Realismo En El Anime: Una Perspectiva Occidental a Través De Sus Obras Populares

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Realismo En El Anime: Una Perspectiva Occidental a Través De Sus Obras Populares UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA INFORMACIÓN DEPARTAMENTO DE COMUNICACIÓN AUDIOVISUAL Y PUBLICIDAD I TESIS DOCTORAL El realismo en el anime: Una perspectiva occidental a través de sus obras populares MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Iván Rodríguez Fernández Directora Mar Marcos Molano Madrid, 2014 ©Iván Rodríguez Fernández, 2014 El realismo en el anime: Una perspectiva occidental a través de sus obras más populares Iván Rodríguez Fernández Departamento Comunicación Audiovisual y Publicidad I Dirección: Mar Marcos Molano 2 3 4 Índice Resumen Español ............................... 17 Resumen Inglés ................................... 21 I Introducción ..................... 27 II Metodología ..................... 37 1. Objeto de estudio .................... 39 2. Objetivos ............................ 39 3. Hipótesis ............................ 40 4. Marco Conceptual ..................... 40 4.1. El anime .................................... 40 4.1.1. Definición común de anime ................... 40 4.1.1.1. Contradicciones en la definición ............ 40 5 4.1.2. Otro términos ............................... 42 4.1.2.1. Japanimation ................................ 43 4.1.2.2. Manga ....................................... 43 4.1.2.3. Películas manga ............................. 43 4.1.2.4. Manga-Eiga .................................. 44 4.1.3. Origen del término .......................... 45 4.1.4. ¿Qué es anime? .............................. 45 5. Contexto metodológico: Realismo ...... 45 5.1. El realismo como propuesta metodológica ...... 46 5.1.1. Concepto de realismo en el cine .............. 46 5.1.2. Consideraciones de realismo a partir de los conceptos estéticos .......... 47 5.1.3. Consideraciones para las obras de animación ........................... 48 5.1.4. Las parodias ................................. 48 5.1.5. La crítica irónica .......................... 49 5.1.6. ¿Qué es una obra realista? ................... 50 6. Estado de la cuestión ................ 50 6.1. Consideraciones previas ......................... 50 6.2. La teoría de Pasolini sobre el realismo ..... 52 6.2.1 En el caso de la animación .................. 54 6.2.2 Los tipos de realismo según Pasolini .......... 55 6.2.3 Clasificación de la animación 6 dentro de la teoría de Pasolini .............. 55 6.3. Precedentes ................................. 57 6.3.1. The Simpsons ................................ 58 6.2.1.1. Los personajes .............................. 58 6.2.1.2. La temática ................................. 59 6.2.1.3 Los Simpsons y el realismo .................. 60 6.2.2 Padre de familia ............................ 61 6.2.2.1 La temática ................................. 61 6.4. La animación seriada ......................... 62 6.4.1 Antecedentes ................................. 63 6.4.2 Futurama ..................................... 63 6.4.3 South Park y Padre Made in U.S.A. ............ 64 6.5. La animación cinematográfica americana ....... 65 6.5.1 Los inicios .................................. 66 6.5.1.1 La personificación ........................... 67 6.5.2 Otras Obras .................................. 67 6.5.3 Disney ....................................... 71 6.5.4 La animación del siglo XX a hoy ............... 73 6.5.5. Conclusiones .................................. 74 6.6. La animación europea ......................... 74 6.6.1 Europa Oriental .............................. 75 6.6.2 Europa Occidental ............................ 75 7. Selección de material ............... 76 7.1. Material base ................................... 76 7 7.2. Material mundo audiovisual japonés .............. 76 7.3. Material referente a técnica de la animación .... 77 7.3.1. Animación occidental .......................... 77 7.3.2. Anime ......................................... 78 7.4. Historia de la animación ................. 78 7.4.1. Animación occidental ..................... 78 7.4.2. Historia del anime ....................... 79 7.5. Material referente al manga .............. 80 7.6. Material referente al realismo ........... 80 7.7. Material para el análisis audiovisual .... 81 7.8. Videografía .............................. 81 7.8.1. Animación occidental ..................... 81 7.8.1.1. Disney ................................... 81 7.8.1.2. Cortometrajes de animación ............... 82 7.8.1.3. Televisión ............................... 82 7.8.1.4. Otras animaciones ........................ 82 7.8.2. Japón .................................... 83 7.8.2.1. Antecedentes ............................. 83 7.8.2.2. Anime .................................... 83 7.8.2.2.1. Primeras obras .......................... 83 7.8.2.2.2. En los 80‟ ................................ 83 7.8.2.2.3. En los 90‟ ................................ 84 7.8.2.2.4. En los 00‟ ............................... 84 7.8.3. Referente al realismo .................... 84 8 8. Estructura del trabajo ............... 85 Cap. 1 Realismo en el anime 8 7 1. Consideraciones en el anime ........... 89 2. El Shounen ............................ 91 2.1. El target ....................................... 92 2.1.1. NR13 .......................................... 92 2.1.2. NR18 .......................................... 95 2.1.3. Clasificación del Shônen según la edad ........ 96 2.2. Shounen de instituto vertiente cómica ........... 97 2.2.1. El mundo otaku ................................ 98 2.2.2. Obras no realistas ............................ 101 2.3. Faceta de acción ................................ 102 2.4. Faceta de deporte ............................... 103 2.5. Obras que posee metalenguaje .................... 104 2.5.1. Obras cuyo hilo conductor se encuentra dentro de la industria del manga /anime ....... 105 2.5.2. Obras cuyo hilo conductor no está centrado en el universo del manga /anime ....... 107 2.5.2.1. Obras que realizan un metalenguaje propio ... 108 2.5.2.2. Obras que realizan un metalenguaje ajeno .... 109 9 2.6. Obras sobre los considerados efectos de la cultura otaku ............................ 111 2.7. Género Ecchi .................................... 114 2.7.1. Los géneros que posee una cierta relación con la realidad ...................... 115 2.7.2. Poderes mágicos ................................ 115 2.7.3. La chicas extraterrestres ..................... 116 2.7.4. Conclusión ..................................... 117 2.8. El Harem ........................................ 117 3. .. El Shoujo ................................. 119 3.1. Magical Shoujo .................................. 119 3.1.1. Alusiones al mahô shôjo ........................ 121 3.2. Las tramas amorosas ............................. 122 3.2.1. La vertiente dramática ......................... 125 3.2.2. La vertiente cómica ............................ 126 3.3. Considerariones sobre el shoujo ................. 127 3.4. El Shoujo ai y el Shounen ai .................... 128 3.5. Hentai, Yaoi y Yuri ............................. 130 4. .. El Seinen y el Josei .................... 132 4.1. El Seinen ....................................... 132 4.2. El Josei ........................................ 133 10 5. .. El Kodomo ................................. 136 6. Casos concretos .......................... 138 6.1. Death Note ...................................... 138 3.2.1. Deat Note Vs. Dexter ........................... 144 6.2. Code Geass ...................................... 146 6.2.1. Primeras consideraciones ....................... 162 6.2.1.1. Diferencias entre el anime y la animación americana ......................... 163 6.2.1.2. Conclusiones ................................ 164 7. En el cine ................................ 165 7.1. Hayao Miyazaki .................................. 166 7.2. Isao Takahata ................................... 168 7.3. Satoshi Kon ..................................... 171 7.4. Makoto Shinkai .................................. 173 7.5. Mamoru Oshii .................................... 179 7.5.1. Los aspectos filosóficos ....................... 182 7.5.2. Las obras post-apocalípticas ................... 184 7.5.2.1. En la obra de Oshii ......................... 185 7.6. Studio Ghibli ................................... 186 7.6.1. Puedo escuchar el mar .......................... 187 11 7.6.2. Susurros del corazón ........................... 188 7.6.3. Haru y el reino de los gatos ................... 190 7.6.4. Goro Miyazaki .................................. 190 7.6.5. Arrietty y el mundo de los diminutos ........... 191 7.6.6. Otras obras (No largometrajes) ................. 192 7.7. Mamoru Hosoda ................................... 193 7.8. Osamu Tezuka .................................... 197 7.9. Rintarô ......................................... 205 7.10. Leiji Matsumoto ................................ 210 7.11. Katsuhiro Otomo ................................ 212 7.12. Conclusiones ................................... 215 III Conclusiones ......................... 217 IV Anexo ................................... 225 1. Anexo 1: Glosario ........................ 227 V Bibliografía ........................... 235 1. Bibliografía ............................. 237 12 2. Webgrafía ................................. 247 3. Videografía .............................. 257 13 14 15 16 Título de la tesis: El realismo en el anime: una perspectiva occidental a través de sus obras más populares A día de hoy Japón exporta de manera realmente exitosa las producciones de anime a todo el mundo. Cada vez más extranjeros
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