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Ethnobotanical and Toxicology Study of Medicinal Plants Used for The © 2021 Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research, 9 (5), 619-662, 2021 ISSN 0719-4250 http://jppres.com/jppres Original Article Ethnobotanical and toxicology study of medicinal plants used for the treatment of diabetes in the High Atlas Central of Morocco [Estudio etnobotánico y toxicológico de las plantas medicinales utilizadas para el tratamiento de la diabetes en el Alto Atlas Central de Marruecos] Souad Belhaj1*, Noureddine Chaachouay2, Lahcen Zidane1 1Plant, Animal Productions and Agro-industry Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, B.P.133 14000, Kenitra, Morocco. 2Nutrition, Health and Environment Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, B.P. 133 14000, Kenitra, Morocco. *E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Resumen Context: Diabetes mellitus is considered one of the scourges of the third Contexto: La diabetes mellitus se considera uno de los flagelos del tercer millennium in the world for several years. milenio en el mundo desde hace varios años. Aims: To evaluate, identify and preserve the experiences gained over the Objetivos: Evaluar, identificar y preservar las experiencias adquiridas a centuries. It is about therapeutic use of medicinal plants exploited for lo largo de los siglos. Se trata del uso terapéutico de las plantas the treatment of diabetes, and to clarify its toxicities, in order to sensitize medicinales explotadas para el tratamiento de la diabetes, y de aclarar the population of the High Atlas Central (HAC) of Morocco not only on sus toxicidades, a fin de sensibilizar a la población del Alto Atlas Central the risk but also the benefit of the use of phytotherapy. (HAC) de Marruecos no sólo sobre el riesgo sino también sobre el Methods: The surveys ethnopharmacological were conducted 834 the beneficio del uso de la fitoterapia. interviewees, using semi-structured survey, by application of Métodos: Las encuestas etnofarmacológicas se realizaron 834 a los quantitative indices such as Consensus index (CI %), Use value (UVi), entrevistados, utilizando una encuesta semiestructurada, mediante la family UV (FUV), relative frequency of citation (RFC), plant part value aplicación de índices cuantitativos como el índice de consenso (CI %), el (PPV), and informant consensus factor (ICF) to assess the exact value of valor de uso (UVi), la familia UV (FUV), la frecuencia relativa de medicinal plants (MP). citación (RFC), el valor de la parte de la planta (PPV) y el factor de Results: We found that 144 medicinal plants in 121 genera and 52 plant consenso de los informantes (ICF) para evaluar el valor exacto de las families were traditionally used to treat diabetes, of which seven species plantas medicinales (MP). were endemic to the study area, and 32 were being cited first ever to Resultados: Encontramos que 144 plantas medicinales en 121 géneros y 52 treating diabetes. In addition, we collected toxicological information on familias de plantas se usaban tradicionalmente para tratar la diabetes, de 99 antidiabetic plants, of which 41 species showed no toxic activity and las cuales siete especies eran endémicas del área de estudio y 32 se 43 were toxic and sometimes lethal in high doses. The Ranunculaceae citaban por primera vez para tratar la diabetes. Además, recopilamos family showed the highest use value (FUV =0.139). Leaves were the información toxicológica sobre 99 plantas antidiabéticas, de las cuales 41 most used plant parts (PPV =0.282) and infusion was the dominant especies no mostraron actividad tóxica y 43 eran tóxicas y, a veces, method of preparation. The frequently used species were Olea europaea letales en dosis altas. La familia Ranunculaceae mostró el valor de uso L. (UVi =0.172), Salvia officinalis L. (UVi =0.156) and Euphorbia resinifera más alto (FUV = 0,139). Las hojas eran las partes de las plantas más Berg (UVi =0.150). utilizadas (VPP = 0,282) y la infusión el método de preparación Conclusions: These results are a rich source of information. They predominante. Las especies más utilizadas fueron Olea europaea L. (UVi contribute to the knowledge of the antidiabetic medicinal flora of our = 0,172), Salvia officinalis L. (UVi = 0,156) y Euphorbia resinifera Berg (UVi study area, and to the preservation of the local popular know-how of = 0,150). the word that tends to disappear. They may also represent a database Conclusiones: Estos resultados son una rica fuente de información. that consists of purifying and identifying the characterization of active Contribuyen al conocimiento de la flora medicinal antidiabética de la compounds of herbal extracts with antidiabetic activity. zona de estudio, y a la preservación del saber popular local de la palabra que tiende a desaparecer. También pueden representar una base de datos para depurar e identificar la caracterización de compuestos activos de extractos de hierbas con actividad antidiabética. Keywords: diabetes; High Atlas Central (Morocco); pharmacological; Palabras Clave: Alto Atlas Central (Marruecos); diabetes; farmacológico; therapeutic use; toxicology. toxicología; uso terapéutico. ARTICLE INFO AUTHOR INFO Received: January 8, 2021. ORCID: 0000-0002-8949-6756 (SB) Received in revised form: March 12, 2021. Accepted: March 13, 2021. Available Online: April 17, 2021. _____________________________________ Belhaj et al. High Atlas Central of Morocco: diabetes ethnobotanical study INTRODUCTION general assembly, the WHO encourages more re- search into leads including those using traditional Diabetes mellitus is a condition characterized herbal treatments (Palombo, 2006). by chronic elevation of blood glucose concentra- tion (hyperglycemia), which occurs when fasting Ethnopharmacology and ethnobotany figure plasma glucose is 1.26 g/L or >2g/L, regardless of out people's knowledge, in relation to the use of the time of collection in the existence of clinical plants to heal and fight against diseases, which symptoms (Drouin et al., 1999). makes it possible to identify antidiabetic remedies and to build up a database of medicinal plant (MP) This metabolic anomaly is due to inadequacy or to keep ancestral knowledge. Many plants from poor insulin use by the body from hence the divi- around the world have been studied for their anti- sion of diabetes into two broad categories: insulin- diabetic effects. There is several ethnobotanical dependent diabetes or diabetes type I (TD1) is information has been collected in various parts of characterized by insufficient insulin. Non-insulin- the world. Thus, over 1123 plant species, repre- dependent diabetes or type II diabetes (TD2), re- senting 183 families, are considered to have hypo- sults from poor use of insulin by the body. Also, glycemic and antidiabetic properties (Marles and there are other categories of diabetes namely ges- Farnsworth, 1995; Ernst, 1997; Lamba et al., 2000). tational diabetes and more rarely genetic or ac- The High Atlas Central (HAC) of Morocco by quired diabetes (WHO, 2015). these reliefs, its topography and its geographical Diabetes is a major health problem worldwide. location, offers diverse vegetation, with the pres- The epidemiological studies have shown that it ence of a high rate of endemic species. This region affects all populations and all age groups equally. is the origin of many sold in Morocco and abroad. It expands rapidly, so there were 366 million dia- However, data on therapeutic uses of MP and betics in 2010 and 552 million are expected in 2030 their toxicities are very rare (Belhaj et al., 2020), (Whiting et al., 2011), which poses serious econom- and no studies have proven the effectiveness of ic problems for developing countries. This ex- plants of this region in diabetes treatment. It is plains why Morocco spends about 156 700 000 therefore important to keep a written record of all MAD each year to buy insulin and oral antidiabet- the phytotherapy practices because the transmis- ic. It also spends about 15 million MAD to buy sion to future generations is based on oral tradi- medico-technical and reactive equipment for the tion. Based on these data, we conducted surveys to detection of the disease (WHO, 2015). Due to the identify the MP use locally by the population of expansion of this disease and high drug costs, it is the HAC, analyze the results regarding the rela- frequent that the population of developing coun- tionship between these species and diabetic prob- tries resort to traditional medication through ther- lems, to preserve the therapeutic knowledge of the apeutic plants (Tabuti et al., 2003). Consists of population on this natural heritage and to value it these plants provide an accessible, affordable, for its rational use. lower cost medical potential (Okigbo and Omo- damiro, 2007). It offers an inexhaustible resource MATERIAL AND METHODS that provides the common of the active pharma- ceutical ingredients in Africa (Onsiyor et al., 2019). Presentation of the study area More than 80% of the population uses traditional Due to its geographical position and climate, medicine and medicinal plants to satisfy their the HAC of Morocco offers a tremendous ecologi- needs in primary health (WHO, 2015). The valua- cal and floristic diversity. Also, traditional phyto- tion of natural resources is a priority that becomes therapeutic knowledge is well represented in this increasingly important in many countries. Since its region. http://jppres.com/jppres J Pharm Pharmacogn Res (2021) 9(5): 620 Belhaj et al. High Atlas Central of Morocco: diabetes ethnobotanical study Figure 1.
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