193, 198; and the case against the 168n.54, 169, 207–228, 211, 213 HOG in Jerusalem, 191, 194, (fig. 7.1), 214 (fig. 7.2), 215 (fig. 7.3), 204–205, 204–205n.72, 205n.74; and 216 (fig. 7.4), 217 (fig. 7.5), 218 the Haavara agreement, 195, 200; and (fig. 7.6), 287, 290; RVt and, 177, 209; the anti-German economic boycott, and Nazi policy toward, 123, 228–244 195–200; and Jabotinsky’s New Jewish Youth League (Werkleute), Zionist Organization, 196; and the Peel 221 Commission report, 196–197; activist Jews, Eastern European, 24, 30, 47, 51, approach of with the Nazi regime, 190, 64, 70, 82, 91, 100, 150, 167, 178, 194, 197–199, 200, 201, 201n.62, 202, 190, 272, 279, 282 203, 204, 206; and the establishment of Jews in German schools, 207, 245–246 a central Jewish emigration authority, Jews, minority status of, 54, 92–95, 114, 95, 200; and the Reich Citizenship 136, 172, 228 Law, 201; and SD intelligence Der Judenstaat (The Jewish State), 7, operations, 203–204 34–36, 156, 179 Karthaus, Wolfgang, 274 Ju¨ dische Kinder- und Jugendheime, see Katzenelson, Berl, 91 Jewish Children and Youth Homes Keren Hajessod, see Jewish National Ju¨ dische Kunstler-Spiele, Vienna, 154 Fund (fig. 5.2) Keren Torah Wa’awoda, Hamburg, 211 Ju¨ dische Landwirtschaft e.V., see Jewish Kershaw, Ian, 63 Agriculture e.V. Klee, Alfred, 247 (fig. 8.2)

318 Index

Klemperer, Victor, 8n.14, 13 La Libre Parole, 35 Koblenz, 230 Lichtheim, Richard, 182–187, 182n.3, Kohn, Hans, 41n.106 183n.12, 192, 204 Koster,€ Adolf, 49 Liebenstein, Eliezer, 102–103 Kraus, Karl, 36 Liskowsky, Oskar, 106–107, 201 Kreutzberger, Max, 194n.43 Lithuania, 227, 281 Kreuzburg, 238 Loebenstein, Friedrich, 149 Kreuzzeitung, 22 Loewe, Heinrich, 46 Kristallnacht pogrom, 77n.9, 138, 140, Loewenstein, Fritz, 194n.43 157, 162, 176, 177, 243, 245, 252, Lokal-Anzeiger, 100 254, 261, 267, 274 Losener,€ Bernhard, 108, 139 Krojanker, Gustav, 62n.51 Louis Napoleon III, 14 Kulturverband der deutschen Juden, see Lovers of Zion, 39 Cultural Association of German Jews Lowenherz,€ Josef, 138, 261n.28 Lowenstein,€ Leo, 170–171, 172, 173 Labor, Reich Ministry of, 227, 233, 236, Lublin reservation, 280 238 Lueger, Karl, 34, 36, 63 de Lagarde, Paul, 25–26 Luther, Martin, 21, 21n.31 Lammers, Hans Heinrich, 158n.34 Landauer, Georg, 103, 137, 145, 146, Madagascar Plan, 246, 254, 278, 280, 162, 174, 175n.74, 177, 179–180, 193 282 Landesverband der Zionisten- Magdeburg, 153, 211, 221 Revisionisten in Deutschland, see Magnes, Judah, 38, 41 Association of Zionists-Revisionists in Main Office for Public Health of the Germany (LZRD) NSDAP, 238–239 Landsberg, Alfred, 54 Mainz, 143 (ﬁg. 4.3) Law for the Protection of German Blood Makkabi, 151, 155 and Honor, see Nuremberg Laws Mandate for Palestine, Weimar support Law Regarding the Legal Status of Jewish for, 49–51, 50n.20; immigration Associations, 251 requirements of, 87, 229, 237, 265, Law for the Restoration of the 270; Nazi policy toward, 110, 111; Professional Civil Service, 109n.6, 157, relations of German Zionists with, 153; 159 Revisionist Zionists and, 185; and the lawyers, Jewish, 158, 245, 260 Peel Partition Plan, 196; and Zionist- League of Anti-Semites, 23 British disputes over immigration League of German-Jewish Youth, quotas, 271; and the end of Haavara, 169n.57 276 League of Nations, 90, 94, 110, 127 Mandates Commission, 110 Lehnitz, 155 Marburg, 141 (ﬁg. 4.1) Lehrfreund, Ludwig, 153n.21 Marcus, Ernst, 110n.12, 229 Leipzig, 12, 120, 121, 149–150, 150n.9, Marr, Wilhelm, 18n.21, 20, 23–24, 152, 153, 155, 177, 220, 221, 240 24n.42, 26 Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, 3 Marxism, 60, 191, 204n.71, 205 Leuss, Hans, 29 Massing, Paul, 4 Levine, Herbert, 190 ‘‘Material on the Palestine Policy of the Levy, Ernst, 194n.43 CV, Prepared by the Leadership,’’ 167 Levy, Siegmund, 211–212 Mecklenburg, Georg, 50 Ley, Robert, 239 Melchett, Lord, 96

Index 319

Meyer, Franz, 145, 177, 178, 215, 241 Nordau, Max, 37–38, 40, 42 Mildenstein, Leopold von, 113, 113n.20, Nordmann, Johannes, 23 123 Nuremberg Laws, 106–108, 107n.2, mixed marriage, 29, 107–108, 107n.2, 116–117, 158, 164, 169, 170, 201, 116, 117, 168, 201 202, 212, 223–224 Moltke, Helmuth von, 15 Nussbaum, Meinhold, 194n.43 Mommsen, Theodor, 16, 20 Moses, Siegfried, 145, 192, 194, 205 occupational retraining, Jewish, 118, 144, Mossad le aliyah bet, see Committee for 150–151, 168–169, 207–228, 213 (fig. Illegal Immigration 7.1), 214 (fig. 7.2), 215 (fig. 7.3), 216 Mosse, George, 6, 7 (fig. 7.4), 217 (fig. 7.5), 218 (fig. 7.6); Mu¨ ller, Heinrich, 264–265 Zionist initiatives for, 94, Munich, 13, 238, 240 103, 105, 148, 150, 153, 227–228, 266 ‘‘Muskeljudentum,’’ 37, 40 ; and Zionist ideology, 207–208, Der Mythus des 20. Jahrhunderts (The 219–220; Revisionist Zionism and, Myth of the 20th Century), 68 199, 200; Zionist occupational retraining sites and programs, name changes, Jewish, 245 211–222, 222n.29, 225–226, 242, 266, Napoleon, 14 278; RVt involvement in, Nathan der Weise (Nathan the Wise), 3 208–210, 225, 241; RVe involvement National Youth Herzlia, 122, 151, 188, in, 261–262, 266, 277; financial 202, 202n.63, 206 support for, 210–211; non-Zionist Naudh, H., see Nordmann, Johannes support for, 168n.54, 169–170, Nazi economic policy, 76–80, 80n.18; 223–225; and non-Zionist camp at and the Jews, see anti-Jewish Gross-Breesen, 168n.54, 225–226; and legislation; aryanization; Barkai, stateless Jews engaged in, 223; and sites Avraham; boycotts, anti-German; and programs in Austria, 221–222; and boycotts, anti-Jewish; ‘‘Decree for the programs outside Germany, Elimination of the Jews from the 226–227; Nazi encouragement of, Economic Life of Germany;’’ ‘‘Decree 130, 132, 152, 228–229, 240, 266, for the Registration of the Property of 284, 287; and ORT, 211, 211n.26, the Jews;’’ economic decline, Jewish; 244; Gestapo support for, 114–115, Economics, Reich Ministry of; forced 122, 123, 223, 225, 228–229, labor; Four Year Plan 1936; Genschel, 234–238, 240; Nazi criticism of, Helmut; Goring,€ Hermann; Haavara 229–234, 238–239; and illegal Transfer Agreement; Hanotaiah Ltd.; immigration to Palestine, 267–268, 272 Labor, Reich Ministry of; Reichsbank ; and wartime forced labor, 268, Neuendorf, 222 276–277 Der neue Weg (The New Way), 153 Olympic Games 1936, 118 Neurath, Constantin von, 79, 83, 109, Oppeln, 101 128, 129n.79, 280 Oppenheimer, Franz, 47n.9 ‘‘New Plan,’’ 79 Order Police (ORPO), 112 New Zionist Organization, 181, 195, 196 Organization for the Distribution of Niederschonhausen,€ 242 Artisanal and Agricultural Skills for the Nietzsche, Friedrich, 36–37 Jews of Russia (ORT), 221n.26 Niewyk, Donald, 18–20 orthodox Jews, 13, 32, 54, 68, 69, 72, 96, Noar Agudati, 221 107n.2, 145, 211, 220, 221 ‘‘non-aryan Christians,’’ see Plankstetten Ottoman Empire, 14, 15, 46, 47

320 Index

Overseas Organization, NSDAP, 75n.6, ‘‘Protocols of the Elders of Zion,’’ 52, 55, 128, 130, 133 67 Prussian State Association of Jewish Pala¨stinaamt, see Palestine Office of the Communities, 55 Jewish Agency for Palestine Pudor, Heinrich, 29 Pala¨stinadeutsche, see German Christian community, Palestine Rabbinical Council, Germany, 13 Pala¨stina-Treuhandstelle zur Beratung Rabbinical Court, Jerusalem, 190n.28, deutscher Juden G.m.b.H., see Palestine 191, 194, 202 Trust Office for Advising German Jews ‘‘race defilement,’’ 232, 235, 236 G.m.b.H. Rassenschande, see ‘‘race defilement’’ Palestine Office of the Jewish Agency for Rathenau, Walther, 53 Palestine, 138, 140, 147 (fig. 5.1), 148, Ratibor, 221 155, 160, 161, 176, 177, 179, 188, Die Raüber (The Robbers), 22 210n.10, 227, 237, 239, 241, 252, 265, Reich Air Ministry meeting, 12 266, 268, 269 (fig. 8.5), 271, 275, 276, November 1938, 252, 259 see also Jewish Agency for Palestine Reich Air Ministry meeting, 6 December Palestine Trust Office for Advising 1938, 254, 257 German Jews G.m.b.H., 87–88 Reich Association for German Youth Palmerston, Lord, 15 Hostels e.V., 231 Pan German League, 28 Reich Association of Jewish Cultural passports, Jewish, 245, 271 Leagues, 201n.62 Paulus, Heinrich Eberhard, 23 Reich Association of Jews in Germany Pernersdorfer, Engelbert, 16 (RVe), 177, 200, 249, 252, 260n.27, Pfundtner, Hans, 234–236 261, 262, 262n.31, 263, 283, 288 physicians, Jewish, 158, 162, 245, 260 Reich Central Office for Jewish Pilger, Hans, 110 Emigration, Berlin, 254, 257, 261, Pinsker, Leon, 32, 33–35, 38, 39, 42, 43 261n.29, 262, 263; branches in other Plankstetten, 240 German cities, 263 Plaut, Leo, 62 Reich Chancellory meeting, 5 November Poland, 21, 130, 227, 246, 271, 278, 279, 1937, 246 280, 281, 281n.94, 282 ‘‘Reich Citizenship Law,’’ see Nuremberg Political Police, Bavarian, 112, 228 Laws political Zionism, 13, 36, 38, 39–41, 43, Reich Employment Bureau, 276–277 123 Reichert, Franz, 123–126 Polkes, Feivel, 123–126, 124n.63 Reich Farmers’ Bureau, 241, 242 Pollack, Hubert, 187 Reich Flight Tax, 156 Pommerania, 101 Reich League of Jewish War Veterans Potsdam, 223, 231, 240 (RjF), 56, 96, 118–119, 120, 158, 169, practical Zionism, 40, 42 170–174, 208, 211, 212, 225, 251, Prague, 179, 268, 269 (fig. 8.5) 252 preparation camps, 212 Reich Office for Currency Management, Prinz, Rabbi Joachim, 93–94, 152–153, 88 155n.23 Reich Representation of German Jews/ Propaganda, Reich Ministry of, 75, 80, Reich Representation of Jews in 81, 86, 115, 201, 235, 235n.65 Germany (RVt), 104, 158, 160, 177, protestants, conservative, 22 208, 209, 225, 252, 258, 261; and protestants, liberal, 22–23 work against the anti-German boycott,

Index 321

95–96; role of Zionists in, 103, 164, Reinharz, Jehuda, 54 169, 171, 174, 179, 214–215; and Revisionist World Union, 181, 183 Jewish emigration and occupational Revisionist Zionism, see Association of retraining, 209–212, 215, 221, 223, German Zionists-Revisionists (VdZR); 225, 226, 232, 233, 241; and Jewish Association of Zionists-Revisionists in education, 145, 209–210; and Germany (LZRD); Kareski, Georg; communal conflict, 163, 164, 169, 171, New Zionist Organization; Revisionist 173; opposition of State Zionists to, World Union; and State Zionist 188, 193, 194, 198, 200, 201n.62; Organization dissolution of, 261–262 Rom und Jerusalem (Rome and Reichsanstalt fu¨ r Arbeitsvermittlung und Jerusalem), 32–33, 34 Arbeitslosenversicherung, see Reich Rosenberg, Alfred, and ‘‘Protocols of the Employment Bureau Elders of Zion,’’ 52; and views on Reichsbank, 79, 80, 80n.18, 86, 87, 88, Bolshevism, 66; and influence on 115, 117, 131 Hitler, 66, 66n.62 and n.63; and Reichsbund ju¨ discher Frontsoldaten, see position on Zionism, 67–70, 72–73; Reich League of Jewish War Veterans and the Arabs, 71n.83; and minority (RjF) status for Jews, 95; and response to the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA), 113, Peel Commission report, 131–133; and 253 (fig. 8.2), 264, 280 Jewish emigration to Palestine, 133, Reichsfluchtsteuer, see Reich Flight Tax 144; and deportation of Jews to Reichsfu¨ hrer-SS and Chief of the German Madagascar, 279, 280 Police, 112, 281 Rosenblu¨ th, Felix, 54 Reichsna¨hrstand, see Reich Farmers’ Rosenblu¨ th, Martin, 93–94, 114, 146, Bureau 156, 159, 174, 176n.76, 177 Reichssicherheitshauptamt, see Reich Rosenfeld, Julius, 194n.43 Security Main Office (RSHA) Royal (Peel) Commission, 126–127, 131, Reichstag elections, September 1930, 56, 133, 133n.91, 135, 196–197, 197n.54, 57 288 Reichstag elections, July 1932, 58, 59 Rumania, 130, 274, 275, 279 Reichsverband fu¨ r deutsche Ruppel, Julius, 110 Jugendherbergen e.V., see Reich Ruppin, Arthur, 41n.106, 179, 247 Association for German Youth Hostels (fig. 8.1) e.V. Ruppin, Kurt, 194n.43 Reichsverband ju¨ discher Kulturbu¨ nde, see Reich Association of Jewish Cultural SA (storm troopers) (Sturmabteilung), 76, Leagues 77n.9, 90, 100, 115 Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Schacht, Hjalmar, 79, 80n.18, 82, 117, Deutschland, see Reich Association of 248, 250 Jews in Germany (RVe) Der Schild, 172–173 Reichsvertretung der deutschen Juden/ Schiller, Friedrich, 22 Reichsvertretung der Juden in Schleunes, Karl, 5, 75, 78, 249, 249n.10 Deutschland, see Reich Representation Schloss, Justus, 184, 187, 188 of German Jews/Reich Representation Schmidt-Rolke, Hans, 110 of Jews in Germany (RVt) Schneidel, Josef, 247 (fig. 8.1) Reichzentrale fu¨ rju¨ dische Schniebinchen bei Sommerfeld, 212 Auswanderung, see Reich Central Schnitzler, Arthur, 36 Office for Jewish Emigration, Berlin Scholem, Gershom, 41n.106, 42–43

322 Index

Schonerer,€ Georg von, 16, 36, 63 social democracy, and German Zionism, Schorske, Carl, 36 107, 181n.1, 190, 191, 231, 231n.57 Schulmann, Max, 188n.24, 199, 203 Society for Manual Labor, 221 Schumburg, Emil, 248, 264 Sombart, Werner, 30 Das Schwarze Korps, 119, 131, 280 South America, 79, 135, 155n.23, 219, SD, Security Service of the SS, 11, 12, 226 111–113, 113n.20 and n.21, 115, 117, SS (Schutzstaffel), see SD; Gestapo 285; and Zionism, 118, 120, 120n.44, Der Staatsfeindliche Zionismus (The 121, 123, 135, 139–140, 268, 285; and Zionist Enemy of the State), 67–68 Haavara, 132, 265; and Revisionist Der Staatszionist, 188, 188n.24, 194n.44, Zionism, 196, 203; and concentration 196, 199 of German Jews in large cities, Staatszionistische Organisation, see State 262–263; and a Jewish state, 125, Zionist Organization 135–136, 139–140; and Jewish Stahl, Heinrich, 247 (fig. 8.1) occupational retraining, 209, ‘‘Statement of the Zionist Federation for 215–216, 228–230, 239, 243; and Germany on the Position of the Jews in assimilationist Jewish organizations, the New German State,’’ 92, 93, 95 118–120, 136, 251–252, 278; and State Zionist Organization, 181, 184, centralization of authority in Nazi 185, 187, 188, 188n.24, 193–197, Jewish policy, 135, 137–138, 194n.44, 199, 203, 205, 206, 251 253–254, 257, 259–263, 261n.29; and Steckelsdorf, 221 anti-Jewish violence, 115–116; and Stellvertreter des Fu¨ hrers, Office of, 126, impact of economic policy on Jewish 131, 239 emigration, 258–259; and Feivel Polkes ‘‘Stern,’’ 84, 84n.30 and Haganah, 12, Stern, Heinrich, 192 123–126, 125n.68, 203–204; and Stern, Siegfried, 195n.48 Central Office for Jewish Emigration in Stettin, 101 Vienna, 137–138, 140, 245, 254, 257, Stocker,€ Adolf, 93 259–263, 259n.25, 263n.33; and illegal Strasser, Gregor, 62, 62n.52, 191, Jewish immigration to Palestine, 191n.34, 192 270–275; and Kristallnacht pogrom, Strasser, Otto, 62, 62n.52 138, 140; and establishment of the Streicher, Julius, 72, 280 RVe, 261–262, 266, 268, 270, 277; and ‘‘structuralists,’’ 5 Madagascar, 280, 282; and the end of Stuckart, Wilhelm, 126 Jewish emigration, 281, 281n.95 Der Stu¨ rmer, 280 Secret State Police, see Gestapo Stuttgart, 146, 148, 198 Security Police (SIPO), 112, 113 Sudetenland, 180, 257, 260 ‘‘segregationists,’’ 18, 20 Sweden, 227 Shaftsbury, Lord, 15 Switzerland, 227 Shimoni, Gideon, 34n.84 Sicherheitsdienst, see SD, Security Service Talaat Pasha, 47 of SS Talmud-Torah School, Hamburg, 211 Le Sie`cle, 37 Tempel, Walter, 176n.76 Silber, Boris, 187 Tiger Hill, 273 (fig. 8.6) Simon, Ernst, 41n.106 Trade Policy Department, German Singen, 142 (fig. 4.2) Foreign Ministry, 133 Sobernheim, Moritz, 47n.9 transit visas for Palestine, 264–265, social Darwinism, 28 271–272, 274, 281

Index 323

Transjordan, 181n.1, 196 Wassermann, A.E., Berlin, 87 Traub, Michael, 145, 159 Weizmann, Chaim, 40, 58, 59, 61, 98, Treitschke, Heinrich von, 16, 20, 29 100, 102, 137, 153, 181n.1, 197 Trust and Transfer Office Haavara Ltd., Weizsa¨cker, Ernst von, 128, 133 88 Weltsch, Robert, 41n.106, 55, 62n.51, 91, 101, 175, 176 (fig. 5.3), 190, Umschulungslager, see occupational 190n.30, 191 retraining, Jewish Werkleute, Bund ju¨ discher Jugend, see United States, 69, 83, 84, 93, 96n.66, 213 Jewish Youth League (Werkleute) (fig. 7.1), 226, 275 Werner-Kaufmann-Heim, 231–232 Upper Silesia, 101, 221, 238 Wildt, Michael, 77n.9 Wilhelm II, Kaiser, 15, 46 Verband deutscher Zionisten- ‘‘winter assistance,’’ 159 Revisionisten, see Association of Winterhilfe, see ‘‘winter assistance’’ German Zionists-Revisionists (VdZR) Wise, Rabbi Stephen, 41 Verband nationaldeutscher Juden, see Wisliceny, Dieter, 113n.20 Association of National German Jews Wolff, Heinrich, 80, 81–86, 81 (fig. 3.1) (VnJ) Woltmann, Ludwig, 29 Vereinigung fu¨ r das religios-liberale€ Women’s International Zionist Judentum, see Association for Organization (WIZO), 122, 149, 212 Religious-Liberal Jewry (VrJ) Working Group for Children and Youth ‘‘Verordnung u¨ ber die Anmeldung des Aliyah, 122 Vermogens€ von Juden,’’ see ‘‘Decree on Working Group of Jewish Youth the Registration of the Property of the Organizations, 220 Jews’’ World Union of Zionists-Revisionists, 99, ‘‘Verordnung zur Ausschaltung der Juden 181–183 aus dem deutschen Wirtschaftsleben,’’ World Zionist Congress, Basel 1897, 13, see ‘‘Decree for the Elimination of the 35, 38–40 Jews from the Economic Life of World Zionist Congress, Prague 1933, Germany’’ 81, 93n.60, 98–99, 177n.80, 185, ‘‘Verordnung des Reichspra¨sidenten zum 195 Schutze von Volk und Staat,’’ see World Zionist Congress, Lucerne 1935, ‘‘Decree of the Reich President for the 123, 238 Protection of the People and the State’’ World Zionist Congress, Zu¨rich 1937, Versailles Peace Treaty, 67 123 Vienna, anti-Semitism in, 34, 34n.84, World Zionist Organization (WZO), 11, 63 12, 48, 50, 82, 88, 99, 100, 104, Vital, David, 7 177n.80, 181, 182, 182n.3, 183–186, volkisch€ , 1, 1n.1, 2, 6, 7, 21, 29, 42, 43, 186n.21, 196n.49, 197n.54, 285 95, 291 Wundt, Wilhelm Max, 29 Volkischer€ Beobachter, 66, 66n.63, 67, Wu¨rttemberg, 101, 146, 148 69, 70, 71, 72, 77, 98, 100 Yishuv, see Jewish Community in Wagner, Richard, 19, 20 Palestine Wahrmund, Adolf, 25 Yospetel, Giora, 272n.59 Wannsee, 266 Youth Aliyah, 122, 178n.81, 212, 242 Warburg, M.M., Hamburg, 87 Yugoslavia, 227, 271, 272, 281, Warburg, Otto, 47n.9 281n.95

324 Index

Zeire Misrachi, 221 early contact with the Nazis, 61–62; Zentralausschuss der deutschen Juden fu¨ r and opposition to anti-German Hilfe und Aufbau, see Central boycotts, 84, 96, 99, 110; and Committee of German Jews for Haavara, 86–89; overtures of to the Assistance and Construction Nazi regime, 91–95, 104, 110; impact Zentralstelle fu¨ rju¨dische Auswanderung, of Nazi Jewish policy on, 100–101; and Wien, see Central Office for Jewish leadership claims in the German Jewish Emigration, Vienna community, 102–103, 146, Zentralstelle fu¨ rju¨ dische Wirtschaftshilfe, 166, 168; growth of during the 1930s, see Central Office for Jewish Economic 101, 146, 159; and communal conflict, Assistance 163–174; and conflict with German Zionist ‘‘educational courses,’’ 155 Revisionists, 107, 169, 174, 181, 182, Zionist Executive, Berlin, 45 184, 185n.17, 188, 189–206; and Zionist Executive, London, 182, 184, economic decline, 156–163; and Jewish 185, 186n.20, 204n.71 occupational retraining, Zionist Federation for Germany (ZVfD), 239–241; isolation and disintegration, 11, 12, 31, 51, 60, 61, 81, 90, 103, 162, 174–180; dissolution of, 140, 104, 107, 109, 110, 110n.12, 121, 122, 172, 251, 252, 252n.19 138, 145, 148, 149, 152, 153, 155, Zionistische Rundschau, 138 175n.74, 208, 210n.10, 212, 215, 265, Zionistische Vereinigung fu¨ r 285; and the First World War, 45–46; Deutschland, see Zionist Federation for position of on the Balfour Declaration, Germany 46; program of during the Weimar ‘‘Zionists and RjF, Especially their Republic, 48–49; growth of during the Cooperation in the Reich Weimar years, 49–51; and governments Representation of German Jews,’’ of the Weimar Republic, 171 49–50; and Jewish self-defense against Zionist ‘‘working groups,’’ 146, 146n.2, anti-Semitism, 53–60; and question of 148