July 7, 1969 EXTENSIONS. OF REMARKS 18497 E.XTENSIO·NS OF' REMARKS THE FOURTH OF JULY What is the battle cry today? The through the old port of Idianola, brought same as it was in 1776, in 1865, and all up in a devout Catholic home with five the great years of American history: brothers and two sisters on the banks of HON. MARIO BIAGGI "That all men are created equal, that San Pedro Creek in the near West Side of OF San Antonio, was a late living embodiment they are endowed by their Creator with of the greatness that is America. When he IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESE~TATIVES certain unalienable rights." died suddenly and peacefully on Columbus Monday, July 7, 1969 Let us go forth to insure the realim­ Day, 1968, at the height of a brilliant career, tion of this noble idea, in the name of he entered not only into the rolls of Saints Mr. BIAGGI. Mr. Speaker, our na­ the men it is a God-given honor to re­ of God, which was his first concern, but tional holidays are occasions of more call and revere, today and every day. into the halls of honor especially reserved than passing interest to anyone familiar for those who combine the great lawyer, the with American traditions, for they rep­ great public servant, the great judge, the resent the wisdom of the past, all of great Texan and the great American. which is vital to our current under­ Educated after Catholic secondary schools standing. TRIBUTE TO JUDGE PAUL J. at St. Mary's University in San Antonio and KILDAY Georgetown University Law School in Wash­ There is, for instance, a lesson to be ington, D.C., Paul Kilday returned to his learned from the grand tradition of the beloved. San Antonio to begin his professional Fourth of July: That the magnificence HON. RALPH YARBOROUGH career, in which he was soon joined by his of American nationality could never have OF TEXAS lovely, delightful and able wife, Cecile New­ been secured without unity-the willing­ ton. From his marriage to this charming and ness to submerge all minor disagree­ IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES highly competent woman, sister of the fabled Monday, July 7, 1969 former San Antonio sheriff Alfonso Newton ments in the interest of the common Jr., he was blessed with two loving and good. Mr. YARBOROUGH. Mr. President, lovely daughters, Mary Catherine and Betty This surely is one lesson that ·we, as a I call to the attention of the Senate Ann, who were always his love and his de­ people, have learned. the passing of a former Member of Con­ light. On this occasion-Independence Day, gress and a great Texan, Judge Paul As a dynamic and effective practitioner 1969-all Americans close ranks, free of J. Kilday. His record of public serv­ in the firm of Kilday and Howard, his per­ discord, in response to the stirring pres­ ice stands as a tribute to patriotism and formance was such that he was the obvious sures of the moment and the clarion call and only conceivable choice for the post of love of his country. His preeminence First Assistant Criminal District Attorney of our national destiny. Political fac­ on military affairs and military justice at the beginning of the reform administra­ tions mean nothing on this day, for while serving from 1939 to 1961 on the tion of Criminal District Attorney John R. there is in the air the sound of universal House Armed Services Committee was Shook on January 1, 1935. It was then that rejoicing that this land, our Nation, re­ earned through his efforts for the major I became his colleague and his intimate and mains free and unswervingly devoted to military measures of our time, among devoted friend while we were fellow prose­ defense of freedom everywhere. them historic paybills and the extreme­ cutors in the Criminal District Court of Judge In keeping with the bipartisan nature W. W. McCrory. Those were great days with ly important Uniform Code of Military a great lawyer. Paul Kilday was first and last of the day, it is appropriate, I think, to Justice. His proven knowledge, ability, a lawyer. His reverence for the law; his high recall the views of Abraham Lincoln, the and fairness led to his appointment by dedication to the noblest ideals of the pro­ first Republican President of the United President John F. in 1961 to fession; his energy and imagination in in­ States, respecting the basic political the Court of Military Appeals. His syn­ vestigation and preparation; his almost clair­ ideals of Thomas Jefferson, the first thesis of the need for law and order voyant brllliance in tactics, strategy, and Democratic President. In setting forth, in military organizations with the equal­ cross-examination; and his Old Testament as author of the Declaration of Inde­ ly pressing need for fair trial and due prophet force and sincerity in summation pendence, the propos1tion that "all men made him t~e greatest trial lawyer I have process has earned for him a place in ever known-looking back over this now are created equal," Jefferson won the the hearts of men serving in the mil­ three and one-half decades at the bar. Our undying respect of Lincoln who said in itary. work together through more than three hun­ this regard: His honors, befitting his labors, were dred contested jury trials of hand-picked All honor to Jefferson-to the man who. many: the Air Force Association's Ci­ cases saw less than a dozen acquittals-and in the concrete pressure of a struggle for tation of Honor, the Army Times Ac­ with severe prison sentences and seven death national independence by a single people, complishment Award, honorary mem­ penalties saw a dramatic decline in the crime had the coolness, foresight, and capacity to rate and the murder rate in Bexar County. introduce into a merely revolutionary docu­ bership in the Fleet Reserve Associa­ When they tell you punishment doesn't deter, ment, a.n abstract truth, appllcable to all tion, the Honor Bell by the Military don't you believe it. Paul Kilday knew better. men and -all times, and so to embalm it Order of the Carabao, honorary life Yet he was a man of great kindness, there, that today, and in all coming days, membership in the Reserve Officers As­ warmth and compassion. There lives in San it shall be a rebuke and a stumbling block sociation, the Veterans' of Forei~ Wars Antonio today a good, sound citizen who to the very harbingers of reappearing tyr­ Gold Medal of Merit and an honorary was under a death penalty for a senseless, anny and oppression. unprovoked murder in an East Commerce doctor of laws degree from St. Mary's Street bar. Paul Kilday called me in the No one could say it better than Abra­ University in San Antonio, Tex. late hours one night and said: "That is not ham Lincoln; many have seen fit to sec­ He was a man of stature, strength, a death penalty case. We can't live with ond his remarks and to join in his praise courage, patience, and wisdom. He was ourselves 1f he dies. We must go to the of Jefferson, who in fact sounded a ral­ a man of great love for his family, his Board of Pardons and Parole." We left in lying cry for all mankind, that is still, community, his State, his country, in­ the hours before dawn the next morning today, heard around the world. deed, for all men. He was a great Amer­ for Austin. We asked the Board to com­ ican. mute the sentence and they did. We all are well aware that the forces In a fabulous campa.ign in which he as­ of evil and corruption are fully as ener­ Mr. President, I ask unanimous con­ sumed the fam111ar role of prosecutor and getic as those of peace and decency, law sent that the article, "Paul J. Kilday, a made his opponent and the incumbent, the and order. We all are well aware that Texas Portrait" by Leroy Jeffers, pub­ late and fiery Maury Maverick, the defend­ from the moment . this country was lished in the May 1969 issue of the TeJC­ ant, Paul was elected to Congress in 1938. founded, the forces of hate, of privilege, as Bar Journal be printed in the Ex­ My principal contribution was a volume of of outr:age and mischief have endeav­ tensions of Remarks. an actually delightful (though most tact­ ored-sometimes openly, sometimes cov­ There being no objection, the article less) autobiography entitled "A Maverick was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, American" which I autographed: "To my ertly-to seize control of our Govem­ great friend, Paul J. Kilday, on the occasion ment. That they have not succeeded is as follows: · of his candidacy for Congress. 'Would that the result of a thousand battles and a PAUL J. KILDAY mine adversary would write a book.' " Paul, thousand victories by those to whom the (By Leroy Jeffers) like a prosecutor, harried Maury with extracts views of Lincoln and the views of Jef­ Paul J. Kilday, born in Sabinal of Irish from his intemperate volume throughout the ferson stand as montHllental truth. immigrant parents wllo came to Texas campaign. In a final fiurry he concluded 18498 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 7, 1969 his closing campaign address in Maverick analytical mind. He loved the law. He could of an aviation trust fund, similar to the Park by shouting "It's trash" and flinging see the innermost things in the thinking highway trust fund we now have. Con­ the book into the audience (where through of those who wrote it, and he too wrote good tributions into this fund would come pre-arrangement it was retrieved for pos- · law. He was at home on the court, because terity). Though it was desperately close-­ he knew the military law. He was an author­ from virtually all classes of aviation and in the days before voting machines, ity on the tactics and the strategies of the users, and include increasing the pas­ hung on a thread until late Sunday after­ military armies of all civilizations, particu­ senger tax from 5 to 8 percent; levying noon-Paul won to the strains of his great larly our own, and our own military. A most a 2-cent-per-gallon fuel and gasoline campaign refrain "When Irish Eyes Are unusual man was Paul Kilday, thoroughly tax on commercial airlines; and an 8- Smiling." dedicated to what was good for America." cent-per-gallon tax on general aviation; Paul Kilday, always the lawyer, served his Congressman Gonzalez, who succeeded creating a 3-percent air freight tax; and district, his country, and his God in the Paul Kilday in Congress, declared that the authorizing a U.S. Treasury contribution Congress of the United States and especial­ name of Paul Kilday "invokes everything ly on its House Armed Services Committee that is symbolic Of good government, loyalty, into the trust fund of an amount of $300 from 1939 to 1961. Congressional colleagues efficiency, and absolute integrity and trust­ million per year. far and wide have always said that members worthiness." Like tributes of admiration and Expenditures ourt of the fund are au­ always came in and filled their sea-ts when affection flowed on and on. thorized in five ways: First, $150 million it became known that Paul Kilday was to The life of this great Texas lawyer, prose­ for funding the provisions of the Federal address the House, which he did sparingly, cutor, Congressman, and judge exemplifies Airport ACtt; second, $250 million for de­ because they knew that they were going to the great American ideal. From his humble velopment of air navigation facilities un­ hear a great lawyer who would have some­ home of Irish immigrant parents, devoted der section 307(a) of the Federal Aviation thing scholarly and ·valuable to say. to their Datholic faith, there came not only On his Committee he became the .preemi­ this great man and his two lovely sisters but Act of 1958; third, haJf of the collections nent authority on military affairs and mili­ his beloved brothers Jim--outstanding law­ on the general aviation fuel taxes for the tary justice in the United States govern­ yer and transportation authority; OWen, development of StiSite aviation programs; ment. He drafted and sponsored to passage legendary Chief of Police and Sheriff of San fourth, half of the collections from the the primary military measures of our time, Antonio; Pat, a foremost business execu­ commercial aviation fuel taxes for opera­ including historic pay bills which provided tive; Frank (the delightful "Father Pete" of tional grants to airports served by com­ our men in uniform with living wages. This the Catholic priesthood); and Tom, West Point All-American and a hero of the Nor­ mercial airlines; and fifth, the balance of great lawyer perceived and ferreted out the funds for administra.tive expenses, main­ abuses of justice contained in an authorita­ mandy invasion. rian military system. It was his hand that When the cynics ask: "Isn't the United tenance of air navigation facilities, and drafted the Uniform Code of Military Jus­ States set up to serve the privileged?" and research a.nd development. tice. He was the architect of the Court of when the iconoclasts declare: "The American Mr. Speaker, it is the broad purpose of Military Appeals that applies and enforces system is obsolete and doomed to destruc­ these bills to assess user charges as it. Most fittingly President Kennedy ap­ tlon"-the voice of faith answers: Look at broadly as possible, and to create a Fed­ pointed Paul Kilday to that court in 196i the Kildays I eral program which will give us the as­ where he attained the acme of his great Paul Joseph Kilday-lawyer, gentleman, friend, prosecutor, Congressman, judge-­ surance that this problem will be con­ career. With the clear, incisive, logical rea­ fronted on a continuing basis. soning and rhetoric of his trial lawyer days, great Texan and great American-God Rest the craftsman-like opinions of Judge Kil­ His Noble Soul! Now, in comparing this approach with day have asserted law-have declared or­ that sent to us by the administration, I der-have confirmed authority-but have am not sure that the g·oals, in fact, are required fair trial and due process. Gener­ the same, but I approve O'f their efforts ations of military men, living and dead, AIRPORT AND AIRWAY BILL to spread the tax ·and streng·then the can rise up and call him blessed. NEEDED NOW Sta.te aviation agencies. Other points, The honors that Paul Kilday received dur­ however, need attention. ing his brilliant career would fill many pages. In the first place, there is no provision To name only a few: in 1955 he was awarded HON. J. J. PICKLE the Air Force Association's "Citation of for a trust fund. Instead, we are asked Honor" for his tireless efforts in building OF TEXAS to create a "designa;ted aoooun t" in the our national armed strength and enhancing IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Treasury. Apparently, this account would military service as a career; in 1957 he was Monday, July 7, 1969 not be protected from assaults, by other awarded the "Army Times Accomplishment programs competing for funds, and theTe Award" in recognition of his outstanding Mr. PICKLE. Mr. Speaker, I was glad is no assurance that fees collected from leadership in military personnel legislation; to see recently that the President sent us aviation users, in fact, would be used to in 1958 he was awarded honorary member­ his executive message concerning air rehabilitate our crippled aviation sys­ ship in the Fleet Reserve Association; in 1960 transportation. In general, the approach he was awarded the "Honor Bell" by the tems. Military Order of The Carabao; in 1961 he taken there is good and I commend the I would even go on to say that to my was elected an Honorary Life Member of the administration. knowledge, there is nothing now in exist­ Reserve Officers Association; also in 1961 he At the same time, I am keenly disap­ ence which could be tenned a "desig­ was awarded the Veterans of Foreign Wars pointed that this message is some 6 nated account." The unders·tanding I Gold Medal of Merit "in recognition of his months late in getting here; that it was have of it is that it is rare, offbeat item many outstanding, historic contributions to sent only after subcommittees in the not generally recognized in usage today. national security"; and in 1963 he was other body scheduled hearings on the awarded an honorary doctor of laws degree Mr. Speaker, the other point I would from St. Mary's University in San Antonio. subject; and that it came after my own like to make about the plan submitted by On October 12, 1968, a multitude of Judge subcommittee had postponed hearings the President is that it does oot practi­ Kilday's former Congressional colleagues paid when it became apparent in March that cally deal with the political problems moving tributes to him on the floor of the an administration agreement on this vital existing in the field of aviation. It i-s no House of Representatives. Congressman Poage question was not imminent. secret that the factionalized field of avia­ of Texas declared that he had "never known As I said on March 20, in introducing tion has prohibited us for several years a. man in this Congress or elsewhere who had two bills dealing with this subject, this from taking any effective action. The only so fine an ab111ty to make other people under­ is a critical problem, and it is one which way, in my view, to overcome this stand­ stand the substance of complicated matters" demands immediate attention. The lead­ and that he had "never known a Member of oft' is simply to assess the fees as fairly as this House on whom the Members could more time required to implement the changes .POSSible, and make it clear to all con­ completely rely." Speaker McCormack stressed deemed necessary is at least 2 to 3 years, cerned parties that the country will not the great contributions that Judge Kilday and events almost weekly since the first tolerate further delay. "has made to the strength, the dignity, the of this year have given us reason to know As you know, the problem, most bluntly stab1Iity, and the progress of our country." that we must address aviation on a stated, is that general aviation resents Minority Whip Arends described Paul Kilday stepped-up scale. being assessed almost any fuel tax, and as "a wise man, a very intelligent person, I to and a determined individual with conviction Mr. Speaker, would like take a they avidly strive to maintain the right and principle." Congressman Mahon declared mqment to review the major provisions of access of all classes of users to all air­ "Paul loved his country, he loved its m111tary contained in my bill, and compare them ports, big or small. On the other hand. services, he loved its courts of law." Chairman with the proposal sent up last week. the commercial carriers are distressed Rivers of the Committee on Armed Services Briefly, the bills I introduced with my over the major hub congestion and extolled h!m thus: able colleague, the gentleman from Cali­ schedule delays resulting from t..'"\e popu­ "He was a great lawyer. He had a great fornia, DoN CLAUSEN, call for the creation larity of general aviation; moreover, July 7, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 18499 they strongly protest the imposition of who work in their restaurants and cafe­ A STUDENT SPEAKS any commercial fuel or gasoline tax terias. I am sure it would never occur to Richard N. Lettieri, son of Mr. and Mrs. which would not be distinguishable on anyone outside these Halls that individ­ John Lettieri, 613 Laurel St., Versailles, is a ual Members have so little to say about graduate of McKeesport Area High School a passenger's fare. where he was president of the senior class This is the standoff, and this such matters. and a captain of the football team. He went basically, is the problem which has left Mr. Speaker, I have looked into the to Lafayette College in Easton, Pa., where he us with no effective legislation to date. manner in which the wages of our food was graduated this month. He plans to enter I feel that the only way to overcome workers are determined, and I will law school this fall. this probem is to face it directly. This is frankly state that I believe the Architect While at Lafayette, where he majored in the reason I have recommended the im­ of the Capitol, who has this administra­ philosophy, he was president of the senior position of all types of fuel taxes, and tive responsibility, has gone out of his class and captain of the football team. He way to prevent reasonable increases in also led a peaceful and successful student assessments on all conceivable classes of demonstration in behalf of a greater student aviation users. the employees' pay. At some point it was voice in his college's affairs. I was distressed to see that the admin­ decided to fix these wages by the wage In an article written for the Los Angeles istration recommendation relies in major board approach. However, the Architect Times news service, he outlined some of his part simply on a general aviation fuel has rejected the Federal wage board and thoughts about his country and his genera­ tax of 9 cents a gallon, an increased p~s­ the District of Columbia wage board, tion's attitude toward our times. We thought senger tax from 5 to 8 percent, while either of which would have meant sub­ they were worth reading and we offer them avoiding completely the issue of a fuel stantial increases to our restaurant here. tax on comme:ccial flights. workers, and instead set up his own, un­ "In a recent letter to graduating classes, official, hip-pocket wage board to decide President Nixon touched on the major ques­ In my view, this approach does not tion of our time-'Why?' It is a question respond to the political problems and on the proper level of restaurant wages. that haunts the student throughout his col­ does not provide any leadership to get In my judgment, there is absolutely lege career. the issue off dead center. More im­ no justification for the wage policy now "Since generations before us have shown portantly, this recommendation will not in force for these workers. It is my very how to build a nation and of what that inspire in all parties the feeling that the strong recommendation that such policy nation should be built, we are left to judge matters be removed from the Architect how well the job has been done. others are paying their fair share. "Sometimes we are overcritical, attempt­ In January of this year, shortly after and made the responsibility of appro­ ing to destroy and undermine the core of our the new Cabinet was installed, we heard priate committees of the House and Sen­ society, a society that has enabled us to ask that aviation was to be one of the ma­ ate. If we are to bear the criticism for the question 'Why?' jor projects of the new administration. I injustice to our employees, we at least "Sometimes we are impatient, showing in­ would venture to say that the hopes we ought to have some voice in the policies tolerance and scorn instead of reason and heard expressed then have been bent that are made. respect. considerably during the interim. It has come to my attention, Mr. "Sometimes we are arrogant, making de­ mands when requests might be more appro­ Presently, I am anxious that we pro­ Speaker, that the Architect has dis­ priate. ceed now in committee to study all of missed Mr. Wendell Quinn, a restaurant "But despite our criticism, despite our im­ the alternatives presented. We already employee who had the audacity to exer­ patience or our arrogance, this generation have waited too long, and the responsi­ cise some leadership in organizing the is bringing a new honesty and sincerity into bility now falls on us to make up the employees into an association. It was society. lost time. not my understanding,.Mr. Speaker, that "We are asking moral questions in the Time is of the essence. The American the Congress of the United States was spirit of justice, not of self-interest, and for the most part in the spirit of conflict but people are not going to accept further antiunion, or that it opposed voluntary not of violence. delay. If a great national air tragedy associations of employees seeking to re­ "I feel that most students would like to were to occur, we the Congress would dress grievances or improve their condi­ remain within the framework of the demo­ have to share part of the blame. Air con­ tions. I want to make it clear that I cratic system, using the tools of petition, gestion; air travel delays; poor access to strongly object to this firing, and I urge protest, and confrontation but stopping short and from airports; slow handling of bag­ that Mr. Quinn be reemployed without of violence. gage; outdated navigational and con­ delay. "In sharp contrast are those who have trol equipment; -and delayed construc­ rejected democratic change and have re­ I hope and trust that the House will sorted to violence, intimidation and even tion of landing facilities-these are the take prompt steps to correct the injus­ terror. These 'wreckers,' as Yippie leader critical problems we face in the area, tices being done the good people who Jerry Rubin has so appropri.Sitely called and these are the important elements to serve us so faithfully and well and with them, offer solutions no more clearly defined examine in any airport bill. Let us get on such good cheer day after day. than the name 'wreckers' implies. with the hearings. "Herbert Marcuse, considered by many the philosopher of the New Lef·t, also has doubted the success of democratic means in rectify­ ing injustice. He believes the situation calls A STUDENT SPEAKS for more drastic means but admits uncer­ CAPITOL HILL RESTAURANT tairuty as to the possible outcome of violent WORKERS revolt. HON. JOSEPH M. GAYDOS "However, he and the student rad1cals be­ OF PENNSYLVANIA lieve that this uncertainty is not ~mfficient HON. MORRIS K. UDALL IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES to delay destruction of evil in our society. OF ARIZONA They believe that their 'great refusal,' as Wednesday, July ~. 1969 Marcuse calls it, is the correct starting point IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES and they feel no responsibility to supply Wednesday, July 2, 1969 Mr. GAYDOS. Mr. Speaker, contrary something to replace what they destroy_ to popular belief, the vast majority of "Responsible students refuse to accept this. Mr. UDALL. Mr. Speaker, as one who students attending our colleges today do The basic asumption of social reform is has worked long for the cause of ade­ not subscribe to the riotous tactics and that improvement can be made. Condon­ quate compensation for Congressmen insurrection so prevalent on our cam­ ing change without a substitute leaves no and Senators and their staffs, I wish to puses today. There are those who pre­ assurance that the result will be an improve­ associate myself with the remarks of my ment. fer to call attention to their grievances, "Those who have resorted to violence and colleague, the gentleman from Indiana whether real or imaginary, by means of have violated the spirit of constructive con­

July 7, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 18507 of us when we were in school and memories one as long as it is free from force and whirlwind will influence and ultimately alter of those years continue to shape us, for no violence. the living conditions of everyone in your one ever forgets his own youth. Above all, I plead for civ111ty and compas­ world of tomorrow. No son or daughter of our affiuent society sion and love, even for those whose deeds and And with all of this we are confronted with today can know what it cost in individual words are "unlovable." the horror of a world that increases in popu­ effort for a boy or girl to complete high We-your generation and mine-will, I lation and pollution faster than our ablltty school in those times. And only the very hope, be sharing this Nation at least for a to cope with them. brightest or the very richest were admitted few more years. Together we must be willing Today there are 3 billion people on earth. to college. to experiment and make some mistakes. By the year 2000, when you will be witnessing Today, a college education is considered I look at this very different world from the the graduation of your own children as par­ virtually an American birthright, but mil­ one I inherited from my parents and I am ents, this number will have jumped to more lions of bright and hungry-to-learn students troubled. than 7 billion. were forced by the circumstances of their Fanaticism and unreality clamor for atten­ Keeping these people housed, clothed, and point in time to leave school forever and go tion on all sides. There is rigidity in ideas. fed-and hopefully away from one another's to work in those depression years. Points of view are becoming polarized and throats--will be the overriding concern of One-third of Ame_rica then was ill-housed, differences are rarely discussed, let alone the prosperous nations. ill-clothed, and ill-fed. We, who had been faced. The United States, by virtue of its size hungry and who had seen our parents even As ridiculous as it is to hear young people and immense reservoirs of natural resources, hungrier, vowed that our children would not insist that "You can't trust anyone over must have some answers ready. Our Nation's inherit a world without hope. thirty," it is equally unfair to listen to adults position of leadership is secure and you, Today more than 80% of Americans share branding everyone of school age as "crazy through the outstanding education you re­ fully in the benefits of America's abundance kids." ceived here at Lane, will play an important and progress. It is not enough-not nearly As you leave the protection and solidity role as individuals in preserving that leader­ enough-but it is a beginning. of this great institution, I caution you not ship. Our children face polluted, overcrowded to sacrifice your independence to anyone­ As a world leader, the United State~ must cities and a world in turmoil, but they also young or old-who seeks to imprison your start providing an answer to man's greatest share in unprecedented facilities for health mind with a single set of ideas of right and dilemma-why it is that since intellect gained and education-Unheard of and even un­ wrong. dominance over instinct, man, the human yearned for opportunities to create a world The world has never suffered from a short­ animal, has become the most destructive o! of beauty and possibly even one of peace. age of fools because reason is not the exclu­ all living creatures? Our parents gave us less, and their par· sive prerogative of any age group. Some of you here tonight may provide a ents before them less yet. You young peo­ In discussing reason and its appltcation to small measure of help for these questions ple should not be persuaded to blame your our lives, we must also mention violence, for that cannot remain unanswered much longer. parents for not furnishing the world with somehow violence is becoming a characteris­ Governments are supposed to solve ques­ wall to wall perfection, for your own chil­ tic of your generation-a hallmark of our tion, but governments are only as good as the dren will soon be judging you. youth today. people they serve. And that's where each of Once upon a time a generation meant a If it persists, you-all of you-will be you has the capacity to provide growth and span of about 20 to 25 years. Not Today. To­ blamed for not stopping it, merely because intelligence and concern toward resolving day knowledge is doubling every 10 years. you lived and were educated as a product of these questions. Youngsters now in the 7th and 8th grades this point in time. As a generation, mine has been judged will be profoundly affected by this informa­ Those who protest that the younger gener­ selfish and materialistic. Perhaps we were, tion explosion, as will their younger brothers ation is merely "trying to communicate" are and are. and sisters in the first and second grades. blind to the dangers in accepting violence But we were shaped by seeing too many So, for all practical purposes, there is now as the first, and therefore the only effective people suffer too much from material want. a span of only 5 years between generations. means, of communication. We remember too many starving childen, This will have a momentous effect on your Force never communicates when we are and children who had to work. lives, for you will be considered "young" for striving for understanding. You can't hear We have walked too many miles through an even briefer time than we were. what anyone is saying if you persist in shout­ too many cold mornings to work long hours And-make no mistake about it--you wm ing yourself. at low pay and returned home at night to be accepted as realistic, relevant, and aware Power may come out of a gun barrel, but parents with fear and worry in their eyes, and only so long as you outdistance those bright not insight or truth. pain in their hearts. young people crowding in so closely behind It must be your individual responsib111ty Somewhere along the line, your parents you. to think clearly about effects, as well as about here tonight decided it would not happen to I do not mean to frighten you, only to ask causes, for you make a mockery of your inde­ you. you to look at the truths of your own point pendence if you do not. Somehow they would provide you with the in time as intently as you can and to make The changes taking place in the world to­ vitamins and milk, the warm clothes, the a mature judgment of your real place in a day cannot be stopped or turned aside. Sixty­ comfortable home and the good schools to rapidly changing world. five nations have been established since the give you a running start at an independent President Kennedy said on many occasions end of World War II-a total of 136 nations life of your own. that life is unfair. in the world today. Because of it, you are here today, the big­ To millions of Americans, old and young, The desire for all people to share in that gest, healthiest, brightest, handsomest gen­ it is unfair. To tens of millions beyond our progress has produced a social upheaval eration to inhabit this or any land--ever. known as the "Revolution of Rising shores, it is not only unfair, it is intolerable. You are going to live longer, suffer sickness Expectations." less often, work fewer hours, learn more, see Yet now is a time when professional hand­ You will be hearing more of it in the wringers pity the poor American youngster more of the world's grandeur and have more future. choice in selecting your life's work than any who has no one to look up to because his The voices are undeniably eloquent and parents are so materialistic-interested only other generatJion who ever existed before whether originating in the slums of Calcutta you. in new color television sets and wrapping the or London or in the ghettos of our own world up in plastic. You will have more leisure, more chance blighted cities, those voices demand a to achieve, more opportunity to pursue goals "Poor boy," they say. "How can he find response. that will enhance your development as in­ himself in a world made by others?" The information explosion further con­ dividuals and contribute markedly to the en­ Well, I suggest that this popular notion of tributes to the turmoil and excitement of vironment around you. "finding yourself" is both naive and dis­ these times. My generation has failed, as all those that honest. It is a hoax being played on those who It has been estimated that, starting with have gone before have failed, to find a meth­ refuse to think for themselves, and to shoul­ the time of Christ, the first doubling of the od of insuring lasting peace for all the world. der their own responsibilities. world's knowledge occurred about 1750; Despite all our efforts, we have not found Life is not a game of hide and seek, where the second in 1900; the third, 50 years later, a.n alternative to war. the true you is hidden. We make not find a ln 1950; and the fourth, only 10 years later, Perhaps your generation can create a world self. ln 1960. in which we will no longer need either laws And all the copping-out and blaming More than 90 % of all the scientists who or police to enforce them, or armies to pre­ others for all the ills of our supposedly cor­ ever lived on earth are alive today. Their vent men of one belief from transgressing rupt society cannot remove the ultimate ne­ numbers increase daily. And many of you agadnst others. cessity of facing yourself, as a person, and in this class will shortly join this avalanche I would be foolish not to wish you this deciding what effort you will make to give of ·;:;cientific brains and achievements. power to persuade the world that peace can your life strength and value. The world's scientists estimate they will be achieved while there are yet men here to Therefore, since I cannot speak for anyone learn as much in the next 15 years as man enjoy it. but myself, I plead for leadership-the strong has learned in all preceding centuries, since But I would be unrealistic if I didn't ex­ and imperative leadership--of reason. the very beginning of time. press doubt that violence of men and nations I plead for freedom of expression for every- The effects of this sheer technological will be erased forever during your lifetime. 18508 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 7, 1969 Rather, I think you must endure the tie with yourself. You are a child of the Algeria's future looks bright. On its clamor and the confusion and the injustice, universe no less than the trees and the stars; 7th anniversary of independence, let us as we have. you have a right to be here. But no man of consoience, regardless of his "And whether or not it is clear to you, no in the United States extend our greetings age, should ever give up striving for peace, doubt the universe is unfolding as it should." to the people of this democratic North whether in his relatioinships with his fellow­ Good luck and thank you! African state and wish them rapid prog­ man; with others, or in association with na­ ress and prosperity during the forth­ tions. coming years. I urge you to learn to hate injustice with­ out hating the unjust, for once you brush aside the humanity you have in common with INDEPENDENCE DAY OF ALGERIA all other men, you forsake your ability to reason. REMAKING SOCIETY No generation confers power on the next. HON. ADAM C. POWELL You will grow into it, regardless of us. OF NEW YORK I would be disappointed if you were not IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES HON. RICHARD BOLLING impatient with the tediously slow working Monday, July 7, 1969 OF MISSOURI of representative democracy. Winston IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Churchill correctly said that it is an impos­ Mr. POWELL. Mr. Speaker, 7 years sdble system of government, but the best that have passed since the free a.nd independ­ Monday, July 7, 1969 man has yet devised. ent state of Algeria received her inde­ Mr. BOLLING. Mr. Speaker, "Message Guard your right to disagree with your public officials and public institutions. Take pendence from France on July 5, 1962. for Revolutionary Generation: You Can an interest in your community and refuse Since that time tremendous economic Remake This Society," which appears in to be complacent with the status quo. advances have been made by the Algeri­ the July 15 Look magazine, offers sound But do not advocate frequent changes in an people. advice. Its author, the chairman of the laws and institutions merely for the sake of The government of President Houari Urban Coalition and former Secretary of change. As Thomas Jefferson said: "Laws Boumediewa.e has pressed for a state­ Health, Education, and Welfare, John and institutions must go hand in hand with controlled economy despite shortcomings W. Gardner, is one of our wisest leaders. progress of the human mind. "As that becomes more developed, more and setbacks. A healthy sign is the self­ Mr. Gardner points out that many of enlightened, as new discoveries are made, criticism published occasionally in the our institutions need to be changed. One new truths discovered, and manners and pages of the government-controlled institution which urgently requires opinions change, with the change of cir­ press, pointing either to mismanagement change is the U.S. House of Representa­ cumstances, institutions must advance also or to deficiencies in sectors of the econ­ tives. That is where the real power of to keep pace with the times. We might as omy. Thus Mr. Boumedieune has given the conservative who wears the label well require a man to wear still the coat the Algerian people a clear indication Democrat is. There he benefits from the which fitted him when a boy as a civilized outmoded system of unmodified senior­ socd.ety to remain ever under the regimen of that he wants to close the gap between their barbarous ancestors." the atHuent and the destitute by illumi­ ity. There the conservative Democrats Seek to give some Of the time and leisure nating the various problem areas. with their allies on the Republican side that will be so abundantly available to you For the third consecutive year efforts ·dominate the key committet>s on Appro­ in service to your fellowman-to your are being mainly directed to the devel­ priations and Ways and Means and gen­ brothers. opment of industry. Alg-eria is basically erally slow the whole le?;islative process. And never weary of think1ng for your­ an agricul.tural country, but the Govern­ In two books, "House Out of Order" selves and questioning those in authority. and "Power in the House,'' I have urged In that way, the separate efforts of each of ment contends that without modern you-however small and seemingly insig­ tools and chemicals the land cannot be specific reforms which would modern­ nificant--w111 insure a future secure enough properly developed. Instead of spending ize the House. This is not a major ele­ to protect all human life and compassionate their foreig-n currency for importing ment in the reform of one of the two enough to value it. these items and other commodities, the parties but the most important reform Above all, as you leave Lane Tech tonight Algerians want to create domestic indus­ necessary to make the Democratic Party and assume the challenges to be dictated by tries for such products. truly responsive to our society's needs. the days and years of your own life, you Published figures show an ambitious Mr. Gardner's article follows: might give some thought to these words that were written in a much earlier century industrialization program for 1969. AbOut MESSAGE FOR REVOLUTIONARY GENERATION: You CAN REMAKE THIS SOCIETY by a man who was also trying to communi­ $700 million was marked for industrial­ cate across the generation gap of his own ization, with 80 projects on the list. Some (By John W. Gardner) time. He said: of the projects include: This Spring, I received a letter signed by "Go placidly amid the noise and the haste, First, a tractor and diesel plant; tex­ three undergraduates at a major university. and remember what peace there may be in tiles, sugar, cement, and canning fac­ They said, "We don't like the fanaticism, the silence ... speak your truth quietly and tories. coercive tactics and the ego games of the ex­ clearly. Second, a contract for the construc­ tremist leaders. But we think things hav·e "Listen to others, even to the dull and the to change in this society. What can we do?" ignorant, for they too have their story. tion of a natural gas liquidation plant at I have had the same inquiry-"What can "If you compare yourself with others, you Skickada in eastern Algeria, concluded we do?"-from many young people. The may become vain or bitter, for always there with a French firm in December 1968. quick answer is "Plenty!" will be greater and lesser persons than your­ Third, a multi-million-dollar iron and But first, you are right to say there are self. steel complex at El-Hadjar, also in east­ things that must be changed. Our nation "Enjoy your achievements a.s well as your em Algeria, scheduled to partial pro­ is in deep trouble. There are intolerable in­ plans. Keep interested in your own career, duction this year. justices to be corrected, outworn institu­ tions to be over-hauled, new solutions to be however humble: it is a real possession in Algeria is in an enviable position com­ the changing fortunes of time. found- and you can't live placidly as though "Exercise caution in your business affairs, pared with .that of many other develop­ you hadn't noticed. for the world is full of trickery. But let this ing countries in that she has a steady If we are to root out the evils, deal with not blind you to what virtue there is; many and almost guaranteed income in hard the swift .pace of change, meet new concep­ persons strive for high ideals, and every­ currencies. The sophisticated position of tions of human need and preserve the vital­ where life is full of heroism. her economy enables Algeria to initiate ity of this society, our institutions must un­ dergo quick, far-reaching adaptation. "Be yourself. Especially do not feign af­ long-range industrial and other develop­ As young people, you are weU fitted to re­ fection. Neither be cynical about love, for ment projects. ne.w human institutions. You have the nec­ in the face of disenchantment, love is as United States and Algerian relations perennial as the grass. essary freshness of vision. You have the were enhanced in October 1968. The Al­ necessary impatience. And you are not yet "Take kindly the counsel of the years, entrapped in custom. gracefully surrendering the things of youth. gerians signed an agreement with the Co. of But if you are to benefit from those assets, "Nurture strength of spirit to shield Getty Petroleum the United States. you are going. to have to think hard about you in sudden misfortune. But do not dis­ Under the partnership between Getty the realities of social change. The extremist tress yourself with dark imaginings. Many and the Algerian state oil concern, the student leaders have devised some theatrical fears are born of fatigue and loneliness. Algerians have maintained major control and destructive games that provide the thrill "Beyond a wholesome discipline, be gen- of the company. of conflict (and great ego inflation for the July 7, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 18509 leaders themselves) but accomplish virtually chairmen, respectively, of the Democratic dertake the imaginative redesign of those nothing in the way of real social change. and Republican national committees, and ask processes. We see in all clarity that many The extremists are dependent for their suc­ what pl·ans they have for involving young of our institutions are 111-fitted for the tasks cess on the permissive atmosphere of aca­ people in party work. (They have s·uch plans.) the modern world presses on them; yet they demic life. For all their talk of changing the Run for elective office, or do volunteer staff stubbornly resist change, even ln the face world, they are playpen revolutionaries, im­ work for someone running for office. of savage a;ttacks by those who would de- prisoned by their own tactics in the only Enter government service at stalte or local stroy them. · world that will tolerate them. levels. Unless we are willing to see a final con­ The weaknesses of most political action by Help design and participate in publicly or frontation between institutions tha.t refuse youth, here and throughout the world, have· privately financed internship programs that to change and critics bent on destruction, been inexperienced and futdle assaults on will enable young people to get a taste of we had better get on with the business of the wrong targets, aimless and destructive public life before entering it as a careei". redesigning our society. bursts of anger and violence, and the will­ Form a local group to study in depth the You can renew this society. But not in a ingness of many to be exploited by irrational, socl:al problems that confront your commu­ fit of impatience and not wtihout effort. narcissistic and cynically manipulative lead­ nity, and present your findings to appro­ You must be discriminating critics of your ers. Over and over, we have seen that vio­ priate legislators and administmtors. society, seeking to identify, coolly and pre­ lence and coercion do not lead forward to Insist on participation by youth in civic cisely, those things about it that thwart or constructive change but backward to repres­ organizations concerned with social problems. limit human potentialities, and therefore sive countermeasures. Say to civic leaders. "You don't like it when need modification. And so must you be dis· What are the alternatives for you? To my we take unconventional action; then give us criminating protectors of your society, pre­ mind, they are many and exciting. The best a piece of the conventional action." serving those features that strengthen the proof that they exist may be found in last Do volunteer work for organimtions dedi­ individual and make him more free. To fit year's political campaigns. cated to good government, ·and recruit others yourselves for such tasks, you must be suffi­ Those of you who served as campaign work­ of your age group to do likewise; if you find ciently serious to study your institutions, ers committed yourselves to disciplined en­ no organiza.tion that suLts your purposes, sufficiently dedicated to become expert in the deavor to cope with the world on its own form your own. art of modifying them. terms. In doing so, you left an indelible Form a local youth organiza~tion to study The time is ripe for cons·tructive and far­ mark on the year 1968. You may have started the processes of state and local government, reaching improvement in our institutions. something that will change everything. to di·scover practical means of improving it No one person, obviously, can do it alone. What I propose is that you now bring your and to take action. But young people all over the country, work­ enthusiasm and commitment to a very spe­ These suggestions stress state and local ing together, might produce just the leaven, cific set of tasks that must be carried politics, but I'm not suggesting you forsake just the stiml}lus, just the lift of spirit that through if this nation is to measure up to the national arena. Every member of Con­ this nation needs to move on to the next stage the challenge ahead: 1) reform of the major gress has roots "back hozne," has ties with of development. parties; 2) reform of the electoral process; local party machinery and worri-es about 3) reform of state and local government. what his constituents say. You can re,ach him. What you have seen in the past year must Oollege and university professors of govern­ have whetted your interest in the machinery ment can help you explore the realities of the THE BUDGE COMMISSION TAKES of party poll tics and the workings of the world you hope to change, through cours.es OVER IN WASHINGTON electoral process. Some of you have been so for credit, field projects and extracurricular repelled or discouraged that you have given· action. Law school professors can ad-vise you up both on the parties and the process. But on model-state legislation, conflict of inter­ HON. ORVAL HANSEN others, perhaps most of you, are not dis­ est, new instrumentalities for citizen action OF IDAHO couraged because you sense that you have and so on. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES really set some changes in motion. Few pro­ Mayors, governors, state legisla.tol'B and fessional politicians would have predicted members of Congress can give you counsel on Monday, July 7, 1969 that the Democratic convention of 1968 the workings of government. (I know that Mr. HANSEN. Mr. Speaker, I would would outlaw the unit rule not only at the only a few such public figures will h:ave the national convention but down to the state adventurousnes&--Or is it shrewdness?-to do like to call the attention of my colleagues and local levels. Few would have believed the so, but a few may be enough!) to an article in the June issue of the convention would require that delegates be All civic organizations should make a point Institutional Investor about Hamer H. chosen under procedures open to the public. of bringing young people into the heart of Budge, a distinguished former Member Yet those revolutionary steps were taken­ their activities. Foundations should provide of this body who is now serving with and you played a major role. funds for action-oriented research and equal distinction as Chairman of the Se­ At the local level, thanks in part to your programs. curities and Exchange Commission. For efforts, new candidates with fresh views ap­ I propose that you form local organiza­ to peared in many places. Incumbents were tions to pursue these matters. I do not wish 10 years from 1951 1961 Hamer Budge forced to reassess their positions on impor­ to suggest the form the organizations should was a Member of Congress from the Sec­ tant issues, including the war. Local party take, because your purposes will vary. Some ond District of Idaho, the district I am chairmen were in some instances replaced. of you will wish to work through the Young now privileged to represent. He earned School boards have been forced to reexamine Democratic or Young Republican organiza­ a reputation as one of the ablest and their policies. tions. Others wlll be inclined to form new most effective Members of the House. That is only a taste of what can come. You organizations. Following service as a district judge in know how badly a fresh breeze is needed. Just the fact of your participation in local Idaho, Hamer Budge was appointed to You know that we need to shake up the politics and government will in itself have means by which the parties manage their af­ a powerful and beneficial effect. It will be the Securities and Exchange Commis­ fairs, choose their delegates, run their con­ good for the community and good for you. sion in 1964 by former President John­ ventions. You know what peril for democ­ But mere participation is not the goal. You son. He was appointed Chairman earlier racy lies in the skyrocketing expenses of po­ could enter the system, adjust to it perfectly, this year by President Nixon. His leader­ litical campaigns. You understand how ar­ end up at the top-and leave us exactly ship as a member and Chairman of the chaic are the processes of the electoral where we are now. The purpose is not just Commission has won him wide acclaim. college. to enter the system. The purpose is to change As part of my remarks, I include the Similarly, you have gotten at least a it for the better. Your elders have shame­ article by Heide S. Fiske: glimpse of the critical need for reforming fully neglected the task of improving state state and local government. You care about and local government. You can correct that. THE BUDGE COMMISSION TAKES OVER IN the idea of participation, and you know that The object is the redesign of institutions, WASHINGTON most participation must necessarily be at the the renewal of society. It will take all the (By Heidi S. Fiske) grass roots, a level dominated today by anti­ intelligence and energy and shrewdness you (NoTE.-When Hamer H. Budge was ap­ quated and creaky political machinery. State bring to bear. But the stakes are high. pointed chairman of the Securities & Ex­ and local governments are ripe for major The object is to win-not to make your­ change Commission last February, about all changes. You can have a major hand in selves feel noble, not to indulge your anger, that most Street observers knew about him bringing about those changes. not to pad your vanity but to renew the was that he was the senior Republican on Here are some of the activities young people society. the Commission and that his earlier record could engage in (and I would include many Human institutions can be changed, if you as a congressman from Idaho qualified him age levels and many kinds of people: ghetto care enough to work at it, if you care enough as a conservative Republican at that. (The youth with natural leadership cap·acities but to study the machinery you want to change AFL-CIO judged that Budge voted "wrong" not much education, college undergradu­ and find the points of leverage. on 13 out of 13 major bills in 1957 and 1958.) ates, graduate students, young professionals, At this critical point in our history, we Today they know little more, for Budge teachers and businessmen): can less and less afford to limit ourselves tends to keep his views to himself and to Sign up for work in your own party; write to routine repair of breakdowns in our so­ stress that they are his views, not neces­ Sen. Fred Harris or Rep. Rogers Morton, cial processes. More and more, we must un~ sarily those of the Commission as a whole. 18510 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 7, 1969 (In an attempt to learn how he approaches takes a broader-brush approach. Above all, would rather leave to their judgment, be­ his new task and what he thinks about the Cohen, in the words of one of his colleagues, cause I think they are better informed. major issues facing the investment industry "was Mr. SEC and he felt it very strongly. Question. Some people have said yours today, Senior Editor Heidi Fiske conducted Other views were kind of an attack on the will be a "cops-and-robbers" commission­ a two-hour taped interview with the chair­ insti·tution." Budge occasionally seems more that is to say more oriented toward·s enforce­ man in late April. In addition, discussions inclined to discuss views other than his own. ment where criminality is concerned than were held with the other three commission­ Not that he doesn't have strong views­ towards the industry-structure issues. Do ers and several important members of the rather he tries to soft pedal them. They can you agree? staff. Here, and in the interview excerpts be discerned, however, in his colleagues con­ BuDGE. Well, I was a judge for three years; which follow, is an attempt to round out sensus about his approach and in his dis­ a congressman for ten and for six years a the picture of the man who is at the helm sents from SEC opinions. His fellow com­ member of the legislature. I think my legis­ in a time when the investment world is un­ missioners agree with the way his views have lative leanings are perhaps stronger than dergoing profound changes.) been represented in the press so far; he is, my judicial ones, which is just the opposite Hamer Budge is a quiet, smiling man of they say, against concentrations of power; of what these people say is true. When new considerable charm and no pretentiousness. and for the small broker-dealer and the re­ types of mutual funds or letter stock, for He perches precariously on the very edge of gional firm. example, come in, when there are changes a chair and leans forward attentively when Hamer Budge's dissents from the Commis­ in circumstances which require new rules you talk to him. Rather than go to the trou­ sion's recommendations over his five years at of the game within the ambit of the regula­ ble of moving to a bigger, fancier office when the SEC would tend to bear this out. Sur­ tions which the Commission has adopted he became chairman, he stayed in his old prisingly, this consensus man has dissented historically under the Act, then I would like one, which is smaller than those of some of on more cases than any of the other present to have the Commission look on it as a con­ his colleagues. He just had a few walls commissioners, eight times in all. Flour of tinuing obligation to legislate, to keep up knocked out in adjacent quarters to make his dissents have asked that sanctions to date, to see that it is meeting the current room for extra secretaries. The main deco­ against small-and in all but one case non­ situation with the rules under which it wants rations in his office are an American fiag, New York-based-broker-dealers be light­ me to operate. four large photos of Idaho countryside, and a ened. One strong dissent came up when the THE VALUE OF REGIONAL FIRMS AND REGIONAL picture of his daughter (an only child, who First National City Bank asked to market its EXCHANGES is now 9 years old) raising her right hand special equity fund to the public. Budge Question. How accurate do you think are with him when he was sworn in as an SEC said no; the other four oommissioners said these widespread characterizations of you commissioner five years ago. yes. The remaining three dissents involved as someone who is for the small guy over the In the opinion of one fellow commissioner utility holding companies. For instance, in big, and the regional guy over the central? at least, Budge will have a tougher Job than one case Budge felt that the act did not per­ BUDGE. I would like to see the regional his predecessor. "Manny was chairman at an mit such a company to put up low-cost hous­ broker-dealer, the smaller broker-dealer, stay easier time," this commissioner says. "For ing. In the other two he objected to proposed in office, not only because he performs a serv­ one thing, he worked with brand new com­ mergers of utility companies. ice to the community as a broker-dealer, but missioners who, so to speak, didn't yet have The Institutional Investor questioned also because he fulfills a very real need of ideological bases from which to operate. And Budge on every major issue facing the in­ getting equity capital for the small busi­ he had highly visible issues to deal with, is­ vestment world today. He replied very cau­ nesses around the country. Now, that does sues that could be inveighed against. The tiously, like a judge asked to comment on a not mean that I am against the New York­ judge, on the other hand, will have to face case before all the evidence is in. Thus, he based firm, because I am not. I think every­ broad, vague, structural problems." refused to discuss the pending mutual fund body in this industry should be treated the The new chairman of the SEC is called legislation, noting that the SEC's views are same way. I am not for the big or the little, "the judge" as universally as former chair­ available in any case, since the Commission but I do feel that the small broker-dealer is man Cohen was called "Manny." The reason supported S 34, the Sparkman Bill. He also disappearing from the scene-the regional is not just the euphony of the phrase Judge declined to comment on the inte~:locking broker-dealer-and I think that that is not Budge. Nor, for that matter, is it simply that, issues that the commission rate hearings a good thing for the regional investor or in the three years before he joined the Com­ would discuss: volume disc·ounts, institu­ the regional company. mission in mid-1964, Budge served as a dis­ tional membership, and so forth-although Question. Are you concerned that the re­ trict judge in his native Idaho. He is called he made a few guarded comments on the in­ gional exchanges should stay alive or are "the judge" because of his entire approach dustry's need for capital and the merits of you not sure that that is necessary? to his job. public ownership. Quite often, he asked to BuDGE. This is rather a difficult area be­ The contrast with Cohen was perhaps best defer his judgment on an issue, such as the cause there are regional exchanges and re­ put by a commissioner who said that "his is market effect of hedge funds, until the in­ gional exchanges, as you know. There is as more of a judicious than an advocate na­ stitutional study the Commission has just much difference among some of the regional ture." Where Cohen initiated action and rode embarked on is over. exchanges as there is between the central herd on it to the end, Budge seems to sit Where he did voice his opinions, he tended market and the regional exchange . . (Budge more at the end of the line, deciding on his to do so-much as does the man who ap­ would not comment further on this; he stand when all the facts and other verdicts pointed him chairman-in very broad terms. would not say in what terms he saw the dif­ have been assembled. It was not clear whether this was another ference, or what effect it would have on his There is also a difference in the emotional expression of his caution, or came about be­ thinking about the need for regional temperature of the two men. "There is less cause he cares more about the broad aspects exchanges.) table pounding now," says another commis­ of an issue, or because he is not conversant Question. Do you think that regional ex­ sioner. "We talk less and the tempo is slower; with some of the ramifications of th.e i·ssues. changes are an essential part of a healthy there isn't the staccato there used to be." Consequently, the following excerpts from functioning set of securities markets, or Ironically, though Budge is considered more the interview serve more to provide an over­ could they be eliminated without ultimately interested in the opinions of his fellow com­ all view of Budge's approach, and to indi­ harming the investor? missioners than was his predecessor, he holds cate where his feelings are strong, rather BuDGE. It seems to me that in today's mar­ fewer meetings: three a week instead of one than to detail exactly what he intends to do kets they have all had plenty of business. I or more a day. And in sharp contrast to about the industry's problems. think it is a question of whether or not they Manny Cohen, Budge seems to want less Question. Is it your general a.pproach to oan adapt themselves to the conditions and SEC intervention and more of the funda­ try to avoid putting restrictions on how a survive on their own rather than a question mental decisions made in the courts, the man should run his business? of what we think they should do. Congress, or the marketplace--at least as far BUDGE. Just as an across-the-board state­ as his fellow commissioners now see it. ment, I feel the government should not tell THE BACK OFFICE PROBLEM There are differences between the present people how to conduct their affairs. We Question. Do you think that the back­ chairman and Cohen which proceed from should look at the end result and see that the office problem is going to get worse before it their very different backgrounds, too. Brook­ purposes which the Government is seeking gets better? lyn-born-and-bred Cohen spent his entire to achieve are achieved, and not the me­ BuDGE. No. The statistics that I have seen working life at the SEC, moving up to direc­ chanics that are followed to achieve them. indicate that the conditions are consider­ tor of the Corporation Finance Division be­ Now, for example, in the back office, I think ably improved. That does not mean that we fore his appointment to the Commission late that the brokerage houses should get their are, by any means, out of the woods. in 1961. One commissioner sees the result this affairs in order and get them in order as Question. Are you considering restricting way: "Manny had grown up with these acts soon as they can. Otherwise, they have to member firms trading for their own accounts and had developed an attachment to some get out of business. By the same token, I as one way of goading them into speeding particular interpreta.tions." On the other would not be honest with them or with my­ up their back-office efforts? hand, Budge, formerly a congressman in his ·self if I were to say: "I think you should BuDGE. It is not under present considera­ state and in the U.S. House of Representa­ do this and do this and do this to solve your tion, but it certainly is one of the things tives, proceeds without these attachments. problems," because I don't know one-tenth that could very easily be reversed unless the Because he knew the laws so intimately, as much about how to solve their problems back-office problem continues to improve. Cohen tended to be concerned with the tech­ as they do. I would want to insist that they Question. Do you consider Lt a misuse of a nical intricacies of some measures; Budge achieve the result, but how they do it, I firm's I>rerogatives for it to say: "We have July 7, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 18511 too much work; we are going to cut the they are not prohibited by law from so more about what they are doing in this area. smaller customers out of our business rather doing? Maybe the institutional study will get into than the bigger?" BUDGE. I don't know. I would want to give this. BuDGE. I have misgivings, certainly, and that a lot of thought. It is an area where I It might even be possible to see whether particularly on the New York Stock Ex­ would start out with a reservation. lO(b) (5) action would be pertinent, if they change firms, because one of the elements Question. What about the crucial ques­ know other people are going in with the pur­ that they have stressed in defending the tion of institutional ownership of a pub­ chase. But that presents a lot of problems. present commission rate structure is that it licly-owned brokerage firm? How would you It would change the theoretical foundation permits them to take care of the small in­ feel about Fidelity owning 20 per cent of we proceeded on in the insider trading cases. vestor. So it would seem to me that the Merrill Lynch? My own inclination would be, if we move in member firms have an obligation to take BUDGE. From the regulatory standpoint it this area, to use some vehicle other than 10 care of the small investor. gets to be pretty difficult to expect the same (b) (5) to avoid adding to the concern that I don't know just what causes it, but it degree of reliability and the same degree exists as to the scope of lO(b) (5). seems to me that the small investor is going of performance when too many people get to Question. Let's suppose the institution into the market in increasing numbers be acting as their own brokers. I would cer­ doesn't know other people are going in on through an intermediary, a mutual fund or tainly want to be convinced that we could the purchase. Suppose Company X's manage­ something else. get the same degree of integrity and com­ ment tells the institution it wants to take Question. And doesn't this snowball the pliance with the rules of the self-regulatory over Company Y, and says that it is going problems for those small investors who do agencies and our own rules as we now to pay a certain price above the current mar­ not choose to do that? expect from the houses which are divorced ket for Y's stock when it tenders. Would you BUDGE. I think that is true. I am not sure from those customers. If the partners of the consider it a misuse of inside information that it is in the investor's best interest to house are not free agents, if they are just if the institution then bought Company Y go through an intermediary to get a share in employees of someone else to whom the stock? American business. I have some misgivings Commission would have to look, I think BUDGE. Yes. And I think that is what is about that. from a regulatory standpoint that I would going on at the present time. But we have Question. Do your misgivings focus ex­ want to know more, to feel a little more not brought such a law suit, and, as I say, clusively on the concentration of power this comfortable that that is a good stance. it would change the theoretical foundation creates? Question. What about the rather basic of the insider trading laws since the person BUDGE. No. I think that if a person wants change in the general concept of what is a has no relationship to the target company. to buy some AT&T-or whatever else it might mutual fund, such changes as hedge funds Question. Are you concerned that institu­ be-that he should be able to do it directly and other things bring to the industry? tions could act in such a manner as to move without going through any intermediary. I BUDGE. I have always envisioned the mu­ whole companies around, not just big blocks would hate to see that privilege disappear. tual fund as being an investment for the of stock? Where is the Monthly Investment Plan, long pull. I had !.Lever envisioned it as be­ BUDGE. They are doing that now. I don't which Merrill Lynch was promoting a few ing an instrument for in-and-out trading. know that it is our responsibility or our con­ years back, today? Question. Do you feel that it would be cern who owns the company and what they appropriate for the COmmission to take any PUBLIC OWNERSHIP OF NYSE MEMBER FIRMS do with it, unless there is manipulrution or kind of action against the formation of this fraud. Take this Pan American case. A lot Question. What are your personal feelings sort of fund? of other people in the government became about the value of public ownership of mem­ BuDGE. There again I think the institu­ concerned that a company that owned a hotel ber firms? tional study is going to give us and the and a casino in the Bahamas was now about BuDGE. These firms need more capital­ industry a lot of information as to just to control Pan American Airwa.ys; but that there is no question about that. I don't know what the effects of the activities of these is no violation of the laws that we administer whether this is the right and only way to new types of funds are-and our conclusions as far as I am concerned. furnish that capital, and I won't know untn as to whether they should be legislated out I am also concerned about the securities these rate hearings are over. of existence would have to wait till then. which are being issued in connection with Question. Suppose the commission rates Question. It is interesting that you con­ were to stay exactly as they are now. Do you takeovers. I cannot understand what their sider it a genuine question that it might be of value is. I can see that the dividend rate is think they could raise this capital internally value to legislate these out of existence. promised to be substantially greater, but the under the present commission schedule? BUDGE. I don't know. BuDGE. I don't know. Actually, the commit­ securities that are being offered are usually ments that some of these institutional firms HOW INSTITUTIONS USE THEIR COMMISSIONS new securities where no markets have been established for them. I don't know how any­ have are just terrific. Question. Do you think that it is justi­ Question. Do you mean the amount of fiable for an institution to use commissions body puts a dollar value on those packages. money they have tied up in positions and for any other purpose than getting an order We in the Commission, and I as an individual, have made no conclusion that a conglomer­ things like that? executed as well as possible, say, for re­ BuDGE. Yes. The borrowing is tremendous search? ate, as such, is a thing of evil. But after just to carry the supplies that they have. BuDGE. I think that is a business decision. about the fourth layer of convertible pre­ Question. You speak as if you might be a If the firm wants to use its resources for ferreds, it is pretty hard to tell-when you little concerned that it is a house-of-cards in research, that is a bona fide operation. I don't know how many people are going to don't know why we would question it. convert. some cases-that if the market reversed JUDGE BUDGE and these position~ were worth a lot less, Question. Would you consider it also a this borrowing power could boomerang. Do business decision for a mutual fund to use Question. Which of your decisions as a you feel that way? its commissions so as to promote the sale judge are you proudest of or do you think BuDGE. I do. Getting back to the public of its funds? had the most importance? ownership question, I think it might raise BUDGE. Assuming that they got the best ex­ BuDGE. When I w::..s in the state capitol the important conflicts of interest. ecution, I don't see that the Commission suits against the state officials came before Question. Do you mean because the firm should start telling people to whom they me. I found all of those to be very interest­ would tend to get into other businesses? should take their business. ing--even reviews from the state tax com­ BUDGE. Yes. Also, from a regulatory stand­ CORPORATE TAKEOVERS: THE ROLE OF INSTITU­ missi·on, or habeas corpus actions against the point, considering how quickly companies can TIONS warden in the penitentiary. be taken over under the present mechanism, Question. What role do you think institu­ Question. That sounds like a pattern-as it may be pretty hard to tell just who holds tional investors are playing today in cor­ if you liked actions where someone who, by the establishment from day to day. There porate takeovers? being voted into office, or just by the nature might be people moving in, buying a con­ BuDGE. There is a tendency, although it is of the position he held, was almost in a trolling interest in a company, that the very hard to pin down, for institutions to act fiduciary capacity and misused that capacity. regulators-the self-regulators or the Com­ together in a rough alliance in connection BuDGE. That was the contention in a lot mission-would not want in that business with conglomerrute takeovers. Personally, it of those cases. and controlling that house. It would be troubles me whether that is a proper role of. One law suit of a different nature also pretty hard to do at the present time. We say, mutual funds. I think it is not, but that sticks in my mind. When I was practicing, I pretty mu<.!h know who is in control of the is just a personal opinion. filed a complaint and I got an attachment, brokerage firms today, and we are expecting It seems to me if you could show that a including garnishment of assets of a general a very high degree of integrity from those group of financial institutions did act in agent for an insurance company, and I had people. If we are to know and expect the same concert there might very well result from about $18,000 tied up under that garnish­ degree under public ownership, we would that concerted action an effect on the market ment in the bank. Tlle attorney for the pretty near have to know who is buying a which we would deem to be malignant. That person I had sued went into the courthouse control position or an influencing position would be the way I would approach it, I and convinced the judge in an ex parte hear­ in a publicly-owned brokerage house. think. It also could be reached, if the evi­ ing, without giving me any notice of it, that Question. How would you feel about pub­ dence were good enough, under the tender that attachment should be discharged. The licly-owned brokerage houses getting into offer bill, showing that they were a group. judge signed an order ?,bout 2:30 in the after­ other financial businesses, to the extent that It might be that we should endeavor to learn noon discharging that attachment. CXV--1167-Part 14 18512 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 7, 1969 I learned about it when the bank called me protected faculty members who sometimes problems. Just last week, Governor Milliken at ten minutes to 3:00 p.m. I rushed up to seem so pre-occupied with their own quest said that the people had spoken, firmly, in the courthouse and the judge immediately for academic-world status and the search demanding that action be taken to combat knew that he had made a mistake. He rein­ for grants from government and industry our pollution threats. We frankly question stated the attachment, but the $18,000 was that they have no time to offer students in­ that such a statement is really justified. out of the bank. struction which is meaningful in a modern Certainly, we've all expressed our concern. For that reason, and some other experi­ world. But, far too often the people resist the efforts ences that I had while practicing, and while I University administrations too slow to re­ that could be made in their behalf .. . either was on the bench, I just don't like to pro­ spond to just complaints and too quick to because they cost too much ... or because ceed on an ex parte basis-that is what we throw up their hands and call in police for they feel they're being asked to give up too call it in law; just coming from one party, the confrontation sought by radical students much in return. from one side. I like to hear the other side also have come in for less than favorable Government has reached the point when before I take any action that I think might comment. they can now begin to make some meaning­ really get that $18,000 out of the bank. CAN SWAY LARGE NUMBERS ful progress in reversing the destructive process. But, until all of us begin really Because of such an atmosphere, Searle meaning what we say about wanting our notes, it ofUn has been possible for a limited world saved ... there's still little hope of number of radical students to sway vast doing it. JOURNALISTS STUDY CAMPUS numbers of moderate students to their side DISORDERS in a battle over a symbolic issue, often an issue selected not for negotiation and solu­ tion but because it probably can't be nego­ RESULTS OF. QUESTIONNAIRE-THE tiated and likely will lead to confrontation. FOLKS AT HOME EXPRESS THEIR HON. JOHN BRADEMAS "Radicals in Berkeley all wanted Reagan to OPINIONS OF INDIANA win," said 8earle. "They were glad he used IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the National Guard. They were glad the po­ lice kllled somebody." HON. ED FOREMAN Monday, July 7, 1969 There is nothing like police marching on OF NEW MEXICO campus or tear gas falllng from a helicopter Mr. BRADEMAS. Mr. Speaker, one of IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the most thoughtful ·ar:ticles I have seen to stir up anti-administration sentiment among students who initially had no sym­ Monday, July 7, 1969 dealing with the problem af disorders on pathy for the demands of radicals. the American college campus and touch­ Mr. FOREMAN. Mr. Speaker, it has ing particularly on coverage by the news ADDS TO DOUBTS long been my feeling that, too many times media of such disorders is the following And when peaceful student protesters with legitimate issues, such as Indiana and Pur­ the opinions of the people have been article by Jack Colwell of the South due University students protesting huge tui­ overlooked or disregarded by their elected Bend Tribune published in the June 27, tion increases, find they are regarded by representatives. Too often, I fear, we are 1969, issue of that newspaper. segments of older generations With the same inclined to let those immediately sur­ Mr. Colwell's article follows: respect accorded the SDS, this also undoubt­ rounding us-the professional pollsters, JOURNALISTS STUDY CAMPUS DISORDERS edly adds to doubts about responsiveness of the newswriters, interpreters, and col­ society. (By Jack Oolwell) umnists, and the bureaucrats-have In the campus arena, it may well be true more influence on our decisions than the PALO ALTO, CALIF.-"Ignora;nce Was Bliss." that a Ronald Reagan is getting what he So reads a slogan pain·ted on a fence here at needs, a confrontation in which he can play folks back home. With this thought in stanford. the role of a tough law and order advoca.te, mind, and with the help of volunteer It is a slOgan of a generrution afforded so and the SDS is getting what it wants, a workers, I recently mailed out my first much education amd opportunity that ilt confrontation in which too harsh suppression annual legislative questionnaire to the found out what's going on 8Jild, in many will provide it with issues and support. citizens of the Second Congressional Dis­ cases, decided thait it cloesn 't like it. It may be comforting for much of the pub­ trict of New Mexico, inviting them, in­ What this means for Am~dca--adva.n.ce­ lic lump all campus issues and students pro­ dividually, to advise me of their views and ment, repr€SS>ion or chia.os or maybe some of tests in a sdmple Reagan-against-SDS type all three-is a topic of a Stanford Journalism package. opinions on some of the major issues Conference on "The Second Ame•r.i.oan Revo­ But, no matter what the slogan on the facing Congress and the Nation. lution; Social Ferment 1969." sign suggests about the past, ignorance may The response to this questionnaire was The site is appropri·wte, here in the Sltaite not be bliss in the future. tremendous. Almost 30,000 answers have where, if f·requency and severity of srt;udent already been received, and approximately unreg.t is a measuring stick, Reagan-type 10,000 of them had additional comments hard-line repression is a total failure. attached. Answers came from every sin­ TIME IS APPROPRIATE FRIGHTENING PROOF gle community and all of the 18 counties The time is appropriate. This conference in my district-from people in all walks comes in the wake of a Students for a Demo­ of life-from Democrats, Republicans, c:ra~tic Society convention in Chicago which HON. JOHN D. DINGELL and independents alike. Because of this showed that SDS could conduct a convention OF MICHIGAN diversified and widespread response, I more disorderly ~md undemooratlc the.n could the Democr·atic Party. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES believe that this poll is a reasonably ac­ It is approprLate too tha.t newspaper edd­ Monday, July 7, 1969 curate expression of public opinion. I am tors and writers and television newscasters pleased to report the results of these and commentators are a.ttending. Mr. DINGELL. Mr. Speaker, the De­ replies for the information and review of While Gov. Reagan 8Jild the SDS a.re guilty troit, Mich., television station WXYZ­ my colleagues: of offeri-ng some simplistic solutions, each TV broadcast a call for action to com­ [Answers in percent] playing inoo the hands of the other and bat the pollution of the environment by widening the genel'la.tion gap, the news media. its vice president and general manager, 1. Should the Federal Government develop surely have fadled at times to go beyond Dean McCarthy, on June 20, 21, and 23, laws to prevent strikes by public employees? quoting extremislt st&tements e.nd surfa.ce re­ 1969. So that my colleagues may be Yes------61.0 porting of major clashes; aware of Mr. McCarthy's comments, I No------32.6 Commentator Edward P. Morgan, a con- . No response------6.4 ference pa.rticlpant, warns tha.t a "danger­ insert the text of his editorial comment ously garbled message" will go forth to a at this point in the RECORD: 2. Do you favor lowering the voting age to public with a desperate need to understand FRIGHTENING PROOF 18? what is happening unless there is concentra­ We're destroying our own world. The sta­ Yes------30.0 tion on the journalistic "why" as well as the tistics on our air, water and land pollution No------66.7 "what." mentioned in Channel 7 editorials all this No response------3. 3 INVOLVE SOME CRITICISM week, give us frightening proof. It's a ques­ 3 . Do you favor legislation which would And Prof. John R. Searle, of the University tion, now, whether our corrective efforts will return to the States and local governments of Californi.a in troubled Berkeley, is among ever be able to catch up with the damage those suggesting that there are many "whys" for use as they see fit, a percentage of the already done. money now collected in Federal income taxes? for student protests, some silly but many The people are our only hope. As they are involving just criticism. the biggest contributor to the pollution Yes------70.2 As have other faculty speakers here, Searle problems ... so, too, are they most guilty of No------23.0 directed much of his criticism at tenure- dragging their feet on efforts to solve the No response ------6. 8 July 7, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 18513

4. Do you believe the Federal Government A sound, down-to-earth thinker-a If the $81 billion were distributed equally should guarantee an annual income to heads farmer, he was-said: among the 203 million men, women and of families, whether or not they are working? I reckon that taxes and death are in­ children in the U.S. today, each would get Yes------5.2 evitable ... but it's a good thing that a check from the U.S. treasury for $399.01. If distributed among the 26 million Ameri­ No------90.5 death doesn't get worse everytime Congress cans estimated to be living under the "pov­ No response ------4. 3 meets!" erty line," each would get a windfall of 5. Do you suppoTt the proposal to convert I hope Americans never forget, or $3,115.38. the Post Office into a Government-owned stray a way from these fun damen tal, For a poor family of four, the total would corporation on a self-supporting operation? be $12,461.52. basic principles that made us what we It took the federal government 136 years­ Yes------70.9 are today. New Mexico folks have not, from 1789 to 1925-to spend its first $81 bil­ No------21.3 and I do not think the American peo­ lion, and that included the costs of waging No response------7.8 ple have, or will, but we could fail if we both the Civil War and World War I. 6. Red China-Do you favor U.S. support ever stopped relying on ourselves and Of course, a dollar went a lot further in for admission of Peking to the United Na­ started looking to government to solve those days. Many accused the Franklin Roose­ tions? all our problems and make all our de­ vent Administration of wild spending. But from fiscal year 1934 through 1941 the New Yes------21.2 cisions for us. Yes, America could go Deal managed to spend just $68 billion, and No------72.4 down, but if we ever do, it will not be part of that was the pre-Pearl Ha-rbor military No response------6.4 because the world developed a hydrogen buildup. 7. Do you a.gree with President Nixon's de­ bomb--it would be because we have de­ The $81 billion spent so far on Vietnam sire to install a network of anti-ballistic veloped a philosophy that says the in­ can be measured in other ways. All currency missiles to protect our ability to strike back dividual is no longer economically re­ in circulation in this country today totals at an aggressor? sponsible for his own welfare, or morally no more than $50 billion. Yes------74.6 responsible for his own conduct. And if 81-billion one-dollar bills were Mr. Speaker, I respectfully urge my placed end to end, they would form a chain No------19.0 7.7 million miles long-the equivalent of 15 No response ------6. 4 colleagues in the Congress and our na­ round trips between earth and moon. 8. Should Congress approve a constitu­ tional leaders, regardless of their po­ And even the exorbitant costs in dollars are tional amendment to permit voluntary non­ litical party affiliations, to give heed to not the worst part. Too many lives have been denominational prayer in public schools? these opinions, this feeling, this voice lost-more than 36,000 Americans, more than Yes------84.3 of the American people. Let us rededi­ half a million Communists. And the $81 bil­ No------12.0 cate ourselves to the task of preserving lion doesn't include physical loss sustained No response------3.7 our freedom, our heritage, our constitu­ by the Vietnamese and Vietnam. tional rights and principles and our A large and apparently growing group of 9. Do you favor the Administration's ac­ great Nation "under God." Let us our citizens now feels we ought to stop this tion which takes postal appointments, pro­ outlay in lucre and lives. That widening con­ motions and transferS out of politics and stop our continually increasing Govern­ sensus is based upon an altered view of the puts them on a merit basis? ment spending programs, let us initiate globe--a discard of the presumption that some tough, tight-fisted management Yes------92.3 we have to police the world; a revision of No------4.0 over our wasteful, irresponsible foreign our old convictions about monolithic com­ No response------3.7 aid give-away programs, let us get back munism; and the testimony of a host of in­ in balance again, economically and spir­ formed observers, former Defense Secretary 10. Do you favor the Foreman bill which itually, and let place the welfare of Clark Clifford the latest among them. Ending would cut off all U.S. aid and trade with na­ us those staggering expenditures merits highest tions trading with or aiding North Vietnam? this great country ahead of political priority from those who run this nation. considerations. Yes------88.7 No------7.5 No response ------3.7 11 . Concerning Vietnam, should we- WHAT THE WAR COSTS THE EMERGENCY DETENTION ACT Continue the Paris negotiations ______15.7 Commence the withdrawal of U.S. HON. FRED SCHWENGEL HON. AL ULLMAN troops ------21.7 Move to win militarily ______56.7 OF IOWA OF OREGON No response------6. 0 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 12. Would you rate President Nixon's Monday, July 7, 1969 Monday, July 7, 1969 overall per~ormance since he took office? Mr. SCHWENGEL. Mr. Speaker, the Mr. ULLMAN. Mr. Speaker, as a co­ Excellent ------25.5 costs of the war in Vietnam continue to spo,nsor of proposed legislation to repeal ~ ------56.3 mount. It is draining our country of vital the Emergency Detention Act of 1950, I Not so gOOd------13.7 resources, in lives of young men and urge that expeditious steps be taken to Mr. Speaker, these views and results funds needed here at home. improve the national record for fairness speak strongly and forcefully for a con­ Recently the Davenport Times-Demo­ and justice by removing this stain from cerned American people-God-fearing, crat editorialized on the cost of the war. our law books. The law in question, title taxpaying citizens-people who believe Frankly, Mr. Speaker, it is my feeling II of the Internal Security Act of 1950, in the free enterprise system and in the the editorial reflects the thinking of a aUJthorizes the Attorney General, upon preservation of our representative form large number of our people. declaration o-f an "internal security of government. They are the kind of It is for this reason that I strongly emergency" by the President, to arrest people who believe two and two still support President Nixon's withdrawal of and hold citizens on grounds of sus­ make four, and that all that glitters is 25,000 troops from Vietnam and his de­ picion that they might be capable of not necessarily gold. termination to extricate this Nation hon­ acts of espionage or sabotage. The funda­ From the results of this questionnaire, orably from the war in the near future. mentals of due process of law are dis­ it is evident that the people of New Mex­ The editorial follows: regarded under the act. Access to the ico fully realize that every dollar that WHAT THE WAR COSTS courts for trial or appeal is denied. is received from Washington must be When the fiscal year ends Monday, the This law, which fortunately has so far paid for by them or borrowed and paid United States will have poured out more not been implemented, serves no purpose for later by their children or grand­ than $81 billion on "special Southeast Asia" today except to recall a dark moment children, with interest added. They military spending in five years. The term during World War II when more than know, too, that government has no in quotation is a euphemism from the Pen­ 100,000 American residents of Japanese money or income that it does not first tagon for the Vietnam War. ancestry were rounded up and held in How much is $81 billion? take from the people. Most of these folks To U.S. taxpayers, it has meant spending U.S. concentration camps. Many of these feel that they are getting more govern­ an average of $44.3 million per day. citizens, swept up in a wave of fear and ment than they need, and more govern­ Here are other ways of looking at what suspicion unique to American history, ment than they want. otherwise is a mind-boggling figure: were native born. When the Korean war 18514 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 7, 1969 began in 1950, these same forces of fear on Southern school districts that have agreed for education, I am sure that many of us and suspicion motivated the enactment in the past or are in process of agreeing to anticipated something quite different of the Emergency Detention Act, which accept the HEW guidelines and desegregate. than what we got when we received the A dramatic case is a telephone call to the was passed over the veto of President HEW's civil rights division on June 24 from administration's first education budget. Truman. the SChool Board in Austin, Tex. Austin has We did not expect that this budget would It is inconceivable thait a law should dragged its heels on desegregation for years. be $5 billion below the level of appropri­ still be on the books that permits the But last month, under pressure from HEW, ations which we authorized for education rights of U.S. citizenship to be extin­ the entire school board sat in aU-day session programs nor did we expect that this guished without cause, but rather simply with HEW officials here to devise a desegrega­ budget would be cut $400 million from on the basis of national origin or other tion plan. Also present were staff aides of the bare bones education budget which Republican Sen. John Tower of Texas and indiscriminate reasons. Rep. Jake Pickle, Austin's Democratic Con­ was submitted by the previous admin­ As would be expected, the Japanese­ gressman. istration in January. American Citizens League is in the van­ On returning to Austin, the School Board I believe that, when the Congress votes guard of those fighting to repeal this wrestled for three weeks with a new plan and by overwhelming majorities to approve measure. My distinguished colleague, finally adopted one that even included some education program authorizations, we act Congressman SPARK MATSUNAGA of Ha­ pupil bussing to assure racial balance in pri­ on the basis of a close assessment of the waii, cosponsor of this repeal bill, is call­ mary and secondary schools. Nation's needs and resources and that ing for speedy action. I join in urging That June 24 call, however, notified HEW that the School Board had heard from Tower portion of these resources which we be­ early hearings before the Committee on that a "major change" in the guidelines was lieve should be used for education as op­ Internal Security. impending. Therefore, the Board would stand posed to other needs. Yet, from the edu­ pat until the change was announced and cation budget which the administration then "reappraise" its plans. That shattered has submitted to us it would appear that the Austin model which HEW officials had it believes it has a better grasp of what UNFORTUNATELY, EVANS AND hoped would pave the way for a desegrega­ is needed after only 6 months in office NOVAK WERE RIGHT ON DE­ tion break-through in Texas, starting with than the Congress had over the years SEGREGATION GUIDELINES San Antonio and Lubbock. Furthermore, when the new guidelines are when we authorized expenditures for the announced, HEW will either agree to back­ programs in question. Another interest­ HON. WILLIAM (BILL) CLAY sliding in desegregation plans already ac­ ing fact is that the programs which have cepted in scores of school districts or risk OF MISSOURI been cut by the administration are the a revolution. These districts, naturally will very ones which are designed to assist our IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES refuse to be penalized by their agreement to urban centers such as my congressional Monday, July 7, 1969 desegregate before the guidelines were district in northeast Philadelphia. These changed. Mr. CLAY. Mr. Speaker, Evans and Actually, the decision to change was made budget reductions will deprive children Novak wrote their column on desegrega­ several weeks ago and was to be announced in these areas of the best possible educa­ tion guidelines a full week before the before Finch left on his recent vacation tion and the right to achieve their highest fateful announcement of the adminis­ (from which he returned last Sunday night). possible educational potential. tration position was made official. Their But turmoil inside HEW delayed that an­ The Republican platform makes many nouncement, and civil rights officials there pledges with respect to education. It be­ predictions-that Secretary Finch would are still fighting. give in to the overwhelming pressures At this writing, however, there is little gins with the high sounding statement, within the White House and among chance of stopping the new guidelines. The "The birthplace of American opportunity those influencing the White House-has pressures are too strong from Southern Re­ has been in the classrooms of our schools proven correct. I commend now, for the publicans, from Attorney General John and colleges. From early childhood attention of my colleagues, these com­ Mitchell's Justice Department (which through college years, American schools ments by Evans and Novak carried in the strongly favors the relaxation), and from the must offer programs of education which Republican National Committee {where they are sufficient to meet the needs of all Washington Post, June 27-wherein the have the blessing of the chairman, Rep. pressures applied for the ominous Rogers Morton of Maryland) . Americans-the advantaged, the aver­ statement issued last Thursday, are The pressures have been intense. One Re­ age, the disadvantaged, and the handi­ clearly indicated: publican, Rep. Fletcher Thompson of Atlanta, capped alike." It then goes on to list the FINCH PRESSURED INTO RETREATING ON Ga., flatly warned the White House that some top priority education items for the ScHOOL DESEGREGATION GUIDELINES Southern Republicans could not support party. It calls for expanded and better (By Rowland Evans and Robert Novak) President Nixon's tax bill unless HEW slowed programs for preschool children, encour­ down desegregation. In Thompson's own The imminent surrender of Robert Finch, agement of State, local, and private pro­ district, a new school was recently ordered grams of teacher training, the develop­ Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare closed on grounds that it was specifically lo­ (HEW), on school desegregation guidelines cated in a Negro neighborhood to avoid send­ ment and use of better teaching methods comes after months of vicious backstage ing Negro students to white schools. and modern instructional techniques struggling and pressure from the White Perhaps more important, the Finch retreat such as educational television and volun­ House and Southern Republicans. fits the basic Southern political strategy that tary bilingual education. It also urges Finch had been standing almost alone elected Mr. Nixon. Ever since he took office, that the States present plans for aid to against the rest of the Administration, in­ the South has been demanding fulfillment of cluding at least one HEW official-conserv­ be distributed to nonpublic schoolchil­ campaign pledges to ease desegregation. Only dren and the inclusion of nonprofit pri­ ative Robert Mardian, the Department's Gen­ Finch and HEW's civil rights division stood eral Counsel. Now Mardian's influence is on in the way. Now Finch, too, bas yielded. vate schools in the program planning the rise. process, as well as for greater emphasis The effect of Finch's retreat-over pas­ on vocational education in the high sionate opposition from his own Depart­ school and post high school years and for ment's civil rights officials-will be repeal of increased grant and loan programs for HEW's power to impose deadlines on school THE ADMINISTRATION BREAKS ITS desegregation, mainly on Southern school additional higher education facilities. districts. PROMISES WITH EDUCATION In looking over the administration's Thus, when the new guidelines take effect. PROGRAM BUDGET REQUESTS budget requests for educational pro­ Southern school districts will be able to stall grams, it is appalling to find the lack of desegregation beyond the present deadlines HON. JOSHUA EILBERG emphasis there has been on carrying out of September 1969 in some cases and Sep­ their platform pledges. tember 1970 in others without losing Federal OF PENNSYLVANIA In the field of elementary and second­ school funds. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES This fund cutoff authority is the Federal ary education assistance, the adminis­ Government's ultimate weapon to enforce Monday, July 7, 1969 tration's budget requests are $2.5 billion desegregation. Without it, some Southern Mr. EILBERG. Mr. Speaker, when the below the level of expenditures which the school districts will continue separate public Congress has authorized for these pro­ schools for black and white well beyond the Republican Party adopted its party plat­ present deadlines and perhaps indefinitely. form plank on education and their candi­ grams and $233 million below the bare That is only the immediate effect of the date pledged that his administration bones budget which was submitted by the guidelines change. More difficult is its effect would be second to none in its concern previous administration. Budget reduc- July 7, 1.969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 18515 tions have been made in such areas as who wish to continue their educations. for the various programs providing li­ title I, Elementary and Secondary Edu­ I have already elaborated on my feelings brary resource assistance to elementary cation Act assistance where the amounts with respect to the administration's and secondary schools is likely to be par­ requested are about $1 billion below au­ budget cuts in the higher education fa­ ticularly damaging. It will severely limit thorized levels and the dropout preven­ cilities programs and the student finan­ these schools in acquiring up-to-date in­ tion program. The program of assistance cial aid programs. structional materials, textbooks, and for the establishment of supplemental One of the programs which the admin­ music materials for use in educational educational centers has been reduced $58 istration has emasculated and which con­ activities. million from the Johnson requests and is tributes very greatly to the school budget All of these proposed budget reduc­ $450 million below the authorized ex­ ln my congressional district which is a tions must be considered in the light of penditure level. No money whatever has part of the school district of Philadelphia the function of libraries in the educa­ been requested to fund the title II library is its reduction of $499 million in the tional experience. They are the store­ resources program which has enabled program of Federal aid to impacted house of basic materials. They can liter­ public and nonprofit private schools in school districts. There are millions of ally make the difference between a the city of Philadelphia and across the dollars involved for the city in this pro­ mediocre and a high quality education. Nation to improve their library resources. gram; and, consequently we will lose mil­ They can provide a source of stimulation No money has been requested for the lions if it is not funded at 100 percent of to an otherwise mu1Hed existence-help­ guidance counseling and testing pro­ entitlements. We now have a crisis in the ing childreh to develop aspirations and grams authorized under title V of the city with respect to school construction. to acquire knowledge they otherwise National Defense Education Act. No Itecently the oppressive tax burden which would not have. Libraries in my view money has been requested for the equip­ the citizens have had to bear evidenced have an extremely important role to ment and minor remodeling programs itself in their refusal to approve an edu­ play in the educational process and I authorized under title II of the National cation bond issue. Luckily some banks in believe that the devil-may-care way in Defense Education Act and no money the city have agreed to make the city the which :he administration has made has been requested for the program of necessary loans. I need not tell you what wholesale cuts in the programs of Fed­ loans to elementary and secondary non­ a crisis will result if the city does not eral assistance for the development of profit private schools. receive 100 percent of its entitlement un­ this needed educational resource are un­ I am sure that you all are only too der the impacted areas program. warranted and foolhardy. aware of the action which the House took The administration budget for educa­ Mr. Speaker, the cuts which the ad­ this year in spite of objections of many tion has singled out libraries for partic­ ministration would make in the educa­ of us combining the supplemental educa­ ularly heavy cuts in the 1970 fiscal year. tional budget will prove.disastrous to our tional centers program, the title II library In addition to the elimination of the title elementary and secondary schools as resources program, the NDEA title V II ESEA library resources program, well as our colleges and universities. If guidance and counseling as well as test­ which I have indicated has been elimi­ all education programs were funded at ing programs authorized under title II of nated completely, grants for public li­ their authorized levels, we would still the NDEA effective in 1971. With only raries under title I of the Libra:y Service only be spending 2.5 percent of the total $116 million requested by the adminis­ and Construction Act will be cut in half, Federal budget and a half percent of the tration for all these programs for the 1970 construction of public libraries will be gross national product. Certainly this is fiscal year while their authorized levels cut out completely, aid to college lt­ not too large an investment to make in are over $1 billion, I am sure you can see braries will be cut in half, funds for the welfare of our children and the fu­ what a tug of war will occur when the training librarians have been cut in half ture of our country. Therefore, I urge States are faced with a choice as to the and even acquisition and cataloging by all my colleagues on both sides of the allocation of the meager funds which the Library of Congress has been cut aisle to study the administration's edu­ they will get for these programs if the substantially. cation program budget requests and ask administration budget requests are ap­ These proposed cuts are appalling. themselves if this is really all we in the proved. They will stop Federal assistance for the Congress can do for the schoolchildren You will recall that one of the priority construction of many new public libra­ of the Nation. I think we can do better. areas in the Republican platform's edu­ ries in the future-and may well jeop­ cation plank called for increased assist­ ardize projects which are now receiving ance for bilingual education. Yet, we note Federal funds. At least 276 projects that the administration's budget requests which are pending in locations through­ INDEPENDENCE DAY OF MALAWI for this purpose are some $30 million be­ out the country will not be funded. In low the level which has been authorized some instances these libraries do not now by the Congress. We can also note that have their own buildings. In other in­ HON. ADAM C. POWELL the platform pledge of support for edu­ stances the buildings are in a dilapidated OF NEW YORK cation professions development has been condition and do not invite extensive IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ignored since the administration has re­ public use. In still other instances, there Monday, July 7, 1969 quested sums which are $15 million less is a real need for branch libraries to Mr. POWELL. Mr. Speaker, I take this than the Johnson budget and some $350 bring library services within the reach time today to extend congratulations to million below the level of expenditures of more people. Malawi on the fifth anniversary, on July which we have authorized. Further, the The fund cuts which the administra­ 6, of her independence from Great Brit­ budget requests for vocational education tion has proposed will make it di:tficult ain. Malawi is a small mountain-girted activities which got such a high priority for public libraries to expand, and in land of great beauty and pervasive pov­ in the Republican platform got no such some cases maintain, existing services. priority in making up their first educa­ erty. While it has been desperately poor, Expansion of collections will be im­ no one starves. Pawpaw, bananas, pea­ tion budget. Requests for these programs paired as it becomes necessary to curtail fall some $487 million below authorized nuts, maize, and vegetables grow in suffi­ acquisitions. In some instances services cient quantity to fill stomachs if not levels. The requests for these programs will be diminished. Mobile libraries, pockets. completely ignore the 1968 report of the which often mean the difference between Advisory Council of Vocational Educa­ Before independence a villager could service and no service, will be curtailed. do no more than grow enough maize to tion, "The Bridge Between Man and His Many libraries will have to adopt shorter Work." feed himself and his family. But in the hours. Planning for new and better serv­ last 5 years Malawi's economic develop­ In addition, the administration has ice will decrease. The reduction in col­ ment has grown at an average yearly rate acted to reduce the amount of funds lege library resources will also decrease of 10-percent. which will be available to our oolleges and the ability of these libraries to make new A key factor has been the introduction universities for facilities construction acquisitions, to bring old collections up of better farming methods. The villagers• and, in a related development, the ad­ to date, and to acquire the latest research standard of living has risen. They are ministration has ignored the needs of the reports. now able to buy better clothes and house­ various programs which provide assist­ As I ·have indicated previously, the hold goods. Many own radios and good ance to low- and middle-inoome students cuts in the budget which are proposed furniture. Soon after independence adult 18516 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 7, 1969 litevacy classes were introduced, and now eastern Mediterranean, endangered U.S. tary Clifford set to work to plan the force after work in the morning, villagers at­ control of the Panama Canal without increase. The group included Secretaries tend classes where they are taught how firing a shot, and currently threatens Rusk, Fowler, Katzenbach and Nitze; CIA to read and write. The adult classes have Director Helms; Rostow of the White House to force our withdrawal from the Viet­ staff; and Generals Taylor and Wheeler. helped reduce superstition. Men, women, nam war after the loss of nearly 40,000 It appeared that the proposed troop in­ and children used to regard the witc:h of our finest youth. crease would require a reserve call-up; pos­ doctor with awe, even if he did not cure More recently, North Korea has re­ sibly wage and price controls and other dis­ their ills. turned to the war pictw·e with the cap­ tasteful measures. But Clifford could get no New factories have been es·tablished ture of one of our naval vessels on the assurance that even these measures would to produce products formerly imported: high seas and the shooting down of one end the war. He asked the questions which Cotton textiles, blankets, paper bags, of our naval aircraft over the Sea of a good lawyer should ask. What is our goal? How do we get there? What will these shoes, and farm implements; sugar and Japan-both with impunity. Moreover, measures accomplish? distilled spirits. Among the newest addi­ recently released officers of the Pueblo Clifford received vague and unsatisfactory tion to Malawian industries is the coun­ believe that the North Koreans are pre­ answers to his inquiries. No one could give try's first oil company. paring to invade South Korea again. any assurance that the troop increase would Much of the recent pTogress of Mal,awi Certainly, Mr. Speaker, the time has achieve specific results, not even that the may be attributed to President Hastings come to question the quality of the mili­ situation would be improved when the troop Kamuzu Banda, who has aotively and tary advice that has guided our Presi­ increase was made. energetically led his people since their dents in vital strategic policy matters. "When I asked for a presentation of the military plan for attaining victory in Viet independence. The ancient hostility and Fortunately, we have experienced pro­ Nam," he writes, "I was told that there was suspicion between tribes and vill.ages is fessional officers of our Armed Forces no plan fer victory in the historic American lessening and there is a new unity and who have served with distinction, both sense. Why not? Because our forces were op­ friendliness among the people. I wish in peace and at war and who are quali­ erating under three major political restric­ them continued success in their elllter­ fied to evaluate the miiltary judgment tions: The President had forbidden the in­ prise of building a strong and prosperous of Presidential advisers-among them vasion of North VietNam because this could Maj. Gen. Thomas A. Lane. In a recent trigger the mutual assistance pact between nation. North Viet Nam and China; the President illuminating report General Lane asks, had forbidden the mining of the harbor of in effect, whether the present adminis­ Haiphong, the principal port through which CRISIS IN WORLD STRATEGY: tration will continue on the negative the north received military supplies, because SHOULD PRESIDENT NIXON course that has brought repeated costly a Soviet vessel might be sunk; the Presi­ CHANGE MILITARY ADVISERS? defeats for our country. dent had forbidden our forces to pursue the Mr. Speaker, in order that the indi­ enemy into Laos and Cambodia, for to do so cated article by General Lane may be would spread the war, politically and geo­ HON. JOHN R. RARICK more widely read, I insert it as part of graphically, with no discernible advantage. OF LOUISIANA my remarks: "These and other restrictions which pre­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES cluded an all-out, no-holds-barred military [From Human Events, July 12, 1969] effort were wisely designed to prevent our Monday, July 7, 1969 SHOULD NIXON CHANGE MILITARY ADVISERS? being drawn into a larger war. We had no Mr. RARICK. Mr. Speaker, the more (By Gen. Thomas A. Lane) inclination to recommend to the President I observe the unfolding of world power The apologia of Clark M. Clifford pub­ their cancella;tion." lished in the July issue of Foreign Affairs There it is: government in paralysis! How relationships the more I am impressed shocking it is to learn that in that brilliant with the vision and courage of Gen. magazine under the title "A Viet Nam Ap­ praisal" offers fascinating fare for observers company, no one comprehended that the Douglas MacArthur. of the national scene. He does not tell all, presidential restrictions spelled defeat. There In his testimony on May 3 and 4, 1951, but he surely reveals more than he intended. was no one to demand that the rules of war before joint meetings of the Senate He recounts the transformation of Clark be changed. Committees on Armed Services and For­ Clifford from hawk to dove. The presidential restrictions may have been eign Affairs, he made three significant The former secretary of defense is a man of intended to avoid being drawn into a larger many talents. As a young lawyer he had been war, but they were .not designed to that statements-pages 55 and 145 of those purpose. Rather they assured conditions hearings-as follows: counsel and close adviser to President Tru­ man. During the Eisenhower years he estab­ necessary for the success of the Soviet-backed If the United States doesn't bring the lished a successful law practice. With the "war of liberation." Korean War to a d·ecisive and victorious end, return of the Democrats to power, he became It is naive to suppose that Red China she will have to accept all the consequences an influential adviser to the Kennedy and would risk attack by U.S. air power rather of a disastrous defeat. Johnson Administrations. On March 1, 1968, than have Ho Chi Minh cease his attacks on It is my belief that if you bring the Korean he became secretary of defense. His suave South Viet Nam. And if the Soviet Union War to a successful conclusion, you will put political presence has been in service to the chose to enter a mined harbor, why should off the possibility and diminish the possi­ Democratic party and American industry for the United States be concerned about the bility of a third world war; 30 years. consequences? Could no one see a discernible If you continue this (war) indefinitely, it As a loyal member of the Johnson entou-· advantage in entering Laos and Cambodia to will eventually overtake you. It will spread. rage, Clifford had accepted the rationale of defeat the enemy and end the war? Mr. Speaker, the historical facts are the President's war policy. Late in 19u7 he Secretary Clifford and his company em­ undertook jointly with Gen. Maxwell Taylor braced without question these basic errors that General MacArthur's warnings a special mission to Viet Nam and to our of war policy and sought other resolution were disregarded. The war in Korea did Asian allies with a view to increasing allied of the conflict. There is no other solution. spread to Vietnam just as he predicted, participation in combat operations. Clifford The substitute for victory is defeat. and what amounts to a war for the world was discouraged to find our all1es supporting Secretary Clifford reached some strange on many fronts, foreign and domestic­ the war, but unw1lling to increase their com­ conclusions. People do when they refuse to including so-called wars of national lib­ bat participation. face up to the truth. "I was convinced that eration-is now in progress, with even The reluctance of our all1es influenced the military course we were pursuing was the United States marked for destruc­ Clifford to question the going justification of not only endless, but hopeless." Right! But our war policy. He could not understand that instead of correcting the mmtary policy, he tion. our allies were naturally opposed to expend­ decided to disengage. Why? To reduce Amer­ In a statement in the daily CoNGRES­ ing their youth in a war of attrition which ican casualties. Wouldn't South Vie.t Nam SIONAL RECORD of April 18, 1967, page the United States did not want to win. A111ed then be defeated? No, the increased respon­ A1879, on "Crisis in World Strategy: An spokesmen were too polite to criticize U.S. sibility for their own defense would be good Appraisal," I listed crucial strategy spots policy as long as the United States was pay­ for them. and commented upon them: Suez Canal­ ing the b111. Mr. Clifford concluded that world The then-current South Viet Nam mobi­ Red Sea route to the Indian Ocean, conditions had changed! lization of 750,000 was equivalent to an Secretary Clifford took office soon after the American mobilization of nine m1llion! Not Southeast Asia, Southern Africa, and the Tet offensive of 1968 which so surprised and since World War II had we borne such a Isthmus of Panama. taxed alUed m1litary forces in South Viet burden. To suppose that South Viet Nam Since 1967 much has happened. Com­ Nam. Gen. Earle Wheeler, chairman of the could then take over the U.S. combat role munist power has secured control of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, had returned from was preposterous. The arming and equiping Suez Canal-Red Sea route in the Near Saigon with a request for 200,000 additional of the South Viet Nam military forces was East, extended its naval power into the troops. A special task force chaired by Secre- a good program too long delayed. But an July 7, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 18517 American pull-out when the war was at its Clifford argues that a fast withdrawal of the recommendations of subordinate mili­ peak could not be explained with platitudes. U.S. combat forces would not Jeopardize the tary commanders in the inner councils of President Johnson and Clark Clifford security of South Viet Nam. He claims that government, the top milltary leaders have were well aware that President Kennedy had our air and sea power could, with the South embraced the presidential restraints as planned in 1963 to set up a coalition govern­ Vietnamese Army, secure the country. He for­ "wisely designed to prevent our being drawn ment in South VietNam and withdraw U.S. gets that our intervention with ground com­ into a larger war." He gives the public a new forces. But after the Vietnamese general bat forces in 1965 was necessary because air view of our Viet Nam tragedy. The senior threw out the Minh junta in January 1964 and sea power with the South Vietnamese military leaders are responsible. and condemned the Minh plan to neutralize Army were not enough. Surely a fast pull-out It was distinctly the responsibility of the the country, it became politically infeasible of our forces could reduce the country to military leaders to foresee that the presi­ to pursue the coalition plan. President John­ those straits again. This would be the con­ dential directives would condemn us and our son had to continue our support of the dition requisite for coalition government. allies to a bloody, endless war of attrition South. In 1965 he introduced U.S. combat Clifford writes: "There is, in fact, no magic which could not be won. forces to the battle to forestall North Viet­ and no specific military rationale for the It was distinctly the military responsibility namese victory. number of American troops presently in to show that the enemy forces could be de­ By 1968 the Johnson policy was in disre­ South Viet Nam. The current figure rep­ cisively repulsed and defeated when our side pute. He was engaged in a war of attrition resents only the level at which the escala­ could strike across the borders at the aggres­ which he seemed powerless to resolve. Cas­ tion stopped." sors, and that such action would sharply ualties were mounting. Senators McCarthy The secretary is quibbling. Of course the reduce force requirements for the defense of and Kennedy were attacking the Johnson mm.tary strength required to protect a coun­ South VietNam. war policy. They talked guardedly but openly try is not subject to precise formulation. But It was distinctly the military responsibility about imposing a coalition government on to imply that troop strength is not ra.tdonally to show the President that such response, South Viet Nam. related to military requirements is to misrep­ clearly authorized in international law, Secretary Clifford has concealed this part resent seriously the situation in South Viet would not provoke Soviet or Red Chinese of the story. His decision to turn combat re­ Nam. intervention a.s long as the clear consequence sponsibility over to South Viet Nam could Clifford expresses the dovish view that "a of such intervention would be war with the be related only to the Kennedy plan for a high level of American casualties" is caused United States. coalition government. In his examination of by our application of maximum military Who else in government is qualified to war policy, his instinct to heal the divisions effort in South VietNam. A former secretary judge these questions? of the Democratic party led him to accept the of defense should know better. He sustained Clark Clifford's article tells us that our pleading of Ambassador Harriman and others the policy while he was in office. President senior military leaders have failed in their that coaHtion government would offer a face­ Nixon has correctly ordered Gen. Abrams to duty to the country. They have embraced saving formula for United States withdrawal. minimJize casualties. It is this purpose which the civilian rationalization of appeasement. What Clifford brought to the issue was a requires maximum pressure on the enemy. They have in truth betrayed the political lawyer's brief which would conceal the be­ By preventing the enemy from building up leaders whom they thought to accommodate. trayal of an ally by pretending that South major forces in the south, Gen. Abrams in­ This kind of military default is not rare in Viet Nam could take over the combat role. creases the securi.ty and reduces the casual­ history. It has caused the fall of nations. This is why Clifford and other Democratic ties of his own forces. Abraham Lincoln fired the generals who critics are impatient with President Nixon. Clifford writes: "In the long run, the failed. It took him three years to find in Having made the decision to pull out, they security of the Pacific region will depend Grant a general who could win. There aren't want to do the job as quickly as possible. upon the ability of the countries there to many w.ho can. Pull out all combat troops by the end of meet the legitimate growing demands of their In tliis hour, the tragedy of Viet Nam is 1970, they say. They believe the cry to end people ...." This is misleading cant. The extended by President Nixon's retention of the fighting, even at the price of sacrificing security of the region will depend upon the the Johnson generals. With them, he will the goal for which so many have died, will capacd.ty of the free countries to repel Com­ flounder as Clifford did. please the people. munist aggression. There is no other threat Presidents Kennedy and Johnson were But President Nixon has not made the to the security of the region. satisfied with losers. Will Richard Nixon con­ commitment to impose a coalition govern­ He writes further: "We cannot afford to lose tinue on their oourse? This is the crucial ment on South VietNam. He seems to believe sight of the fact that this is a limited war, question of American policy today. that he can build up South Viet Nam to for limited aims and employing limited defend itself even as South Korea is doing. power." This is the familiar and specious Such a program would allow a gradual and plea for restraint of U.S. power. Is the inde­ controlled reduction of U.S. combat forces. It pendence of an ally a "limited aim"? If the would certainly involve continuing confron­ enemy raises the price, do we quit? Tell that SCHOOLS OF THE URBAN CRISIS tation with the Soviet Union, a prospect dis­ to NATO. This kind of talk is used to conceal tasteful to the Democratic doves. the confusion of leaders who are intimidated By persuading President Johnson to his by Soviet aggression. HON. JOHN BRADEMAS thesis of withdrawal, Clifford had bridged Perhaps the most significant revelation OF INDIANA made by Secretary Clifford is the role of our the gap in the Democratic party. The Presi­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES dent would withdraw from the election cam­ military leaders in policy making. If he re­ paign and would start the party on a course ported correctly that Generals Taylor and Monday, July 7, 1969 to diminish its differences about the war. Wheeler accepted without challenge the Ambassador Harriman, chief architect of the President's three restrictions on the conduct Mr. BRADEMAS. Mr. Speaker, last Kennedy coalition policy, would become chief of the war, this is the crux of our continu­ week I had the privilege of addressing negotiator in Paris. ing failure in Viet Nam. the annual convention of the National When, after negotiations extending from We cannot expect civilian le-aders to dis­ Education Association in Philadelphia, May to October, the North Vietnamese agreed tinguish between sound and disastrous mili­ Pa. to South Vietnamese participation in the tary policy when their top mili'bary advisers During the convention, the task force Paris talks, South VietNam demurred at the fail to do so. on urban education issued a report en­ conditions. Clark Clifford was outraged. Sud­ This war stems entirely from the three denly Saigon became responsible for the loss presidential restrictions. Without them, there titled, "Schools of the Urban Crisis," of American lives in the war. The secretary would be no war. South VietNam could de­ which I think is worthy of the atten­ lost his cool and vented his frustration. fend itself with only materiel support. To end tion of all the Members of the House No doubt the Clifford impatience was re­ the war, South VietNam must be allowed to of Representatives and the Senate. It is lated to the impending election. The Demo­ destroy the aggressors where they are--in for this reason that I insert the text of crats needed an apparent breakthrough at Laos, cambodia and North VietNam. this report at this point in the RECORD: Paris to help the election of Hubert Hum­ The task can be accomplished without SCHOOLS OF THE URBAN CRISIS phrey. Finally, on October 31, President risk of Soviet or Red Chinese intervention Johnson brushed aside the Saigon reserva­ if the operations are soundly projected. It (Report by Task Force on Urban Education) tions and announced the cessation of all is the military responsibility to chart sound MEMBERS OF THE NEA TASK FORCE ON URBAN bombing of North Viet Nam. It was a grand milltary policy. EDUCATION stand play to mislead the American people This observer had assumed that military Mrs. Irvamae Applegate, Chairman; Dean, into believing that the war would soon be leaders were recommending the denial of School of Education, St. Cloud State COllege, over. It failed, but only narrowly. sanctuary and unrestricted counterattack St. Cloud, Minn. In rationalizing his conversion to with­ against enemy forces waging war against Oliver W. Lancaster, Vice-Chairman; Office drawal, Secretary Clifford subscribes to some South Viet Nam. It seemed probable that of Integration and Intergroup Education, patently unrealistic thesis which compro­ these recommendations had been overruled Board of Education, Phlladelphla, Pa. mised the intellectual integrity of his by the President on advice of the State Frederick Bertolaet, Assistant Professor of analysis. For all his seeming candor, he is no Department. Eduoation, University of Michigan, Ann less a politician. Clark Clifford now tells us that whatever Arbor. 18518 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 7, 1.969 Ruth Buehrer, Project Coordinator, Burnet sonnel, administrators, college and state cities, housing and job opportunities also Street School, Newark, N.J. department of education personnel, as well are inadequate. A poor man who did not re­ Mrs. Bessie S. Estell, Principal, Butler Ele­ as representatives from the U.S. Office of ceive an adequate education and is without mentary School, Birmingham, Ala. Economic Opportunity. The Task Force mem­ marketable skills finds himself unable to Jose Garcia, Teacher, Byrd Junior High bers come from major urban areas through­ get any job at all or gets one which does School, Sun Valley, Calif. out the country. They are people who strug­ not pay him enough to provide adequate Richard Gousha, Superintendent of gle dally to improve the character and qual­ housing, food, or medical assistance for his Schools, Milwaukee, Wis. ity of education offered in the schools of our family. His children, already suffering from C. Edwin Llnvllle, Principal, W. H. Taft cities. poverty, often attend the inadequate schools High School, New York, N.Y. Because of the magnitude of the problems of the urban crisis. Patrick J. McDonough, Executive Assist­ of urban education, the president and execu­ By whatever criteria are used, research in­ ant, American Personnel and Guidance As­ tive secretary of the NEA specified that this dicates that those schools which this report sociation, Washington, D.C. Task Force Report be a total NEA endeavor. deals with are clearly inferior to the other Robert Martinez, Executive Director, H111s­ In light of this, five departments contributed schools located within the city or in neigh­ borough County Classroom Teachers ASsoci­ both staff time and financial assistance. The boring suburbs. One standard of measure­ ation, Tampa, Fla. American Association of School Administra­ ment that can be applied is the avallabllity Mrs. Jane Moody, Job Corps Regional Of­ tors, the Association of Classroom Teachers, and distribution of the human and physical fice, San Francisco, Calif. the Association :tor Supervision and Curric­ resources which are generally considered es­ Ferguson Rhemm, Teacher, Manual Arts ulum Development, the Department of Ele­ sential factors in education. In comparison High School, Los Angeles, Oa.Uf. mentary School Principals, and the National to other schools, the schools of the urban Wilson C. Riles, Associate Superintendent Association of Secondary School Principals crisis have a greater number of pupils per of Public Instruction and Director of Com­ enthusiastically supported the work of the teacher, a smaller amount of money to spend pensatory Education, California State De­ Task Force. It also received help from the per pupil, fewer textbooks and other teach­ partment of Education, Sacramento. NEA Center for Human Relations, the Cen­ ing materials per pupil, a greater proportion Daniel Schreiber, Assistant Superintend­ ter for the Study of Instruction, the Division of teachers who are not fully certificated, ent, Bureau of Curriculum Development, of Field Services, the Research Division, other a greater proportion of teachers with fewer New York City Board of Education, Brook­ NEA departments and divisions, state and years of experience, and many more older lyn, N.Y. local affiliates, and interested outside organi­ school buildings. Criteria involving results Samuel Shepard, Assistant Superintend­ zations. Without the help and constant in­ also lllustrate the immensity of the crisis: ent, St. Louis Public Schools, St. Louis, Mo. terest of these groups the Task Force could These particular schools have more dropouts, Mary Helen Swaner, Advisory and Guid­ not .have done its work with effectiveness or more students who read at lower levels and ance Counselor, W. H. Adamson High School, in depth. perform less well on standardized tests, fewer Dallas, Tex. The Task Force met several times from students who graduate from high school, Mrs. Bennetts. B. Washington, Director, April 1968 to Aprl:l 1969, examining re­ fewer who attend college, fewer who get jobs.1 Women's Centers, Job Corps, Washington, search data and util1zlng the services of spe­ There is a cycle of inadequacy, created by D.C. cial consultants, including parents, while de­ many factors. As increasing mechanization Ester Wilfong, President, Washington Ed­ veloping this report. After a year of study of agriculture drove farm workers, many ucation Association, Seattle, Wash. and thorough deliberation, the Task Force of them black people from the South, to Continuing consultants formulated recommendations for positive ac­ seek new livelihoods in the cities, they occu­ tions that the NEA and other appropriate pied the core areas being vacated by middle Mario Fantini, Program Officer, Division of agencies should take to improve the condi­ class fa.m111es, who were beginning to mi­ Education and Research, Ford Foundation, tions of education in the inner cities of this grate to the suburbs. In addition, in the New York, N.Y. nwtton. Notable among these is the pro­ Southwest, many Mexican-Americans came Robert Havighurst, Professor of Education, posed creation of an NEA Special Project on to the cities to seek jobs. Simultaneously, the Department of Education, '(_Jniversity of Chi­ Urban Education to be responsible for orig­ development of technology contributed to cago, Chicago, Til. inating and coordinating urban education job scarcity for the unsk1lled labor market, Staff advisory committe~ activities. The recommendations, together which economic activity shifted to outlying, Representing NEA: Sam Ethridge, Glen with a discuss1on of the forces in American newly developing suburban areas. Racial and Robinson, Ole Sand, Gary Watts. society which make them necessary, appear socioeconomic biases prevented the new ur­ Representing NEA Departments: Richard in the following report. ban poor from obtaining jobs. V. Brown (ASCD), F. J. Johnson (ACT), This report is addressed to the National It must be pointed out that the hearts of John F. Kourmadas (NASSP), Dorothy Education Association and its state and America's cities are rich undeveloped ter­ local affiliates. It wlll be of use also to other Neubauer (DESP), Georg~ Redfern (AASA). ritories, as some Americans are aware and educators a.nd citizens concerned about im­ more are discovering. Beauty is there-grace NEA staff proving the conditions of urban education. of architectural line, the freshness of tiny George W. Jones, Director. The central focus the Task Force has chosen unexpected parks, imaginatively designed Joseph A. Devlin, S.J. (Rev.), Program is the urban child. Each chapter discusses gardens created from scanty resources. There Assistant. the present problems of urban education, art 11'\rd a high school and its feeder elementary and over releyan.t l·ocal issues, which may vary might have the resporu;:ibUity for determin­ widely from plant to plant because of local junior high schools; it might involve between ing program priorities wilthin a school or 7,000 and 10,000 students. conditions. Many existing master contracts cl\lSiter of schools; a central board might con­ of teacher organizations already provide for 3. The Morgan Community School in duct research and evaluation for the com­ Washington, D.C., suggests still another a mild form of multi-unit bargaining, by re­ munity board; faculty members of an in­ quiring the formation of faculty councils or model-an individual school controlled by a dividual school might develop several alter­ local governing board. senates in each building or unit. The pur­ natives for implementing a program priority; pose of !Such councils is to resolve local is­ It is possible that within a city some sec­ and the community board might then decide tions of the public are satisfied with the sues that may arise because of unique con­ which among the alternatives is most feasible ditions. For this type of bargaining to suc­ present centralized board and will not press in the light of other priort.ties. Purchasing for community-controlled schools. Thus some ceed, each local board must fully accept the of some items might be done more easily by a responsibility to bargain with its employees. of the schools might be governed by a central central board; purchasing of other items board and others by local boards. It is also Teacher organizations, then, would con­ might be done more easily by a local board. tinue to negotiate. They would, however, possible that several different-sized "dis­ Personnel needs and staff deployment tricts" may develop within a city. (In Wash­ have to examine which items could be ne­ should be determined at a local level as much gotiated at a centralized level and which in~ton, D.C., the Morgan Board governs one as possible. The major responsibility for hir­ school, but the residents of Anacostia are could be negotiated at a more local level. In ing and firing personnel might be placed with general, basic salaries and fringe benefits developing a governing unit which would a governing board which has advice from have jurisdiction over 10 schools.) might be negotiated at a centralized level the administration and faculty. On the other while decision!> relating to educational pro­ The size of the districts will be important hand, major responsibility might be placed grams might be made at the more local level. in determining other structural arrange­ with the administrator assisted by the faculty One of the items which teacher organizations ments. For example, a very large district may and an advisory council. Whoever is respon­ might negotiate at the decentralized level be tied directly to the state, circumventing sible and accountable for personnel decisions is the procedure for involving faculty mem­ the central board entirely. In other cases, must have the authority to carry out these bers in decision making within an individual schools may receive some service or direction decisions. school. The following example shows how a com­ Negotiating under a decentralized plan Footnotes at end of article. munity board and school staff could work would necessarily involve more members of 18522 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 7, 1969 the teachers organiza.tions. These organiza­ rials for an enduring self-respect on which tinue until he is established in his tions themselves might become restructured to rely in times of external stress. occupation. along the same lines of a decentralization All the elements of the educational expe­ Individualized Programs: The schools of plan. They would need to consider and devel­ rience--staff, curriculum, materials, facili­ the urban crisis must develop programs of op ways to coordinate the expressed needs of ties-should be organized to contribute to individualized instruction. The Task Force members in each decentralized district when the child's feeling that he is valuable both as defines individualized instruction as instruc­ developing a master contract covering a a member of the human race and as him­ tion which creates the school situation most larger area. In short, they must find ways to self-a unique combination of qualities. favorable to the development of each child be responsive to their own members in the Those in the schools must neither ignore nor as an independent, self-reliant, self-teach­ decentralized system. malign nor patronize any child's race, cul­ ing, creative individual. Individualized in­ Conclusion ture, or background. They must not imply struction is designed to develop the child's that academic or social standing is an accu­ personal and academic potential to a greater The Task Force believes that a careful and rate standard of the worth of the individual. degree than is possible when learning is pre­ thoughtful consideration of the above ques­ Rather, the educational experience must en­ scribed for groups of students as though they tions will be necessary for all school systems courage each student to value his strengths, were identical. An educational program thlj.t attempt to reorganize and reform to while considering his weaknesses to be chal­ tailored to fit the needs and abilities of each meet the exigencies of a new and challenging lenges, not sins or faults. student provides him more experlence of century.u The real value of the current surge Career Development: Most children in the success, thus increasing his self-esteem and toward decentralization and reorganization schools today will need to work to support his wiutngness to risk further confrontation is that it focuses on allowing bath parents themselves as adults. Many will need to seek with unknown facts and situations. Giving and educators to be a part of the decision­ employment as soon as they complete their him the length of time, the kind of materials, making process. The realization of this drive public school education. But employment is and the method of approach suited to his toward decentralization and reorganization increasingly scarce for the unskilled; ma­ own learning style increases the amount he will provide in urban education the pluralism chines perform or may even direct physical can learn, because his time is not spent grap­ that we, as Americans, say we cherish. This pling with irrelevancies. news system will offer educational alterna­ labor, and economy requires that human tives to parents and educators in our cities beings perform only the tasks demanding In a truly individualized program, the hu­ as well as in our suburbs. It could, in fact, more knowledge and skills. If the schools are man skill and development of each child are not to contribute to the number of unem­ diagnosed. Each child has a program of ac­ save public education in America from ob­ tivities planned with and for him order solescence. ployed citizens, and thereby to all the social to and personal waste and Inisery attendant on to reach specific objectives, and assessment CHAPTER 2-THE EDUCATIONAL EXPERIENCE joblessness, they must offer effective pro­ is conducted to see if the activities have The number of students who leave urban grams for career development. assisted the child in meeting those specific schools, with or without diplomas, prepared The educational program must first ensure objectives. Individualized education is con­ neither for further formal schooling nor for that students possess the basic skills re­ cerned with behavior and how people feel immediate employment has been repeatedly quired for survival in our civilization: the about themselves and others; its objectives documented. That any students leave any ab111ty to read, write, and calculate; to think are behavioral. Children help determine the schools in this condition 1s deplorable; when logically; to make decisions; to work with objectives they want ot attain, and they have the proportion rises above 85 percent, as it others; and to deal with stress. Students different experiences for accomplishing a has done in Harlem, the schools may be re­ further need to develop concepts which they stated goal. They learn in different environ­ garded as functionally inoperative in prepar­ can apply to a whole cluster of occupations, ments, and their vicarious experiences are ing students for eoonoinic self-sufficiency.lG in order to move from one specific job to an­ broadened. Children learn from all types of Far from equipping students to support other as requirements and demands shift. It people and mechandsms. They are required themselves in any way at all-let alone is the responsib111ty of the school to keep to spend only as much time acquiring a given giving them a choice of occupations-the itself constantly informed on occupations skill as it takes to demonstrate achievement schools of the urban crisis do not teach many that are likely to need more, or fewer, em­ of a desired goal, and then they can establish students even to read or calculate. ployees in the near future. For example, be­ new goals and concentrate on the attainment Urban students are deprived, not only of cause of the automation of industry and ag­ of these. useful academic and vocational education riculture, the present trend is toward a con­ This individualized ed.uoation progi'Iam is possible for others to obtain in the educa­ centration of employment in service-ori­ designed to ensure th!a;t no child leaves school tional system, but of the kind of educational ented, rather than good-producing, occupa­ without skills enabling him to move into an­ program that develops a child's confidence tions. A close relationship with business and other productive environment. It includes in his ability and worth-a confidence that is industry is essential in vocational programs careful and continual diag;nosis by both necessary for both survival and productive because students must have access to the teacher and student of what the student participation in our civilizaton.16 latest machinery and techniques; training on knows, what he thinks he Wa.Illts to know, The educational program presently offered obsolete equipment may even prove to be a how he learns, what he wants to learn, and the children of the urban crisis is suitable liab111ty to a prospective employee. what he is motivated to learn. It involves to neither our time nor their situation. Un­ Local business, industry, and government counseling about alternatives in learning, til it is replaced by an approprate form and and other service agencies can be valuable recognizing v-arious levels of learning, and content, urban schools will continue to crush sources of assistance to the schools in pro­ ex:ainining the degree to which learning has their students into the mold of social liabili­ viding vocational experience; their aid transfer value, is genel"alized or synthesized.l7 ties. To educate, a school must adapt itself should be sought in the selection of suitable All the educa tiona! experience provided in to its environment and to the academic, courses, the planning of course content, and such a program is process-oriented.IB The psychological, and physical needs of its stu­ the provision of actual working experience. child not only learns facts but understands dents. Many urban schools are unique only Establishment of work-study programs is de­ and uses the theory, process, reasoning, and in the degree of their inappropriateness to sirable for several reasons: Such programs concepts which go into any d:iscipllne. Not the student population. It is the enormity of perinit students who must begin work imme­ only do children learn history, they Learn how their irrelevance that makes such schools diately after graduation to continue their to be historians; they not only read the poetry a single, identifiable problem-the most formal education and prepare themselves for of Langston Hughes and T. S. Eliot, they learn pressing problem-of the American educa­ occupations that offer advancement; they how to be poets; they IlJOit only read a.ru::t s1tudy tional institution today. provide students the opportunity to observe the novels of Saul Bellow and Jrunes Baldwin, the practice and working conditions in a they learn how to become novelists. A child Education for the time variety of occupations; they maintain a close does not just study about reason and human­ Emotional Development: The pressures relationship between school and community ity but incorporates them into his character. and tensions of the present are great; those that enables the school to keep its vocational In many areas of learning, particularly of the next few decades may well be greater. program realistic; and they provide the stu­ where performance goals can be identified Already many Americans do not feel able to dent with contacts in the field he intends to specifically----as in typing, spelling, or mathe­ deal comfortably with the stresses our civil­ enter. Through this last, they provide the matics-requirements are in terms of achieve­ ization presents. To prepare students to func­ schools one means of fulfilling what should ment rather than time. Flexibility in all sub­ tion competently, our schools must offer be one of their major responsib111ties in voca­ jects and areas of study eliminrutes the school them sufficient knowledge of the processes tional education: student placement and schedule as we now know it. School need not of emotional response so that they can un­ follow-up. Neglect of this responsibility begin and end at the same time for all chil­ derstand their feelings rather than fear makes it difficult for the school to deterinine dren. On some days students might not even them. The school situation should present whether it is, in fact, preparing students to attend school. They might go to a museum, the opportunity to practice channeling and compete in the job market. Yet this is an the mayor's office, the grocery store, the ball expressing feelings in ways that will prevent aspect of its performance that should inter­ paJTk, the newspaper office, the autotn!()bUe inner tensions from accumulating and yet est the school most highly, since unemploy­ factory, the police stactlon. They might even keep behavior within the limits set by so­ able students become a burden to themselves take a leave of absence from the school for ciety. More important, the educational expe­ and a threat to the society. The relationship three months or a year. . rience must provide students with the mate- between the schools and the employers of the Not only instruction, but evalu:a.t110n can community-and beyond-must begin at the be individualized. Testing is used to deter­ Footnotes at end of article. beginning of the student's training and con- mine to what extent each student under- July 7, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 18523 stands what he has studied rather than how ments of individual worth must be based 3. Schools must develop realistic programs many facts he has memorized. Each child is on the child's own values and experiences as which recognize that education will be a compared with his own standards of per­ a person and as a member of a particular lifelong experience. formance; class or national standings are not community. Such an approach to curriculum Lifelong productivity in the world of work considered indicative of the student's in­ must be manifested in materials in all fields requires periodic retraining, if not continual creasing grasp of concepts and ideas. As the of study-natural sciences and mathematics education. In the life span of an individual school program can be designed to assist the as well as literature and the social sciences­ much of his education will occur outside of child to learn, so the evaluation program can which present realistically and fairly the the elementary and secondary school years. be structured to inform the student about the various components of our nation and our It may be logical and beneficial for some nature and extent of his progress. world. All-white illustrations and examples youth to become employed as early as pos­ Plant and Facilities. Many of the schools in an arithmetic book are as untruthful and sible and then to continue their education of the urban crisis were built during the as unrealistic as an all-white history of the under the direction of their employer. last century and are so unsafe for both chil­ United States. The curriculum must also be Guidance and counseling services should be dren and educators that they should be torn cosmopolitan in outlook, emphasizing the available to provide placement and follow­ down. These schools lack many basic items interrelationships among an individual, his up services for students moving into jobs, which most teachers take for granted: There community, and his world. It must be rele­ technical training programs, universities, are not enough desks; many of the windows vant to the child's needs and to the needs of and colleges. In addition, the school should are broken; blackboards are falling apart; society. It must prepare him to perform ef­ take leadership in helping agencies and in­ doors will not close; radiators will not work; fectively, economically, socially, occupation­ stitutions in the community develop rich there are no adequate toilet facilities. These ally, and psychologically; it must prepare and varied educational offerings for adults buildings are also simply too small for the him to do this as an individual, a parent, a of all ages. number of people they are required to hold.19 member of a group, a citizen of his country 4. High priority must be placed on extend­ What is worse, structural limitations pro­ and of the world. ing, expanding, and improving programs hibit the use of new learning techniques­ Recommendations available for young children. such as large- and small-group instruction, One way to attend to the needs of young independent study, and the use of new Despite the poverty of their educational children would be to establish public kin­ media-thus making individualized instruc­ programs, the schools of the urban crisis dergarten and day-care centers; another tion impossible. Supplies are equally inade­ present a great challenge, if anyone is will­ solution would be to establish programs for quate. These schools do not even provide ing to accept it: They offer the opportunity mothers to assist them in providing early enough textbooks for the students. for the construction of an entirely new form educational experiences for their children. The Task Force urges that a new and dif­ of education unbounded by the restrictions Because youngsters develop concepts of race ferent view be taken of learning facilities for which a degree of success has placed on at early ages (i.e., two to four years of age) urban students. Facilities for learning may other schools. At this point the Task Force it is extremely important that contacts be extend much farther than the school yard, suggests some directions in which the edu­ provided outside segregated neighborhoods. and these should be made more accessible to cational experience might be developed. This early childhood education should be the urban child. School systems do not have 1. School staffs, students, and parents designed to develop in the youngster an abil­ to walt for more buildings to be built. They should p.artlclpate in the definition of the ity to come to grips with himself honestly can rent space in stores, housing projects, goals and objectives of the schools and re­ and to develop a clear perception of other warehouses, apartment buildings, churches. view the current programs offered to accom­ people. These structures might offer more flexibility plish these goals. 5. The school should provide more assist­ than many of the present inner-city school The broad overall goals of the schools must ance to the urban child, directly or through buildings. · be further spelled out in terms of expected community agencies, to attend to his physi­ student behavior, (i.e., operationalized ob­ cal well-being. A school building may represent the great­ jectives). As partners in this process, staff, est single investment in a poor city neighbor­ Children who are hungry or in need of students, and parents must decide what they medical or dental care cannot be expected to hood or a poor community. School buildings want to happen in the school and examine should and will serve many more purposes learn in the manner desired by parents, what actually is happening. The school sys­ teachers, or the community. consequently, than they do at present. School systems tem and the board of education should pro­ should keep buildings open during evenings, the physical needs of our children must be vide time in the school calendar for this met. For example, the school 1unch pro­ weekends, and summers. If the schools were activity so that it can be carried out on a open, children who have no place at home gram should be provided for all who need it. regular and continuing basis. In the review If medical, dental, and other services are thus to study could use the classrooms and the of the program the following areas should libraries. Individuals and groups from the to be provided by the school, the patrons be examined: must realize that additional staff and facili­ community, using the school facilities for The Curriculum: What is being taught? their own projects, would begin to feel a ties will need to be provided. Instructional Methods: How is the curricu­ 6. Programs which reflect the true history sense of participation and ownership toward lum being taught? How is the school orga­ the school which would reduce the fear and and accomplishments of Afro-Americans, nized? American Indians, Mexican-Americans, and hostility now created by mutual defensive­ Materials Used: Are they multi-ethnic? Is ness and misunderstanding. The inadequacy Puerto Ricans should be incorporated into there wide use of varying materials? the school program. of many urban school buildings offers the op­ Learning Problems: What are the major portunity to exercise a degree of imagination difficulties students are experiencing? These programs must be available to all and creativity unnecessary in schools whose Student Involvement: Are the students students, for their importance is as great to flexibility is built in. allowed/encouraged to make decisions about children from a white neighborhood as those Education for the situation from any other. Historians and publishers are their own education? urged to provide teacher organizations, Our country bases its education on a cul­ Evaluation of Students, Program, and schools, and colleges with information and ture, traditions, and a set of values inherited Staff: Are the methods and procedures ade­ materials which will enable them to develop from Western Europe; it has not incorpo­ quate and accurate? their own programs for all age levels. rated the contributions of other groups of School systems should place great em­ phasis on developing methods of student as­ 7. Students should be expected to share in people who make up the many societies we the responsibility for determining their edu­ 20 sessment which focus on the child's progress call America. This basis must be changed. cational program and to participate in mak­ In urban schools the black child and the and not on his ability to meet predetermined group norms. Programs shO'.lld be evaluated ing decisions about their own educational Spanish-speaking child must be given mate­ and human growth. rials which document their history and their continually to ensure that they are doing uniqueness. Similarly, the white child, as what they were designed to do. Every new School officials and local teachers organi­ well as learning about the achievements of program should have built-in provisions for zations should work with students to devise his race, must also be offered the perspective funds to ensure that this evaluation takes strategies to accomplish shared decision mak­ that learning about other people and other place. ing. Teachers have a unique opportunity to races provides. The curriculum of the city 2. Individualized approaches to learning develop leadership skills in young people, but school must be designed to help the child of should be developed, implemented, contin­ it must not be left to incidental or occasional the urban crisis come to grips with the grim ually evaluated, and refined. experiences. Student responsibilities must be reality of his daily life and to present him In each city, boards of education through broadened in a deliberate and articulate man­ with a future which might be his-rather the superintendent and staff, teachers orga­ ner throughout the entire elementary and than cause him to cringe with shame because nizations, and public and student groups secondary years. One component of such a of the present or despair of ever attaining should work together to develop a master program might be to have students assist in the future. The curriculum of every school plan for assuring the highest quality of in­ the education of their peers through paired must refrain from reinforcing in children dividual experiences for each child. State learning and cross-age tutoring. society's tendency to make judgments about departments of education and the U.S. Office 8. The school should encourage students to the worth of individuals on the basis of of Education must provide financial re­ take an active part in shaping their own destinies. wealth, possessions, or race. Rather, judg- sources, consultant assistance, and pertinent research and information. The NEA should Schools should recognize the unwillingness provide assistance and leadership to those of young people to accept the errors of the Footnotes at end of article. who are attempting to develop such a plan. past and respond accordingly to the general 18524 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 7, 1969 desire of students to participate in shaping there--museums, colleges and universities, and respect the values and customs of these their destinies. Two of the forces helping to business enterprises, and so forth. backgrounds. Schools need educators who are create this change are the surge in black 14. Increased attention must be paid to themselves secure. Prospective educators and awareness and student activism. the mobility of urban children across arbi­ those who are currently in service must be 9. The school must work in a cooperative trary school boundaries in our large m·ban continually provided experience and knowl­ manner with young people and the police school systems. edge that will enable them to be aware of and courts to improve their relationship. Among schools which have a high student their own emotions and reactions. It is cru­ The relationship between law enforcement turnover, special efforts should be made to cially important, furthermore, that educators agencies and youth is disintegrating. Teach­ coordinate programs and conduct joint social have opportunities for self-renewal, for relief ers and other school staff members should and recreational activities so that children from the tensions and frustrations that ac­ work with the police to help them improve are disoriented as little as possible by the company them daily. their contacts with young people. Because mobility of their families. Administrative An educator should be able to facilitate of the natural gravitation of youth into social regulations might be changed to allow chil­ learning, or assist the child to think logically, clubs or gangs, teachers should be helped to dren to remain in a particular school when as well as to understand and express his inner understand the dynamics of the gang and the their familes move to another neighborhood feelings. He should be able to establish and realities of gang life. near enough to make transportation arrange­ work comfortably in different kinds of learn­ 10. Local teacher organizations, urban and ments practical. ing situations-small groups and large. suburban , should develop an attack on socio­ CHAPTER 3-STAFFING within the school setting or outside it. He economic biases, prejudice, and racism. must recognize that learning takes place all "Shortchanged" educators, parents, stu­ The staff, like the program, of the schools the time, wherever the child is; and that dents and other citizens must be helped to of the urban crisis represents an intensi­ to affect the student positively, the school resp~t racial, social, ethnic, and religious fication of the racial, cultural, and educa­ must work with, not against, the teachers differences; to appreciate, understand, and tional problems plaguing the rest of the and classrooms of the home and the street. accept the rich diversity of American life. nation. In most inner-city schools there is The teacher must be willing and able to use Local affiliates should work with boards of a serious deficiency of personnel, in both the questions and suggestions of parents to education, city officials, and civil rights or­ numbers and quality. Many of the teachers improve his own method of approaching stu­ ganizations in their own communities- and in these schools are not fully certified and dents. Similarly, he must be able to use with their counterparts in neighboring com­ have had little or no teaching experience. In various kinds of materials-traditional, munities-to develop programs which will addition, some of those teachers who have newly developed, and available in the com­ provide truly integrated experiences for formal credentials and experienec are pre­ munity or created by students, parents, or children. vented from being effective because of overt other staff members. 11. A wider variety of instructional mate­ or subtle prejudices: They feel that the stu­ It is, therefore, necessary that the teacher rial<: should be made available and used by dents are less capable, even less human, be able to understand and make h imself te3.chers and students. than others; or they feel that they are understood among the people of the school Utilization of the products of the new in­ bearers of a higher civilization that will bring and community. He must understand the structional technology should be encouraged. the students success and happiness. primary language of the students and com­ These include closed-circuit television, These attitudes, of course, are prevalent in munity and avoid using professional argot, teaching machines, talking typewriters, com­ our society. Their existence in teachers illus­ which will mark him as defensive and in­ puter installations, media centers, single­ trates how ineffective teacher education in­ secure. He must know how his own words concept film packages, and overhead trans­ stitutions have been in eradicating them. For and actions will be interpreted. A sensible parencies. School systems should place the most part, inner-city educators hrave been and productive idea inaccurately expressed greater emphasis on using teacher-developed trained in institutions which are middle­ may appear patronizing or defensive and and student-developed materials. Assistance class oriented, and they have not had much create hostility or disdain in the listener. should be provided to staffs in using or de­ exposure as part of their training program The educator in the urban school must not veloping new materials. and incentives given to persons of different cultural or socioeco­ be horrified by either the students' language for creative use of materials. For example, nomic backgrounds. Even when this expos­ or their experiences and feelings. He should teachers could be rewarded for preparing ure occurs through student teaching pro­ be able to communicate and work not only materials which would be of use to other grams or other preteaching experiences, with students but with other educators, spe­ te:tchers in the cit y. The school system could teachers are not usually helped to interpret, cialists, parents, aides, and administrators. establish a materials library in each school to analyze, or understand what they see or think The principal and teachers of an urban facilitate the sharing of materials among they see.21 Furthel'more, they are often not school must be able to carry on the impor­ teachers. The tea chers association could itself made aware of the beauty, strength, and tant process of communication with the establish a materials center and a profes­ value of other cultures. total community in which they work. sional library for its members. The effectiveness of the many experienced, To prepare students for the world in which 12. Instructional materials used in all competent, and sensitive teachers and ad­ they will live as adults, educators must un­ areas of the curriculum must a.ccurately re­ ministrators in the schools of the urban ceasingly search for new answers to old ques­ flect the different ethnic, economic, racial, crisis is limited because of the conditions tions, be thoroughly familiar with their and social backgrounds and attitudes of under which they must work. Their salaries areas of specialization, and keep themselves America's pluralistic compos-ition. are in many cases below U.S. Department of informed of new developments in the prac­ These materials must be positively related Labor standards of reasonable comfort.22 The tice of teaching. They must be able to help to the experiential backgrounds of children. obsolescenc-e and inappropriateness of the students inquire rather than memorize. Producers and potent ial pr;)ducers of in­ school program, rigidified by the inflexible Teaching means assisting students in setting structional mat e1ials must develop materials structure of governance, prevents them from aims and goals, raising questions, developing which reflect the above concerns and cease working at a level of competence which they hypotheses, testing solutions, noticing the to create and distribute ones that do not. can respect. Inadequate funding saddles people and the world around them. Teaching School systems must purchase only those them with a dearth of materials and with means encouraging students to solve prob­ instructional materials which accurately re­ buildings which often are physically hazard­ lems effectively and to examine all hy­ flect these concerns; t eacher organizations ous and which, in any case, make imagina­ potheses rigorously. at the local, state, and national levels must tive and vigorous teaching more, not less. Educators must also know and understand insis•t that only such accurate m aterials be difficult. the learning process. Each teacher should developed and u t ilized in the rc.1ools. J.t is The schools of the urban crisis must be know how children learn. He should recog­ essential that the materials produced by the staffed by a corps of educators who possess nize that learning is not the same for all. National Education Association and its affili­ sufficient talent and training to offer stu­ He should know the place of drill and repeti­ ates also reflect t he true diversity of the dents an excellent education. To this end, tion and basic skills in the learning process. American heritage. immediate steps must be taken to improve His role is to help the students use their 13. Condemned buildings and education­ the initial preparation as well as the con­ own minds, develop their ow:11. reasoning ally inadequate structures now in use should tinued development of educational personnel. powers so that they can differentiat e be­ be replaced by facilities which accommodate It is also imperative that school systems tween the relevant and the irrelevant. His a wide variety of learning experiences for improve conditions of work and develop a goal is to help the students recognize their all members of the community. climate in which effective teaching-learn­ own insights as different and valuable per­ All new buildings should incorporate the ing can take place. ceptions even though greater minds might latest in architectural design and educa­ The educator have seen more clearly. tional technology. These facilities should be open during the evenings, weekends and Urban schools need educators who are If our educational programs are to pro­ summers to provide maximum use. They competent, i.e., sensitive, productive, and vide each student the education that will could be used as locations for adult educa­ decisive; educators who demonstrate their most benefit him, educators must under­ tion programs, consumer buying courses, rec­ belief in the real worth of each child, who stand and use a process which includes the reational and cultural programs, and com­ respect children of different racial and elements of (a) diagnosing, (b) planning, munity meetings. School systems should socioeconomic backgrounds, and who know and (c) evaluating.28 The competent educator make better use of existing fac111ties which using this process will recognize the differ­ may not be owned by the city but are located Footnotes at end of article. ence between a temporary and a permanent July 7, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 18525 need in a child. He will recognize the differ­ Ways must be found to determine and de­ Educators need more time to teach, plan, ence between what one child needs and what velop a prospective teacher's ability to under­ learn, make decisions, and talk with col­ an entire group of children need. He will stand and accept people of different races leagues and students. They must spend a far know what to look for when observing each and socioeconomic classes. Preparation pro­ greater part of the school day in planning child: Is the child falling asleep, fighting, grams must give every prd!lpective educator and learning. It has been said that from 15 whining, angry? He will be able to distinguish the opportunity to work with children of dif­ to 20 percent of the teacher's time should be between healthy behavior and symptom·s of ferent races and backgrounds and thus to spent in selj-learning.29 That is, he must emotional illness. He will observe how a child attain a perspective and an openness which continually educate himself by studying the attacks a problem. He will look, listen, ask will be valuable not only in his teaching but insights offered by his classroom teaching questions, and remember what he heard and in his life.25 and by designing experiences to provide saw. Once he collects these data, he will or­ His program of preparation must focus needed insights. For years, of course, lip serv­ ganize, analyze, and separate the relevant heavily on the development of teaching be­ ice has been paid to this belief. If change is from the irrelevant, planning possible ways havior and sk1lls. He needs experience in to take place in urban schools, however, we to meet a particular child's needs and prob­ setting objectives, deciding what behavior is cannot continue "business as usual": We lems. appropriate in a given situation, and practic­ must begin by freeing our teachers so they After this necessary diagnosis, he is ready ing that behavior in both real and simulated can begin developing and instituting needed to prescribe; so he sets goals and objectives situations. Part of his preparation should improvements. Individual educators must involving all students individually and as a deal with developing research sk1lls and the­ assume a far greater decision-making role in group; selects and organizes people, mate­ ory-the concepts which will enable him to determining what methods of instruction rials, and content to meet the goals; and con­ interpret what he sees and does; to analyze, and what resources they will use. Further­ ducts activities. He will also set limits, iden­ conceptualize, plan, and adapt theory to more, they must have the skills and emo­ tify and interpret expectations, and know present situations as well as to future ones. tional strength necessary to work for im­ t h e purpose of all the activities and their Another part of his preparation should teach provement of the program and continuous relationship to the goals. The educator will him how to work with adults in various reorganization of the school and school ensure adequate supervision, use materials roles in the learning process. He needs ex­ system. and activities as creatively as possible, and perience in working with parents, aides, and During the coming years, teachers will be help the children to help one another. He other teachers to enable him to teach more demanding higher salaries. The Task Force will know when to stop an activity and when effectively in concrete situations. He · also believes that this is inevitable and fitting. to begin one; he will understand how to needs to be fam111ar with community agen­ Teachers must be paid more. A competent make a transition from one activity to an­ cies and how they affect children. staff is the most important factor in the edu­ other. He will know when the goal of an A much closer relationship must be devel­ cation of children. If education is to be ac­ activity has been achieved because he will oped between the colleges which prepare corded high priority in this country, it can know what evidence shows him that it has teachers and the urban schools in which they no longer be financed by paying educators been achieved. will teach.24 Urban school systems and edu­ poorly and then expecting Mr. Chips-like The competent educator using this three­ cators must work with college personnel to performances. Rising expectations of edu­ part process will know exactly what to eval­ ensure the development of courses which will cators must be taken into account in the uate. ( 1) Did the child accomplish the task be helpful. College professors must from time staffing of urban schools. to time teach in urban schools in order to or activity successfully? (2) Was the activity R ecommendati ons relevant to the objective? (3) Was the ob­ become more sensitive to the needs of future jective appropriate for the child? He will teachers. Teacher education must become a Recruiting, preparing, and retraining com­ define what is being evaluated and select continuing process. The lines between selec­ petent educational personnel is essential if appropriate criteria for measurement. He tion, initial preparation, induction into the the schools of the urban crisis are to develop will involve the child in self-evaluation, use profession, and graduate and continuing ed­ adequate educational programs. School sys­ consultants, observe the behavior of the child, ucation should disappear. Entrance into the tems, state departments of education, state and evaluate his own behavior as a teacher. profession must be based on an evaluation of professional standards commissions, the fed­ After all these data, he will interpret the an individual's ability to perform specific ac­ eral government, the various accrediting results, knowing what to accept or reject, tions and his potential for improving his agencies, and the universities which train compare his assessment with that of the abilities. Similarly, judgment of competency educators should all assume greater respon­ child, recognize unrealistic goals, and judge must be based on performance, on what one sibilities toward this end. Educators them­ the cause of success or failure as objectively does rather than only on what one knows. selves, through their national, state, and as possible. Since ~ompetency is not a static thing, op­ local organizations, bear grave responsibility for promoting actions which will ensure that The Education of the Educator: If teacher p.ortumties for an educator's continued growth should be maximized. Educators, too, the schools of the urban crisis do secure, education programs in colleges and univer­ support, and retain the kinds of competent sities are to prepare teachers who are capable need career guidance to assist them in plan­ ning their professional development.27 personnel they need-skilled and sensitive of developing students into thinking human educators who are committed to providing beings, radical changes are needed in both The Environment of the Educator: Im­ provements must be made in the climate and the kind of education necessary for the sur­ the content and the organization of present organization of urban schools. vival of urban youth. programs.:M An individual who wishes to be­ The Task Force makes the following rec­ come a teacher must be treated as an in­ For high morale, teachers need a feeling of achievement, of success in the task they ommendations to the above groups: dividual: His strengths and weaknesses must 1. Greater freedom and decision-making be diagnosed, and he must receive experi­ regard as all important. Teachers need pro­ fessional help when they encounter serious . responsibility should be placed with teachers ences planned with and for him. Just as be­ and administrators in individual schools havioral objectives must be developed for adjustment problems in their classes. They need adequate instructional materials and throughout the city. each child, they must also be developed for The staffs of these schools should have the teacher'S in training. Young men and women assistance from administrators and super­ visors. They need relief from time-consum­ opportunity to plan at regular intervals and who pl:an to enter teaching must be evaluated ing clerical and housekeeping chores that can implement new programs which meet the on the basis of their possession of certain be performed by others. They need good needs of children in particular schools. skills, as well as on how much they know 2. Overburdened teachers and administra­ about philosophies and psychologies of learn­ working conditions, including opportunity for a breathing spell in the course of a long tors should receive more assistance !rom ing and tea.ching, child development, and nonprofessional personnel who are capable of subject matter fields. They must be far more and strenuous day. Above all, they want their superintendents and principals to respect performing many of the tasks which teachers involved in making vital decision!> about them as people and treat them as fellow­ and administrators must now assume. their college programs than are today's stu­ professionals. No amount of lecturing on the Introduction of new personnel must, of dents. They must have opportunities to de­ importance of teaching means much to the course, be accompanied by adequate training cide, choose, make mistakes; thus they will young person who is treated as a hired hand and continued training programs which in­ learn how to make wise decisions. by a petty bureaucrat, regardless of whether volve the professionals as well as the non­ A teacher in the schools of the urban crisis the pettiness is shown by a principal, by a professionals. School systems should develop cannot be really effective unless he derives supervisor, or by a clerk in the superintend­ programs which encourage nonprofessional from study and from his own experience ent's office. If we want teachers to feel that staff members to move into careers in the sufficient knowledge and understanding of they are professionals, they must be treated education profession. urban sociology, anthropology, and behavior­ as professionals.2s 3. Special emphasis should be placed on al psychology to have some insight into the Within the school, many different people assisting new and beginning urban teachers. values and the goals of his children and perform many different tasks. Just as each Beginning teoohers should not be asked to their families. He must understand the effect child is unique, so too is each educator. The assume the same amounrt or type of re.c;pon­ of the environment on the learning style!> child should be the center of the educational stbility tha.t ex·perienced teachers have, and of students. Educa.tors must never forget program; and each person on the staff-the they should be provided with a great dooJ that if they treat a child as one who cannot janitor, the principal, the aides, the secre­ more assisttance during thetr firsrt year of learn anything, it is unlikely that they will tary, the teacher, the specialist-must be teacb.lng. Orientrution programs for new and ever teach him anything worth learning. allowed to work in a way in which he can beg;lnnlng teachers could be held before the best contribute his unique skills to the edu­ beginnrJ.ng of the school year, with follow-up Footnotes at end of article. cation of each individual chlld. programs held intermittently thooughourt 18526 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 7, 1969 the year. Such programs might involve ex­ ing after their children have grown up). An­ acquiring sufficient funds and for directing perienced teachers as well. The staff should other approach would be to send young, at­ the funds to the proper purposes. be paid for wttending such progTams. tractive, articulate teachers from the school Therefore, in considering the financing of 4. School systems should sponsor and pay system to recruit additional staff members urban education, it is necessary to give at­ for extensive inservice staff training pro­ from colleges and universities. tention both to the needs for which funds grams. 8. Provisions should be madre in retire­ must be provided and to the means of provid­ These programs should be broad in scope. ment and benefit programs and certification ing these funds. Principals, teachers, and specialists should laws which will allow competent personnel The financial needs of urban education can decide what kinds of programs they need, to move into inner-city school situations be divided into two broad categories: rem­ and the school systems should provide pro­ without losing status or benefits. edies for problems of the past and responses grams that are designed and initi'Sited to Local and state education associations to the challenge of the future. The foremost meet those eXIpressed needs. In-service train­ should examine benefit programs and certi­ need for funds is to corect the deficiencies ing should be considered a regular part of fication and licensing requirements and of the past and upgrade the regular educa­ the educator's job, and school personnel should negotiate agreements or establish the tional program to the level of the best prac­ should receive time a.nd remuneration for legislation necessary to make the required tices of contemporary education. In addition, attendance wt such progrems. These programs changes. State departments of education and it is necessary to develop new types of pro­ should dra.w more upon the skills and ex­ school systems should review existing regula­ grams and apply new approaches and tech­ pertise of the f'81Culty members of individual tions and change them as necessary. niques to meet the special needs created by schools and people with special skills who 9. More representatives of ethnic and racial recent cha.nges in the urban community. Pro­ live in the community, as well as college minority groups must be employed in pro­ viding funds adequate to the total financial pemonnel amd other oonsulta.nlts. Many more fessional and executive staff positions in all need of urban education requires utUization opportunities must be provided for teachers phases of education. of all three sources of financial support­ to visit other schools and cities, wttend pro­ State and local education associations must federal, state, and local-in an appropriate fessional conferences, amd do other things ma~e a specdal effort to ensure that these and equitable manner. Suitable procedures which would give them new ideas and representatives serve on appointed or elected need to be used for securing the input of strengthen their professional competence. governing boards, policy-making groups, sufficient funds into urban school systems 5. There should be widespread staff in­ committees, and. commissions. The NEA, as and for securing the application of these volvement in developing staff evaluation well as working with its state and local af­ funds to the specific needs of various com­ techniques. Evaluation should be used to im­ filiates toward this goal, must also improve munities within urban school systems. prove ra.ther tha.n to criticize or condemn its own employment policies and appoint­ Remedies for problems of the past the teacher's performance. metllt procedures. Schools must provide the time and the re­ The major financial need of the schools 10. All segments of the education profes­ of the urban crisis is a massive injection sources necesS:a~ry for staffs to improve their sion must receive training and experiences performamce. The eva.lua.t1on techniques used which will enable them to work effectively of funds to raise the regular educational pro­ should me.a.sure bC>tlh the educ81tor's teaching with parent, citizen, and community groups. gram to a satisfactory level. There are certain skills and his personal relationship wi·th the things which any school system must pro­ Boards of education; local, state, and na­ vide if it is to offer an educational program children and with other staff members. tional teachers organizations; colleges; and 6. Urban school systems and teacher edu­ to students: teachers, classrooms, equipment state departments of education should estab­ and supplies, :PUPil transportation, and other ca;tion institutions should develop closer ties lish such programs for their personnel. in order to develop more effective preservice such basic ':lervices. Schools of the urban 11. Persons within each community who crisis must l.ave the funds to provide these training programs in the colleges and in­ are not now involved in the formal educa­ service training progra-ms in the school for the numl'er and kind of students they tional process but who have special skllls­ have today, in accordance with today's edu­ systems. mothers, businessmen, industrialists, retired Ins·titutions which prepare undergrad­ cational standards, and at today's prices. people, artists, electricians, plumbers, and However, years of neglect have produced a uates for careers in education should place others-should be included in the on-going a far greater emphasis on selecting and pre­ situation in which the schools of the urban educational program. crisis have fallen behind.ao Pressure to econ­ paring persons who are capable of working School systems should encoura-ge and in­ in inner-city schools. Their programs should omize, the temptation to postpone solving terest their staffs in using these resource per­ problems in the mistaken belief that time be geared toward providing these persons sons. The school staff should have the free­ with the teaching skills and sensitivities they would solve them, and failure to foresee fu­ dom to decide how such personnel can best ture developments have resulted in a gradual will need to be effective. Opportunities must be used to augment the school program. be presented for them to understand and decline which now leaves the regular educa­ come into contact with people who live in CHAPTER 4-FINANCING URBAN EDUCATION tional program of the city schools below the inner city. Colleges could establish pro­ Money-much more money-is needed to minimum accepta-ble standards. To make up grams which involve the students in sum­ provide the children of American cities with for this lapse, a great deal of money is needed, mer jobs in the inner city or participation the education they must have. Money alone and it is needed at once. Even small changes with an inner-city school staff as aides or will not solve the problems, but without will be costly, and important changes will assistants. In college programs, emphasis money most of the problems cannot be solved. be more costly; but not to change would be should be placed on a person's ab1lity to per­ Money is needed to make reality of the edu­ disastrous. The problem is not one that can form specific teaching behaviors. The pro­ cation programs which the children of the be solved gradually-by putting in small grams themselves must provide for far urban crisis deserve. Without sufficient amounts over a period of time. Unless the greater student responsibillty and decision­ funds- -ideas, plans, and possible solutions schools of the urban crisis receive an infusion making involvement. to problems remain untried or, at best, im­ of funds sufficient to catch up to where they Graduate programs aimed at preparing plemented on a limited and inadequate basis. should be, they will fall farther and farther teachers to work in inner-city school situa­ The goals that have been outlined in the pre­ behind. Without such a first step, other tions should be improved and expanded. The ceding chapters of this report cannot be effec­ measures to finance the education CYf city federal government should increase appro­ tively pursued without a solid foundation of children wm be futile. priation to the Teacher Corps. School sys­ financial support. Once the accumulated deficiencies of the tems and universities should cooperatively Money for urban education must be pro­ past have been remedied, the urban schools develop Master of Arts in Teaching programs vided on such a scale and in such a way as must have the means to maintain a regular to recruit and train capable personnel who to meet recognized needs. The amount of educational program at a desirable level. Un­ have not had undergraduate training in funds must be geared to the purposes they less the funds are forthcoming to provide the teacher education for educational careers. are intended to serve; the purposes should essential elements of the educational pro­ 7. School systems should initiate programs not be adjusted to fit funds readily available. gram, the urban schools will again begin to which will provide incentives and induce­ Tailoring educational programs to fit exist­ fall behind and the pattern of decline will ments for attracting capable and competent ing funds results in a series of seemingly repeat itself. The most crucial of these essen­ persons to enter urban school systems. small educational economies which rapidly tial elements is the teacher. To reoruit and One type of program would be an arrange­ compound into educational disaster. The fi­ retain qualified teachers in urban schools, ment whereby the school system hired a be­ nancial needs of schools of the urban crisis funds must be available to offer competitive ginning tea.cher, in cooperation with the are too pressing to receive less than full sup­ salaries. To realize the objectives of reduced university developed a special graduate train­ port. class size and individualized instruction. city ing program tailored to his needs, and paid Nor can money do the job assigned to it schools must have enough money to employ for tlle teacher's graduate training. Another unless the needs it must serve are properly enough teachers for their pupils. program would be the recruitment of re­ understood. Financing programs of secondary Funds must also be available to maintain turned Peace Corps and VISTA workers, ac­ importance while neglecting primary needs, suitable school facilities. At present many companied by special orientation and train­ funding the obvious costs of a program but urban school buildings are inadequate: some ing programs. There could be programs es­ overlooking essential auxiliary costs, fa111ng because of structural unsoundness; others tablished which focus on hiring and prepar­ to recognize the need for planning procedures because, although structurally sound, they ing persons who have college degrees and that will ensure effective use of funds-all are unsuited to the types of programs which have been employed in other fields but who leave the problems unsolved and waste the urban pupils need today. City schools must now want to enter the teaching profession money that was allocated to solve them. Ef­ (especially women who wish to enter teach- fective financing involves procedures both for Footnotes at end of article. July 7., 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 18527 have the means to replace such outdated the inner-city community and its children. formulas ·are based on two factors: the edu­ facilities and to add new facilities when and Socioeconomic conditions in the inner city cational need of the local district and the where they are needed. make it necessary for the school to go out­ financial ability of the local district. Tradi­ Urban schools must also have the funds to side the limits of the regular educational pro­ tionally, need has been measured in terms of provide pupil transportation services neces­ gram and provide additional services with­ the numb& of children in the district and sitated by the changed physical and social out which education cannot accomplish its ability in terms of the assessed valuation per make-up of the cities, which has created ends. Many needs which in communities with pupil enrolled in schools. These measures do dangers to the safety of children on their more money and more leisure are met by not respond adequrutely to the urban situa­ way to and from school and has produced an citlzens and families at their own expense tion as it exists today. environment of cultural isolation inimical must be financed from public funds for resi­ In considering the need of urban school to the best education. All these pupil serv­ dents of inner-city areas. Funds for city districts, the number of pupils alone does not ices will require, on a continuing basis, the schools must be sufficien·t to provide for ex­ reflect the magnitude of the educational task input of more funds than are currently tending the school day, school week, and to be fulfilled. It is necessary also to consider being expended for such aspects of urban school year to compensate for lack of educa­ the cost of educating the kind of pupils who education. tional and recreational opportunities with are located in urban areas. The concentration However, in spite of present deficiencies, suitable supervision for children during out­ of ohildren of lower soooeconomic back­ not all the needs of urban education have of-school hours. Similarly, more funds are ground and oppressed minorities in the cen­ been neglected. Ideas and possible solutions needed to expand school services to include tral cities bas created an urban population do exist. Experimental and enrichment pro­ younger and older age groups through pro­ which is more costly to educate. These chil­ grams have been developed, and some have viding day care for pre-school-age children dren have special educational needs which been put into operation on a limited basis. and developing the school as a community require the extensive development of special Frequently, however, lack of resources has center for the adults of the community. Aux­ programs a.t consJ.derable expense to the prevented their full and effecive implemen­ iliary services, such as health and nutritional school district. Under these conditions, more tation. One major obstacle to the success of programs for children whose parents cannot money must be expended per child to rea~h such programs is the tendency to sacrifice afford to provide these adequately, are other the same level of eduoa.tional achievement existing programs for the sake of adding new needs that should be met by the inner-city that can be attained at less expense in com­ ones. Experimental programs which are al­ school system. munities of higher socioeconomic sta tus. ready in operation and show promise of suc­ Other new areas of operation important Consideration should also be given to the cess should receive continued financing and to urban school systems also require financ­ geographical distribution of pupils in urban not be forced out of existence by the funding ing. Among the most important are research areas. This factor has traditionally been con­ of new and more favored, but as yet untried and staff development. The need for educa­ sidered in the cost of educating pupils in and unproven, experiments. tional programs developed at the local level rural areas where transportation to central­ Another financ:l.al problem of experimental to meet the specific needs of the urban com­ ized school facilities is necessary. The com­ programs is failure to fund the total cost of munity requires an extensive research oper­ parable, though different, kind of needs the program.31 A successful educational pro­ ation staffed with qualified personnel to pro­ created by the geographical location of urban gram requires a curriculum, sufficient spa.ce vide scientific analysis and evaluation. The pupils should receive similar consideration in in a school building, appropriate staff, and demands on teachers and other professional the allotment of state funds. supplies. If funds are provided for curricu­ staff members to implement new programs In regard to financial ability, the assessed lum and supplies but not for the building and respond to special needs of urban chil­ valuation per pupil does not properly reflect and staff, a school that is already over­ dren make it necessary for the school system the problem of municipal overburden. A crowded and understaffed will not be able to to provide special training to equip them for measure is needed that will give due weight implement the program. In funding experi­ these tasks. Urban school systems should be to the financial demands on local resources mental programs, it is particularly important undertaking extensive work in both these created by population density. This might be to recognize the initial costs of preparing for areas and need to receive funds specifically done by calculating financial ability as as­ and launCihing a new program. A new pro­ earmarked for these purposes. sessed valuation on a per capita basis or per gram cannot be introduced into a school Municipal overburden weighted measure of local government serv­ overnight and begin functioning immedi­ ice need. ately. The present staff may not be trained The special and extensive needs of urban education described in the preceding chap­ A revision of state distribution formulas is to operate the new program, and other ar­ necessary to reflect these considerations. The rangements may be needed before it can be ters demand a greatly increased input of funds by local, state, and federal govern­ need factor should be developed to include started. Time and money should be allowed the kind of pupils to be educated and the to provide for these preparatlons in advance ments. City school districts alone do not have sufficient resources to effect the necessary geographical distribution of pupils in urban of initiating the program. changes and take on the new responsibilities areas as well as the number of pupils. The It is also important to rooognize the need they must meet. Not only do cities have ex­ ability factor should be altered to respond to for maintaining experimental programs at a traordinary needs in the area of education, municipal overburden. level beyond the regular program of the but the proportion of resources that they Federal aid to urban education schools. Experimental programs often begin can devote to education is restricted by the The financial needs of urban education well, but in succeeding years the funds de­ need for other public services created by the voted to theln are not increased sufficiently should not be regarded as a situation to be concentration of population. The conditions met exclusively or even primarily by there­ to permit them to continue in the s·ta.tus of of urban life require provision of extensive experimental programs. When rising costs sources of state and local governments. Urban police and fire protection, water and sewage education is not just a problem of the cities, require an increase in the funds devoted to systems, and other services at public expense. the regular program, a comparable increase or even of the states. It is a national problem. In addition, the changing composition of the confined to no one locality or region of the in funds for the experimental program is fre­ urban population has increased the need for quently denied. Thus the distance between country. Although urban problems have been welfare assista:qce provided at city expense. most noticeable in the older cities of the the experimental and the regular program All these public services consume municipal begins to narrow a.nd eventually reaches a Northeast and Middle West, similar situa­ revenue and limit the local funds available tions are developing in other parts of the point where the experimental program does for education.82 not have the resources to do anything more country as a result of urbanlzation on a na­ The special financial needs of cities should tional scale. Not only is the financial prob­ than or different from the regular school be recognized in providing state and federal program. lem of urban education national in scope. aid to urban education. Just as sparsely pop­ but it is also of such magnitude and serious­ In addition, funds are needed to apply suc­ ulated areas have difficulty in amassing ness that only the resources of the federal cessful experiments on a wider basis so that enough resources to provide an adequate edu­ government are adequate to meet it satis­ their benefits will reach more children. The cational program, so population density in factorily. Without extensive federal contri­ purpose of an experimental program is as a cities creates financi-al problems which i~bit butions, the efforts of state and local govern­ preliminary test. If the program is never im­ the development of an adequate eduoationa:l ments to meet the needs of education in the plemented beyond the preliminary small­ program. It is necessary to compensate for scale test, the purpose of the experiment is cities will be unequal to the task. both types of limitrutions and to distdbute It is necessary for the federal government deferuted and the majority of the pupils for funds so as to achieve a.n optimum relation­ whom it was intended never benefit from it. to assume a full share of the responsibility for ship between the extent of population a.nd providing education to the children of the Increased funds need to be devoted to experi­ the amount of resources ru an area. To mental programs of proven value so that they nation's cities and to bear at least one-third achieve this, the higher cost of spamity and of the financial burdens which urban educa­ can be expanded to include greater numbers density should be recognized in a double­ of children. tion needs impose. Existing federal programs ended approach to eduootional costs which providing funds for specific purposes are not Responses to the challenge of the future will give appropriate weight to the special an adequate vehicle for this task. The entire Although additional funds can do much to financial problems producecl by the popula­ urban educational program needs to be un­ improve urban education within the frame­ tion density of urban areas. dergirded with the resources of the federal work of existing programs, much more is State distribution formulas government. Once such basic support is pro-. needed to provide for the special needs of Present formulas for the distl'llbutlon of vided, categorical aids can be used effectively state funds to local school d.lstrlcts do not to mee.t specific problems; but without a Footnotes at end of article. take account of special urban needs.11 These solid financial foundation for the total edu- 18528 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 7, 1969 cational program, specific aid programs can­ ning/budgeting system (PP/BS). Such sys­ of the increased requirement for public not reasonably be expected to have the de­ tems focus upon the needs to be met by pro­ services created by the concentration of large sired impact. grams and relate expenditures directly to the numbers of people in urban areas. To provide the needed support, a substan­ teaching-learning situation.34 The develop­ 4. Massive amounts of money should be tial increase will have to be made in the fed­ ment of a PP/BS requires the knowledge and made available for compensatory adjust­ eral expenditure for education. This expense expertise of different kinds of local school ment to meet the accumulated problems of cannot be overlooked or curtailed without system personnel: the classroom teacher, past neglect and to raise the regular edu­ an adverse effect on an already adverse situa­ who has direct contact with student needs cational program of urban schools at least tion. Urban education represents one of the and is responsible for the ultimate imple­ to the level of acceptable practice. nation's most pressing financial needs. If mentation of educational programs, research 5. To maintain the regular educational pro­ other demands on the federal budget pre­ and analytical personnel with specialized gram of cities on a par with the best practice clude the allocation of sufficient funds for knowledge of curriculum, and financial man­ in the nation, adequate resources should be this purpose, the federal income tax sur­ agers. This combination of specialized tal­ made available for- charge should be extended, or even increased, ents provides two-way communication be­ The upgrading of professional salaries. to provide the necessary revenues. tween teachers working with pupils in the Increasing the number of professional and Federal funds are needed not only in classroom and the central administration and paraprofessional staff members. greater quantity but also on a basis that will puts the financial operations of the school The replacement of structurally unsound permit their effective application to the edu­ system in direct touch with pupil needs. or educationally inadequate (even if struc­ cational needs of the local community. Al­ Within the large and complex structure turally sound) buildings and faciUties. though common urban characteristics create that is an urban school system, decisions Transportation adapted to the special needs a similarity of urban education needs about expenditure need to be made at the of pupils in metropolitan areas. throughout the country in general terms, appropriate level so that the financial opera­ 6. Increased funds should be made avail­ there exists no exact uniformity among the tion of the schools will bear a constructive able for the expansion of existing experimen­ cities in regard to the educational programs relationship to the communities they serve. tal programs. best suited to their purposes. Decision mak­ One way in which urban schools can partic­ Existing programs developed by local city ing about specific expenditures is most ef­ ipate in the life of the community and es­ school districts to meet the special needs of fectively made at the local or community tablish better community relations is pupils should be eligible for categorical fed­ level, and inappropriate restrictions imposed through the purchase of supplies from com­ eral and state aid aimed at such target pop­ by the federal government on the use of fed­ munity businesses. However, the advantages ulations. eral funds hinder rather than help the cause of mass purchasing and competitive bidding Provisions for experimental programs of urban education. Such limitations should on a systemwide basis should not be for­ should take account of the total cost of the not be attached to new funds allocated to feited in pursuit of this goal. One way of program, including facllities, staff, cur­ urban school districts. reconciling these aims would be to have con­ riculum, and supplies, and not be limited to SimHarly, limitations on existing fede·ral tracts made on a competitive systemwide one aspect of the cost. programs for specific purposes which create basis with the actual disbursement of the The extra cost of experimental programs bottlenecks and interfere with the imple­ actual disbursement of the allotted funds should continue to be recognized after the mentation of these programs need to be re­ and purchases made at the option of the lo­ initial funding. vised. Funds should be made available to cal school to businessmen in its community. Funds should be made available for the finance the total cost of such programs so Budgetary operations must also be directed extension of proven experiments to more that the inability to meet certain cost items to the needs of the local community; par­ children and schools. locally will not inhibit participation by ents and citizens must be assured that their 7. Funds available to urban schools should schools which need the program. One way of schools are responding to their needs. Al­ be sufficient to permit local school systems meeting t'his problem would be the addition though centralized coordination of financial to develop extensions of the school program of a percentage overhead to funds provided operations is necessary, the principle of deci­ necessary to meet the special needs of pupils under such programs which the local district sion making by those who know the situa­ and citizens in the urban community, in­ could apply to spec·ifl.c impediments to im­ tion best should be maintained within the cluding the following: plementation. school system. An urban school district is too Extension of the school day, school WP.ek, Since decisions about expenditures should large and includes within its boundaries too and school year. be made at the local level, the local school many different schools and different types of Development of the school to include day­ district must also have time to plan for the communities for all budget decisions to be care centers for preschool-age children and wise use of funds it receives from the state made effectively by a somewhat remote cen­ to serve as community centers for adults. and federal governments. Funds from dif­ tral authority. It is the local school building Health and nutritional progmms. ferent sources need to be coordinated a.nd a and its professional staff that should serve 8. Specific aid should be provided so that total budget developed that will make the as the center of budgetary planning and local school systems can cievelop adequate most effective use of all money. Appropria­ execution. This will secure the last link in services for research and staff development tion of federal funds, therefore, needs to be the chain of transmitting the needed amount programs without which urban education made far enough in advance of local budget­ of money to the benefit of the individual cannot meet the challenge of rapid change. ing that the local district will have time for pupils in the schools. 9. Appropriation of state and federal funds this planning. Recommendations should be made sufficiently in advance of budgeting by local school districts so that Local financial operations 1. More funds are needed to finance urban they can plan for efficient use of funds. Perhaps the most important step in the education programs. 10. Funding of urban educational pro­ financing process is the applic·ation of funds Tax systems of federal, state, and local grams should be flexible, permitting the ap­ to meet needs. To ensure the development governments should share equally the cost plication of resources to the areas of great­ of effective progmms adapted to the needs of financing urban education. est need as analyzed and determined at the of specific urban communities, decisions No one tax should bear a disproportionate local and community level. about the use of funds should be made by share of the cost: property, sales, and in­ The use of state and federal funds should those who know and understand the specific come taxes should be utilized in an equita­ be determined by the local school district. situation best. There is no single blueprint ble manner. A program planning/budgeting system for success in urban education which can be 2. The federal government should be a should be developed on a local basis, utiliz­ dictated from outside the immediate situa­ full partner in the continuing support of ing the cooperative talents of classroom tion. Local school systems should have the education. Without federal funds, state and teachers, local research and analytical per­ authority and take the responsibility for local resources will be insufficient to meet sonnel, and financial managers. developing progrems direc·ted to the childTen these pressing needs. The federal share should be increased to Within limits of the principles C1f mass in the area. For example, it might be dis­ purchasing and competitive bidding, steps covered that the chief impediment to educa­ equal one-third of the total revenues for education. should be taken to facllitate the purchase of tional achievement by pupils in certain supplies and services from community busi­ schools was rapid pupil turnover and Federal funds should be provided for the nesses. that the best way to help these pupils support of the general educational program, would be an arrangement to keep them with without which categorical aid is not effec­ The local school building and its staff the same teachers; this could involve devel­ tive. should be the unit for the analysis, planning oping a transportation program and mak­ Categorical aids should be provided for and evaluation of programs and for the de­ ing suitable administrative arrangements. special urban programs. velopment and execution of budget. School systems should have enough flexibility The priority of urban education needs is CHAPTER 5-URBAN EDUCATION: CHALLENGE TO in handling their funds to be able to work such as to call for a federal income tax THE NEA out original programs like this to serve the surcharge for education. The problems of urban America are the needs of their pupils. 3. State distribution formulas should be problems of every citizen is this country, of An effective means of ensuring that school revised to take account of (a) special urban every member of the National Education As­ funds are going where they are needed and needs not generally recognized and (b) the sociation. The NEA has great ability-and assuring and reassuring citizens and tax­ reduced ability to support schools because equally great responsibllity-to do all it can payers that their money is being used wisely immediately to improve the conditions of is the development of a local program plan- Footnotes at end of article. education in urban areas. In light of this, July 7, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 18529 the Task Force on Urban Education makes mission on Intergovernmental Relations. Ur­ the American School. New York: the Com­ the following recommendation: The National ban and Rural America: Policies for Future mittee, 1968; and Goodlad, John I. The Education Association should establish a Spe­ Growth. Washington, D.C.: Government Changing School Curriculum. New York: cial Project on Urban Education. Printing Office, 1968; and Graubard, Stephen Fund for the Advancement of Education, The NEA has already demonstrated its R., editor. "The Conscience of the City." Dae­ 1966. ' concern for the quality of education pro­ dalus 97: 1091-1430; Fall 1968. 18 See Frazier, Alexander, editor. Educating vided the poor and the powerless by such 5 Miel, Alice, and Keister, Edwin, Jr. The the Children of the Poor. Washington, D.C.: actions as the establishment of its Center Shortchanged Children of Suburbia: What Association for Supervision and Curriculum for Human Relations. Now in accordance Schools Don't Teach About Human Differ­ Development, a department of the National with the high priority it has assigned urban ences and What Can Be Done About It. New Education Association, 1968. 41 pp. education, it should allocate staff and re­ York: Institute of Human Relations Press, 19 National Education Association, Com­ sources commensurate with the degree of 1967. mission on Professional Rights and Respon­ emergency which now exists in urban areas. 6 See Halpern, Ray. "Tactics for Integra­ sibilities. Baltimore, Maryland: Change and This Project should be staffed with knowl­ tion." Saturday Review 51 :47-49, 66; Decem­ Contrast-The Children and the Public edgeable persons who are sensitive to the ber 21, 1968. Schools. Washington, D.C.: the Association, problems identified in this report. We sug­ 7 Canty, Donald. One Year Later: An As­ 1967. p. 42. gest that the Project (a) report directly to sessment, of the Nation's Response to the 20 National Education Association, Task the executive secretary or to his deputy, (b) Crisis Described by the National Advisory Force on Human Rights. Op.clt. pp. 40-43. be organized to fulfill a facilitating function Commission on Civil Disorders. Washington, 21 Smith, B. Othanel, in collaboration with for the NEA and to provide external assist­ D.C.: Urban America, Inc., and the Urban Saul B., and Pearl, Arthur. Teachers for the ance to local associations and other groups, Coalition, 1969. p. 35. Real World. Washington, D.C.: American and (c) have the ability to respond when 8 See National Education Association. Association of Colleges for Teach& Educa­ asked for assistance. Schools for the Sixties. A Report of the Proj­ tion, 1969. The Special Project should work with all ect on Instruction. New York: McGraw-Hill 22 Rice, Arthur H., Jr. "Where the Action NEA units and departments, as well as out­ Book Co., 1963. This volume offers a wealth Is." 'r.oday's Education: NEA Journal 57:75- side agencies, to attack head-on the prob­ of information on all aspects of decision 82; September 1968. lems of education of children and youth in making. The NEA's Center for the Study of 23 Drawn from "Teacher Preparwtion for big cities; develop where feasible and when Instruction is working currently on a com­ Early Childhood EducrutLon: A New AppraJ­ requested programs with s.tate and local panion volume, Schools for the Seventies. sal." Paper prepared by an AOEI-EKNE-TEPS associations and other groups to illustrate 9 See Havighurst, Robert J. "Metropolitan­ Ad Hoc Joint Committee on the Preparation what can be done to improve teacher educa­ ism and the Schools." Urban Review 3: 7-9; of Nursery and Kindergarten Teachexs. Wash­ tion, staffing patterns, curriculum, instruc­ November. 1968; and Elderedge, H. Went­ ingoon, D.C., June 26, 1968. pp. 7-9 (Mimeo.) tional approaches, parent-citizen involve­ worth. Taming Megalopolis: What Is and 24 Smith, B. Othanel. Op. cit. ment in dectsion making, and other elements What Could Be. New York: Doubleday and 26 See Taylor, Harold. The World and the in the operation of the schools; work as Co., 1967. American Teacher. Washington, D.C.: Ameri­ closely as possible with NEA's url!lan and 10 This is a definition, not of decentrali­ ca.n Associ-rution of Oolleges for Teacher Edu­ metropolitan area affiliates on requests to zation in its strict sense, which describes an cation, 1968. pp. 29'2--305. provide appropriate tools, materials, guide­ administrative device, but of decentraliza­ 26 See National Education AssooiaJtion, Na­ lines, and other forms of assistance in deal­ tion as it has been used in recent discussions ttonal Oommission on Teacher Eduootion and ing more effectively with problems of urban of the distribution of authority and as it is Professional Standards. A White Paper: Rec­ education. ' used in this publication. ommendatiolliS of the Student NEA Executive We recommend that the Special Project 11 See Fantini, Mario D. "Alternatives foc Oommitues simple, direct approaches to others." a daily list of contracts in excess of $25,000. firm, appeals to the company's 6,000 em­ We applaud this kind of thoughtful lead­ When pressed, the Pentagon admitted that ployees throughout the United States to ership from business leaders. They seem to Moorhead had his facts straight. individually and voluntarily take it upon understand that kind acts, helpful service What's more, the Pentagon had slipped the themselves to try to help alleviate urban to others, and genuine concern for the un­ appropriation measure through Congress. ills in this country. fortunate carry rich and lasting satisfactions When the Appropriations and Armed Serv­ In a talk to 500 company management for those who are willing to work selflessly. ices committees went over the budget, there personnel, Mr. Gabetti urged them, and We hope other corporation heads will see the was no mention of MIRV. It was one line­ all Olivetti employees: worth of the kind of program Olivetti Under­ "Mi'ssile procurement--Air Force." wood is sponsoring. Unless this contract is stopped and stopped Enter some doorway in human life in fast, any MIRV moratorium will be down the community where that life can be heart­ the drain. Russia will of necessity, have to ened and improved and to reach out to the conclude that we are MIRVing all our Min­ underprivileged, the minorities, the lost, the utema-n missiles, which will at least triple lonely who make up what has come to be CONGRESSMAN MOORHEAD UN­ our offensive striking power. called the urban crisis in America. COVERS HIDDEN MIRV CONTRACT A MIRVed Minuteman will oarry three or The program depends on individual IN PENTAGON more warheads, each with the power of nearly one megaton, or one million tons of TNT. personal motivation and can take place Russia, looking at us with the same jaun­ privately or through already established HON. JOHN CONYERS, JR. diced view we take of them, will be forced organizations, such as churches, or other OF MICHIGAN to MIRV its own SS9 missiles, 1illcrease its groups, which have been formed to tackle IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ABM deployment, and this in turn with contemporary social and environmental typical Pentagon logic, will compel us to problems. As stated by Mr. Gabetti: Monday, July 7, 1969 escalate again. The first stage alone will cost an estimated We must lead the way in confronting com­ Mr. CONYERS. Mr. Speaker, the dis­ $11 billion. And the more missiles one nation munity problems that must be solved if all tinguished Member from Pennsylvania has, the greater the likelihood that some of us are to survive as decent, healthy, hope­

SENATE,...... Tuesday, July 8, 1969

The Senate met at 12 o' clock noon and benefits in periods of high unemploy­ 2. The States should make certain that was called to order by the Vice Presi- ment. workers throughout the United States re­ dent. __ There are three principles to be con­ ceive enough money for a long enough The Chaplain, the Reverend Edward sidered as we move to make the unem­ period of time to sustain them while they L. R. Elson, D.D., offered the following ployment insurance system responsive to seek new jobs. prayer: our times. 3. We should end the restrictions im­ posed by almost half the States on pay­ Almighty God, may there fall upon Unemployment insurance is an earned benefit. When a man covered by unem­ ments to unemployed workers under­ us now a great sense of Thy presence ployment insurance is working, the em­ going retraining and, instead, follow the and Thy power. Deliver the Members of ployer pays a tax on his wages to insure lead of those States which encourage this body from all personal worries and against the day when the employee may retraining. anxieties that they may give themselves be between jobs. That insurance is like 4. We should better protect the invest­ wholly to the crucial issues of the day. a mandatory fringe benefit; it is insur­ ment made on behalf of the insured by Teach us how to speak, how to listen, ance bought in the employee's behalf, seeing to it that the funds are paid only how to wait, and how to work, holding and the worker therefore is entitled to to those who should receive them. ever before us the vision of the higher the benefits he receives when he is un­ 5. We should increase the responsive­ way and the more perfect order for which employed. Accordingly, there is no ness of the system to major changes in men strive, that we may be worthy work­ demeaning of human dignity, no feeling national economic conditions. men in Thy kingdom-for Thine alone is of being "on the dole," when the insured 6. We should strengthen the financing the kingdom and the power and the worker receives benefits due. of the system which presently discrimi­ glory forever. Amen. Unemployment insurance is one of the nates against the low-wage worker and foremost examples of creative Federal­ the steady employer. MESSAGES FROM THE PRESIDENT State partnership. Although the system 1. PROTECTING MORE EMPLOYEES was created by Federal law, most deci­ Over 57 million workers are protected Messages in writing from the President sions about the nature of the program by unemployment insurance. However, of the United States were communicated are left to the States, which administer almost 17 million are not covered; more to the Senate by Mr. Geisler, one of his the system with State employees. This than half of these are employees of State secretaries. makes the sySJtem far more flexible and and local governments. The last exten­ attuned to local needs and special cir­ sion of coverage was enacted during the cumstances of local economies. Eisenhower Administration, when 6 mil­ UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE-A Unemployment insurance is an eco­ lion additional workers were included; MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT nomic stabilizer. If, for example, the there is a clear social need today to cover The VICE PRESIDENT laid before the economy were ever to slow and unem­ as many more employees as we can. Senate the following message from the ployment were to rise, this program auto­ I propose that an additional 4.8 million President of the United States, which matically would act to sustain personal workers be covered by unemployment in­ was referred to the Committee on income. This would help prevent a down­ surance. These include:. Finance: turn from gathering momentum result­ -1,600,000 workers in small firms with ing from declines in purchasing power. less than four employees; To the Congress of the United States: When employment is at a high level, and -400,000 on large farms employing The best time to strengthen our un­ greater stimulation of consumer demand four or more workers in each of 20 employment insurance system is during a is unwanted, relatively little money flows weeks; period of relatively full employment. into the economy from unemployment -200,000 in agricultural processing The Secretary of Labor is sending to insurance. activities; the Congress today proposed legislation With these principles in mind, I am -1,800,000 in non-profit organiza­ to extend unemployment insurance to making these recommendations for both tions; 4,800,000 workers not now covered; to Federal and State action: -600,000 in State hospitals and uni­ end the shortsighted restrictions thaJt 1. We should act together to extend versities; stand in the way of needed retraining unemployment protection to more em­ -200,000 salesmen, delivery trades­ efforts; and to add a Federal program ployees, including many highly vulner­ men, and others who are not cur­ automatically extending the duration of able to layoffs who are not now covered. rently defined as employees.