Post of ------(Entered at the Office New York, N, y" as Second Cl.. ass Matter.]------_ _---_._ . JOURNAL OF PRACTICAIJ INFORMATION. ART SCIENCE. CHEMISTRY AND MANUFACTURES. A WEEKT,Y MECHANICS.

Vol. XLIV.-No. per Annum. (NEW SERlES.l 26'-1J [$3.20[POSTAGE PREPAID.] NEW YORK. JUNE 25, 1881. Siphons. t e pipe, tbe rb e ioning tbe cbamber to tb excess of head necessary ings of subu an residences of th more expensive sort. At recent P yt c c h I' way d ct is l � i i a meeting of the ol e hni Association of t e to force the water through the wrong could be ma e Y it stil too much the fa h on to carry nto semi-rural p nt, Mr. n t yt n we gr un space is re b American Institute tbe reside T. D. Stetso , detailed almos an hi g please. neighhorhoods, where o d asona ly cbeal=, the experiments which he had y r ce c ct ie some recentl made. Mr. Sutton said that siphons are very inte esting pie s unbroken blocks of houses bara erist of the city, and rdin i p bent tube, d k y cu i u . y The o ary siphon, consisting of a s m le acts of apparatus an wor ver r o sly In the earl days in made necessary there by the high cost of land. the i c . c n The outskirts t , w s by d fferen e of length of the two columns of liquid California, where apital was abundant but the mea s limited, of our ci ies here garden and lawn space tendency t a cuum t e often used luxuries y d There is a o form va at he top of the tube. siphons w re to drain mines in the gravel, espe- are not be on the means of the moderately well­ g a y r column cially bed r ck, be serious lat:k d e i The superior r vit of the longest. raises the shorte when they came to tbe o and tunnels wonld to-do, sbow a of w ll ngs intermediate in cha­ e a p c p a vacuum results in necessary ate in y a c detached residence, by th tmos heri pressure. The arti l to drain tbe w r off the ordinar way from racter between the ity block and the e u t ty the o s c r e . liberation q hons were used t take he th of t.he small an i of airis always contained rock basin. In" such i casese sirp ck." o t th ugh the need of u h homes must be wide and u g nt m i kn as an air the When r g di . ce in the water, and the for at on of what own I water over r m of th bed o the ave a e business man seeks a home at a stan ap. ! These l stopped working r f ce e ffic, he in tr ifficu the me siphonsccu almosti a ways in the bend. Theyafte wa Iit-y rom the nt r of tra doese not want to find it a In attempting to avoid this d lty by of a large· tie, from all a mulat on of air al a s row of houses which might as w ll have been plannedto for r s e btai . t pp experienced in city. u a vessel or air receiver some curious e ults wer o ned s o ed, in fact, save when they were put in by and set up the heart of the Though n ble own The b ct T e i a ce where hi e t he is not u nw l a first o je was to make a self-emptying air chamber. men. h speaker then detailed an nst n he put. in or r a de ac d house, he i ling to pay for ad su t i feet l h. la The plan opted to accomplish this re l was to carry both a siphon going over a r m of rock some 150 in engt reasonable n.mount of nd not built upon, provided it is pro­ ch r , and take e i i t end was ha c pipes into the air ambe on to the very top, The onts de end was of ron pipe, bu the inside perly used to en n e the beauty and healthfulness of his it s m e e s s we e where wa turned over in snch a way as to ak a fall of rubber hose. As the works were carried further in, somc home. ]<'01' Ruch r a on ar inclined to think that there i space si h was in rubber hose w d e e e i pp t ni y ca t b i ­ water through the a r when the p on opera- 250 feet of as a d d ; th h ad be ng very small, is a large o or u t for pitalis s ami speculative u ld prohability be successful in e te ncy co p . c a de­ tion. This plan would in all a ther was but slight nde to lla se At ea h end ers to make good investments in dwellings of the class r t y comtructed apparatus. In p hi t e was suburbunlocalities m e pe fec l order, bowever, to ob- sto valve was placed, and at the ghes point ther an . scribed, in many ad accessible to tbe the pe t on S t m d ch mbe air ch ber. This an empty ky cask, business men b c ­ serve o ra i , Mr. te son had a e the air a r am was formed of whis of New York and other cities, y the in reas n p e e c y easily d t e s e e w re ai n of glass, and he fou d himself unable to res rv a which was a thing got an adapted to h purpose. ing means of rapid tran it v ry he prev li g. sufficiently perfeu t tln ca k filled th u h a tun e p The cco p y i ra o , owi tight joint long to determine the q es io The s and siphon were ro g n l at the to , a m an ing llust ti n sh ng the elevation and efi i ly the n of e cask was then closed and the ou s s cti t e d n te . valve o the top th gr nd of a e on of hre villas, lrom a block of nine A the into which others opened, and siphon would mmenc ce v a ide siphon having a large chamber at bend, the co e to work. It residen s in Hano er, Germany, gives good a of what one at t.he other, he cess y to have valves, one at each we m h pipe enters a much higher level than was ne ar two end of the the suburban homes have in mind ig t look like. u ffi i n y pipe, e use me they c u d F n- ns n fo nd developed, with just su c e t air inclosed, the ver b ca at that ti o l not buy in San ra The second engraving shows the pla of the mai floors, acting c ec valve. It c c a pump c p b e fi i p . i t w l and the a i t c w c re ai nt. unexpected propert.y of like a b k opposes is o a a l of ll ng the pi e At n gh the ho e rt s i manner in hi h the grollnds a l d o a r n er ater in e shut rt n ug plan r q r to a ap g e t resistance to the passage of w onp direction wase e off, and in the morninge it cewas sta ed long e o h With such changes of as would be e ui ed d t than -in the other-the difference in resistance de ending on b for work bpgan to properly r du the water level. The them to the needs of American households, such dwellings, area c in b u but we b i r d ent the difference of between the water surface in the ham- air chamber would fill with air a o t two hours, just el eve, would sell ea ily or r to desirable tenants at nd that in the pipe e r b f e it v pr fit ble bu l ber a nte ing at the highest level. In I e or was supposed to he filled the alves were shut and rates that would mal,e them as o a to the i der n n a e i any I e filled e g-h f l In drai i g marshes on a l rg or small scale, in drain ng th barrel up again witb water through the tunnel. or own r aE deli t u to the occupant�. size the I ..• I' • well m aj ty area subject to tidal fluctuationsor fluctuationsfrom freshets, ATTRACTIVE SUBURBAN RESIDENCES. houses are suited for the ori of well-to-do Ameri- espec al y in co n n c l sewer a l r e i l n ecti g a el ar drain with the where can families, such for example as make up a g part of e . Very mucb has d e b il s and a t the sewer is liable to ris and make a back-flow under extra- been on by our architects and u der the population of Brooklyn ; their arcbitectural be n y dinar circumstances, s. f r op- c d l y pe s c t need not be great; or y thi t offerse water. a valuable By means o during re ent years to developthe artistic indivin ua it and s ak for itself. The os of the houses posing the return page flow of h properly propor-:I home-like attractiveness in construction a d surround-; [UontiJwed on 402.]

SUGGESTIONS IN ARCHITECTURE.-GROUP OF ORNAMENTAL VILLAS AND GROUNDS.

© 1881 SCIENTIFIC AMERICIAN, INC titutific �tutritau $ 400 PRINTING INK. The three last ingredients are mixed into a paste. The A few years ago the preparation of printing ink was con turpentine and olein are mixed at a gentle heat, the soap a sidered part of the printer's trade; now there are very few and carbon then introduced, and, after cooling, the blue ESTABLISHED 1845. printers who have more than a remote idea as to the compo­ paste iR added, the whole being grouDd beneath a muller to sition or preparation of the inks they use. a very fine and smooth paste. MUNN & CO., Editors and Proprietors. The manufacture of such inks has of late years developed The following are3 patented inks' 8 Colophonic tar, 14 into a distinct industry, employing hundreds of thousands of pounds; lampblack, pounds; indigo, ounces; Indian red, PUBLISRED WEEKLY AT dollars capital, and turning out hundreds of tons of ink 4 ounces; yellow resin soap, 1 pound. NO. 87 PARK ROW, NEW YORK. annually. The colophonic tar referred to is the residuum from the distillation of rosin for rosin oil. MUNN. A. E. BEACH. The basis of all ordinary priuting inks, from the cheap O.D. poster and news to the finer lithographic and plate inks, Linseed oil, 40 gallons; litharge, 4 pounds; lead acetate, 2

'.I'EKMS FOR '.I'HE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. is a varnish, prepared from oils, clIiefly linseed, although pounds.

One copy, one year postage included...... nut oil is sometimes used, and rosin oil frequently introduced The oil is heated to about 6000 Fah., fol' from forty-eight _ ...... $3 20 ...... One copy, six months, pORtage included ...... 1 60 in the cheaper grades. to sixty-five hours according to quality of varnish required, C F EnICAN varnish (Jlub •• -One extra copy of THE S I I AM will be supplied [IS gratis for every Club of five subscribersENTI at $3.20C each: additional copies at Where linseed oil is used this is practically anby­ the lead salts being added driers. To each gallon of thi� same proportionate rate. Postage prepaid. dride of linoleic acid, the fatty constituents of the oil-gly­ varnish, 4 pounds of gum copal is added and dissolved. For Remit postal order. Address by cerine, palmatine, etc.-having been volatilized by heat. For common news ink the proportions are as follows: Of the )IUNN & CO., 37 Park Row, New York. t he better class of inks olu oil is preferred. above varnish, 15 pounds; rosin, 10 pounds; soap, brown The Scientific AInerican Snpplement It is usually is a distinct paper from the SCI�JXTIFI(, AMF.HICAN.'rHJi� 8UPPT,EMH:NT purified by heating it for several hours by injected steam resin, 2 pounds; lampblack, 5Yz pounds. is i:-!suedweekly, Every number contains 16 octavo pages, uniform in si7.e with SCIfi:NTIFIC AMERICAN. 'rerm['; of subscription for RUf)l)LEIVIYN'f, or otherwise, with oil of vitriol (sulphuric acid) diluted with A fine ink, suitable for1 use with rubber type,. is prepared $5.00a year, postage paid, to subscribers Single copies, 11) cents. Eold by all news dealers throughout the country. about three times its weight of water.e The acid solution hav­ from nigrosine, soluble, ounce; glycerine,q. 8. pure, 4Yzounces; -The SCIEN'l'IFIC A1\fERICAN and willChmbillf':d be sent for ltate!1!i. one year postage free. on receipt ot 8uPPJ,)i:l\Jl�NTRoth ing been drawn off the oil is wash d by agitation with boiling soap, white curd, !4 ounce; water, papprs to one address or differentaddresses as desired. seven dollars. water, and, after standing to allow the latter to separate, is The nigrosine, finelypowdered, is mixed into a stiff paste The safest way to remit is bv draft pustal order, or registered letter. tl Address MUNN & CO., 37 Park Row. N. V. ru off into storing vessels. From these the oil is trans­ with the water, hot, and after standing a few hours this is

Scientific llInerican Export Edition. ferred to iron caldrons provided with stirring apparatus and mixed with the glycerine and soap, and the paste rubbed a The Scn�N'l'IFIC Al\H:RICAN Export Edition is In,rge and splendid peri­ Odical, issued once a month. Each number cc,ntainsn about one hundred covers. A moderate fire in a small furnace beneath gradu­ down with a muller on hot stone slab. large quarto Dages, profusely illustrated. emhracing: n. Most 01 T.he ally heats the oil, which only half fills the vessel (to prevent For colored inks of this description the nigrosine may be \ plates and pages of the four preceding weekly is�tles of the :-:'CII<;\"TIFIC AMI<:urcAN, with its splendid engravings and valuable information: (2. accident by foaming) and the stirring apparatus is set in substituted by almost any of the soluble coal tar dyes. Commercial. trade. ami manufacturing announcements of leading hou!'es. • Ie •• rJ'erms for Export Edition. $5.00 a YWt.f, sent prepaid to any part of the motion. The moisture in the oil is gradually dissipated, THE PROBLEM HEALTHY WATER. world. Single copies ;',0 cents. � Manufacturers and others who desire OF to secure foreign tl'ade may have large. and hanosomcly displayed an­ and as the temperature approaches 570' Fah., an inflamma­ nouncements published in this edition at a very moderate cost. The SCIF,'\'TIFIC 1':llICAN Exnort Edition has a large guaranteed circu­ ble vapor or smoke begins to escape from the boiling oil; a Much complaint has arisen within the last two months, in lation in all commercialA.I\-f places throughout the world. Address.M UJ.\I.N & scrap of burning paper secured in the cleft of a long stick this city, about the quality of the Croton water. It was (;0 3, I 'ark Row. New York. .• is thrust into the smoke, which is thereby ignited. The fire alleged that it had a fishy taste that was far from agree­ below is drawn and smothered; the oil, or rather the gases able, and apprehensions were expressed that it might be NEW YORK, SATURDAY, JUNE 25, 1881. given oil by the oil, are allowed to blaze, the combustion unfit for use. The Board of Health promptly had it ana­ being kept within bounds by partly covering the pot if lyzed and published the reBults. They were reassuring, Contents. necessary. Samples of the oil arc taken out from time to and the public were told that they could drink all they de­ articles with asterisk.) (Illustrated are marked an time and tested by cooling a few drops on a plate of glass sired with impunity. While this assertion was made on the

. . 403 ...... or tile. When the drops thus chilled glaze over quickly and strength of the analysis, it was fortified by the fact that no American inst., semi-cent ... . [nventions, recent ...... 402 Acid, nitric...... , ..... " ...... 40;") Inventors, American,. .wrongs .of. 405 Acid, nitric. spont. comb. by ..... 405 Locomotives. fireless ...... 405 draw out into strings of about half an inch between the disease had been traced to the Croton, although it bad been . . Aglicultural inventions .. ... 408 '\lechunicaJinventions ...... 405 . complained of for several weeks before the publication of . . . fingers,the flameis extinguished by putting the cover tightly u t Natural history notes ...... 4(J8 . . a 1f�� � �t��I . . .. Nipples. rubber . . . . ' ...... 404 over the pot. The oil is then again heated over moderate the analysis. The timely investigation seems to have American science. association: ::: : ... . : ::... � 401 Nitric acid ...... 405 Asbestos in the Black Hills .••.•.. 401 Nitric acid, spont. comb. by . . 405 �?��.�'.' !g� ... fire to the boiling point, and the heat and stirring kept up quieted the alarm, and in this way probably considerable Baldness, new remedy for...... 401 . Balloon house ...... 402 f>�i�ti��1nk������::::::::::: . good was done. Whether it proved auything concerning . . . :��'.'. for several hours, small quantities of drier being introduced Boiler explosions, recent, two . . 401 Railway connection under N. Y 401 Bricks, good ...... 407 Regnault and Rankine rrables... .•: 4iSg05 by some manufacturers. the water is another question. 40 .. . Buildings, public, cost of ...... 5 ReHidence�. attractive* . . . .399. 402 Car doors, fastener for* . .. .. 406 Rubber nipples ...... 404 Varnishes of several degrees of thickness-from greater A chemist or scientific man who takes the position of a ...... Clark, William ...... •••.•..•...... 401 Siphons ...... 399 . . . � .. . . Comet ., 1881. ••...... •••.•• ••••.• 40:; Stephenson. George...... 4111 or less boiling-are prepared in this way to satisfy the non-alarmist where he can at all conscientiously do so, does ... . 407 . Dragon-fly, slender>!" . . .. . Stoves, cast iron, a good word for 408 . . . . Electricity, concentrating ...... 401 Suburban residel ces* ...... �99, 402 requirements of the different kinds or grades of ink, and to much better than one who raises the cry of danger on a small . . l . .. Electricity, storing of* ...... 4,...f\6 Explosion, tugboat* ...... 403 in' modify their consistence to suit the climate where used, provocation. This last has been done recently at til{' meet­ .. . 'sewers:':. . ::::.. Grain elevator, larg-est...... 40t TortOise. water carrying . ... 407 Hides, how taken offand salted. 408 Tugboat expl03ion* ...... 403 thinner ink being required in cold than in warm climates. ings of a certain social science association in the matter of �l�T:�r�;�it�f:R' . . . . j1l� House, balloon ...... 402 Velocipede carriage* ...... 403 .. . 00 •••• . .. . : . . Water, alum ...... 407 For black letter-press ink the color and character are usu­ adulteration. A certain person gave a formidable category Ink, printing ...... 400 Inventions, agricultural. . . _ ...... 40� . o . . Inventions, mechanical ...... 405 �:�����I�i�l�\��, � r�gr:;U ally impartcd to tbe varnish by the incorporation with it of of substances used for the purpose. It did not matter to .. . Inventions, miscellaIWOus . . . 404 Watering animals, device'of for* :: . . 403 . . :: lampblack or carbou black, Prussian blue, indigo, resin, him that some of the adulterants were more expensive than Inventions, new ...... 403 ...... !� ... . . and soap. The proportion of these vary according to the the original substances; he put them down in his list just purpose for which the ink is intended. The following will the same. serve as an illustration of the composition of a good letter­ But the question we are thinking of is whether the analy­ press ink: Varnish (prepared as above), 1 gallon; resin, 4 sis proved that the Croton water was good. Water analysis TABLE OF CONTENTIS OF pounds; brown resin soap, 1i pounds; purified lampblack, is simple enough in its practice, but what is the verdict as THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT 5 pounds; Prussian blue and indigo, each 1% ounces. to its value? Where it is necessary to know if water can be In compounding the ink the resin is finely powdered and used for a steam boiler the determination of its solid mineral Ne>. 286, gradually stirred into the varnish, made hot enough to melt constituents can be made close enough without trouble. For the Week endinl!, Jnne and dissolve it. The soap, previously cut into thin slices, Even in this determination of the total mineral matters there 25, 1881. dried, and rubbed into fine crumbs, is next introduced, a are difficulties as yet unsolved. After the water is evapo­ Price 10 cents. For Eale by a allllewsdealers_ very little at time, as the moisture it still retains is apt to rated to dryness the organic matter is disposed of by igni­ ENGINEERING AND MECHANICS.-One Thousand Horse PowerPAGE a I. Corliss l1:ngine. 511gures.to scale. illustrating-the construction ot occasion violent commotion as it is driven out by contact tion. In this ignition, however, some of the nitrates and the new one thousand horse power Corliss engine, by llitch, Har- with the hot varnish. The addition of soap to printing ink carbonates present will be decomposed, and cannot be re­ greaves ('0. . .•...... •...... •...... •...•.•..•...• 4551 Opening& nf the New \Vorkshopof the Stevens Institute of Tecb­ nology. :-;peechof Prof. Raymond. �)peech Horatio increases the sharpness of the print and tends to prevent stored to precisely their original state. No question on its Allen...... H...... \V...... of . ;.\11'...... 455� smearing or clouding of the work. The mixture, after cool­ face seems simpler and is so hard in reality. Still, it can be ..ight St.eam Engine for Aeronautical Purposes. Constructed forl Capt. :.\lojoisky.of the Russian Navy...... ing somewhat, is poured over the lampblack, and finely pow­ done closely enough for practical purposes. Complete Prevention of Incrustation in Boilers...... Arrangement 4553 for ·pul'ifying boiler water with Hme and carbonate of soda.-The dered blue pigments placed in the bottom of a suitable ves­ A reliable determination of the eharacter of the organic t t i I1���t� ����fe;��rrJ�:ti·�����.i�.�:���. . . . .��.. ��� .��� 4553 sel, and the whole is well stirred together and then ground matter, which was tbe vital point in our case, is unknown. Eddystone Lighthonse. 'rog-ressof the work...... n f I o u e �� .�.����:� 4554 in a paint mill until reduced to a very fine, smooth, and uni­ All authorities admit its difficulty_ Those who have theil mtf?�� S�h�n�. K���:�f�o�. �f ��;,� � lJ�r�a�y����·�· . 4554 Railway Turntable the r.rime of Louis 1 figure.. Pleas­ form paste. own methods uphold them, but still consider it an intricate in XIV. ��� ure car. Railway and turnt.ableat :\1ary-le-Roy Chateau,:�).:. France, The quality of such inks depends largely upon the tho­ question. The total nitrogen and albuminoid nitrogen in 171 L . . . • . • • ...... •...... • • • . . • . 455i New Signal Wire Compensator. Communication from A. Lyle, roughness with which the pigments are incorporated with found by the methods used by Dr. Waller are of value to a describing compensators in use on the Nizam State Railway, East India ...... , ...... •...... 4554 the paste by grinding. limited extent only. Water of a most dangerous character 4 54 'rangye'R Hydraulic IT oist. 2 figures.. 5 ...... • Power Loom for Delicate Jj'abrics. 1 figure ...... 4555 Lithographic inks are simply very fine printing inks made might pass the ordeal of such an analysis mueh better than ...... How Veneering- is -'lade...... 4555 ...... somewhat more fluid than required for letter· press or cut a safe fluid. The above tests in this case bad a certain com­ II TECHNOLOGY AND CfIEMI STRY.-The. . Constituent Parts of for J..Ieather. l.'hecomposition of different leathers exhibited at the work. 'rhe ink used engraved or plate work is usually parative value, as they were made in a regular series of Paris Exhibition.-Amount of leather produced by different ton­ nages of 100 pounds of hides.-Percentage of tannin absOrlJed a heavy plinting ink made with ivory black, or ivory and Croton water analyses. It is from this point 'of view that under different methods of tanning.-Amonnts of g-elatine and they appear best. We do not doubt that on i quiry it tannin in leather of diiferenttonnages, etc ...... 4555 carbon blacks, instead of lampblack. n ...... Progress in American Pottery...... 4556 would be found that it was their comparative value that the Photographic Notes.-Mr. Waruerke's .New . Discovery.-Met.. hod. Colored printing inks are made from fine, clear linseed of converting negatives directly into positives.-Experiments of. Capt. Bin on the sensitiveness of coal oil -Bitumen plates.- oil, boiled into a varnish as above described, and appropri­ analyst would most insist on. It is easily conceivable that e t o a l ate pigments. The pigments used are carmine, lakes, ver­ a water from the same source might acquire an additional �u :���t� 0� f�8� g��er��::��\7et��� c�fm��i�t� ��:b�': ��d'�; of cellulose ...... 4557 milion, red lead, Indian and Venetian reds, chrome yellow, amount of dangerous impurity and suffer a greater loss Photo-Tracings in Black and. Color ...... 4557 . . . . . Dyeing Reds with Artificial Alizarin. By M. MAUIUCE chrome orange or red sienna, gallstone, Roman and yellow innocuous organic sub;;tance at the same time. In sucb a PHUD'HOMME 4562 ...... •...... case it would analyze better. It would have less organic ELEC'l'RICI ochers, verdigris, indigo, Prussian blue, Antwerp blue, ultra­ HI. TY, PHYSICAL SCIENCE, ETC.-On Faure's Sec- ondary Battery ...... 4558 marine, luster, umber, sepia, and various mixtures of these. matter and less nitrogen of both types. Yet it would be Physical Science in Our_ Common Schools.-·\n.. .. exceptionally strong argument for the teaching of physical science by the ex­ A very fine printing ink may be prepared without burn­ more dangerous, and t.he comparative value of the analysis perimental method in elementary schools, with an outline of the nil. lllt?thodand the results of such teaching...... 4558 ing, and the risks attending boiling oil may be9 avoided, by would be On the Law of Avogadro and Ampere. By ...... 4561 E. O E using the following receipt: Balsam of capivi, ounces; resin The dreaded impurities are the fermentable substances V G L 3 3 IV. GEOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, ETC.-Petroleum and Coal in Vene- and living organisms, or rather germs. Some years ago a zuela ...... '...... 4557 soap, dry, ounces; lampblack, purified, ounces;3 Prus· Geographica18ociety of the Pacific...... 4559 sian blue, 1!4 ounces; Indian red, % ounce; creosote, drops. simple test for urea, founded on its fermentation, appeared The Behring's Straits Currcnts.�PrtJofRof their existence ...... 4559 "FJxperimentalGeology.-Artificial prnduction of calcareous piso-. Grind all together on a stone slab, with a muller, to a very in our scientific journalS. It was suggested as useful to dis­ lites and oolites.-On crystaJs of anhydrous hme .-4 figures...... 4559 smooth and uniform paste. Any of the colors above enu­ tinguish contaminations of water with coal gas liquor and V. NATU1{AL HI STORY, ETC.-Coccid",. Ry Dr. H. BI'·HR.-An important paper read before the California Academy of Sciences. merated may be substituted for the lampblack and other sewage respectively. Both these substances produce or con­ -'rhemarvelous fecundity of scale bugs.-Theiruses.-Their rav- tain ammonia, so that a test to distinguish the ongin of that ages.-."Icthods of destroying them ...... 4560 pigments in the above formula to produce colored inks. of . ... a J\gricultllral Items ...... 4:)61 ...... In Germany an ink, prepared as follows, has been used, ammonia was very desirable. Here is hint what would Timber 1'rees . 4561 ...... a Blood Rains ...... •...... 4561 and is said to yield a very clear and fine impression when be grand achievement in water analysis; a reliable and __ MEDICINE AND HYGIENE.-Medical Uses of Figs. . .. . 41)61 VI. properly prepared: Venice turpentine, 2!4 ounces; soap, in practicable determination of the fermentable conlitituents. Topical .'ledication in Phthisis...... 4561 . thick paste,1� 27iJ ounces; olein, rectified, 1 ounce; carbon By the use of different reagents they might be distin­ VII. ARCHrrEC'l'URE, ETC.-Suggestions in Architecture.-Large illustration.-The New High School for Girls, Oxford, England .. 4556 black, ounces; Paris blue, ?4 ounce; oxalic acid, Ya guished from each other, just as the ammoniacal contami­ .. was ounce; water, :4 ounce. nation due to gas liquor distinguished from that due to

© 1881 SCIENTIFIC AMERICIAN, INC J,ituiifit !tuttitnu. JUNE 25, I88!.] 401 - TWO RECENT BOILER EXPLOSIO S. or a � house does for an inconstant water supply. sewage i� �he case just mentioned. Any animal vege- ! I A little batt�ry be harmless and harm- We give on ano her page an illustrated report of the of seven boxes suffices to give the incandescence iu the Swan table forms, too, might classified into I ful ones. This would he the basis of a germ analysis. recent explosion in New York harbor of the boiler of the lor Edison lights to the extent of one hundred candles for six of first of these suggestions may be carried out in the steam lug Jacoh Brandow on tbe 2d of June. The engi- I bours without any perceptible diminution brilliancy. The I future, but so far it has not been realized. It is fraught neer, William R. Card, lost his life, and bis son, John Card, Thus, instead of needing a gas engine or steam engine to with difficulties, among others the dilution in the water, the fireman, was badly scalded. The cause of the cata- be kept at work as long as the light is wantecl, witb the and the easy destruction in laboratory operations of the strophe is plainly shown in the report of our expert, namely, liability of the light failing at any moment through the of substance. bad construction of the water leg of the boiler, from which I slipping of the belt or any otlwr breakdown or stoppage The microscopic examination pan, however, be even now leakage and corrosion ensued. the machinery, and instead of the wasteful inactivity during conducted with some intelligibility, and might be made to The boiler explosion which took place at the dye works the hoUl's of the day or night when the light is not needed, & yield valuable results. of Messrs. Gaffney Co., Philadelphia, on the 1st of June, the engine may be kept going all day and stopped at night, or Some authorities claim that a simple determination of resulting in the death of three persons and the destruction it may be kept going day and night, which undoubtedly will oxygen required to oxidize the organic matter is enough. of buildings, has caused considerable comment among be the most economical plan when the electric light comes into general enough use. Others say the total organic matter is the essential thing. steam engineers. This boiler was one0 of a nest 36of three, of 3 Some prescribe an analysis by combustion the organic was of the ordinary cylindrical type, feet long, inches "Another very important application of the accumulator is matter; others a determination of the two nitrogens or am- diameter, with fiat cast iron heads, having a large central for the electric lighting of steamships. A dynamo-electric monias, total and albuminoid, in the wet way. "Where man hole in the front head. The Hartford Boilpr Inspec- machine of very moderate magnitude and expense, driven doctors disagree who shall decide?" says the proverb. ti on and Insurance Company had examined the boiler not by a belt from a drum on the main shaft, work;ng through The problem is stated. A real valid method for the long prior to the explosion, and pronounced it perfectly safe the twenty-four hours, will keep a Faure accumulator full, analysis of water is the want. The disagreement of experts for the work and pressure required. and thus, notwithstanding the irregularities of the speed of among themselves proves that all must be dealing in uncer- From the evidence before the coroner's jury it would the engine at sea, or the occasional stoppages, the supplys of 60 ready tainties. Chemists would like nothing better than to see seem the safety valves wcre set to blow off at lb., and electricity will always be to feed the Swan or. Edi on lamps in the engine rooms and cabins, or arc lights for the the vexed questions of their profession settled. They do n62s ually did blow at about that pressure, or not exceeding not like uncertainties. T.hq all wish to he positivists in lb. But. prcei"ely what the pressure was at the time of mast-head, and red and green side lamps, with more cer­ science. In all the field of analytical chemistry there is the explosion does not appear. The explosion lifted the tainty and regularity than havete1'1'a firma. yet been" achieved in the over into the gas supply for any house on hardly a more puzzling question.. , • • than .. the above. boiler from its place and sent it like a rocket .. , • • .. GEORGE STEPHENSON. next blocl" where it landed without particular injury to its American Scienee Association. shell. The centenary of the birth of George Stephenson, "the The Thirtieth Annual Meeting of the American The front cast iron head was found broken into several Associa- father of railways," was celebrated in England, June 9. tion for the Advancement of Science pieces, the lines of fracture radiating from the man hole. will be held in Cincin- Stephenson was born at Wylam, eight miles from New- nati, beginning Augnst 17. It is expected tlmt the changes This Stems to indicate that it was the weakness of the cast castle-on Tyne. His father was fireman at the near by in the constitution proposed at Boston iron head that caused the mischief. last year will be rati­ colliery engine house. His mother was the daughter of a fied, and the- association reorganized in eight sections of I'. The testimony of several experts was introduced before dye At eight years of age Stephenson herded cattle for a eq al s anding, each having its own g officer, secre­ the coroner's jury, showing that fiat cast iron heads, although u t presidin nei.ghbor fora shilling a week, paJ-t of his duty being to shut as tary, and committee. The proposed divisions are: extensively used, are necessarily unsafe and dangerous, the gates of the tramway from the pit, when the wagons Section A-Physics; Section B-Astronomy and they are apt to have hidden flaws; and one of the experts, Pure passed, to keep the cows from straying. One of his early Mathematics Section C-Chemistry, including its appli­ Mr. La Van, cxpressed the opinion that the two remaining ; amusements was the modeling of an cngine and winding cations to Agriculture and thC'l Arts; Section D-Mechani­ boilers, which are of similar construction, are liable to lllow E machine like the one bis father tended. At fourteen he cal Science; Section -Geology and Geography; Section up at any moment for the same reason, namely, cast iron was made assistant fireman, earning one shilling a day. F-Biology Section G-Anthropology; Section H -Econo­ heads. On this evidence the jury went the whole figure, and ; Three years after he jumped �is father's position alld became in mic Science and Statistics. Also, I-A Permanent Subsec­ cellsured the Hartford Inspection Company the strongest engine man. At this time he cou ld neither read nor write, tion of Microscopy. its t€lrms, declaring that its agents were negligent and incompe- but he knew his engine and critically studied coustruc- Arrangemen s are to be made or ns of - tent wben they inspected and certified that this boiler was t f excursio the anthro tion and working. About this period an old Scotch school- pological section to some of the prehistoric safe. monnds and master helped him to overcome the mystery of letters. At relics in Ohio, including Fort Ancient, at Madisonville. The We have in type for our next number a full report of this twenty-one he married, and after the birth of his son Robert, headquarters of the association and the offices of the local explosion, with engravings taken from photographs, which a year later, he removed to West Moor Collicry, Killing- committee will be at Music Hall. will very fully set forth the nature of the catastrophe, and .. , ••.. worth, where his wife soon died. For distraction in his perhaps afford some useful suggestions for the guidance of Throngh Railway Connection Under New York. bereavement he went to Montrose, Seotland, to superintend engineers and inspectors. .. , • • the working of a Boulton and Watts engine. He found tee CONCENTRATING OR STORING, UP ELECTRICITY. A company has been organized to connect by a tunnel engine out of gear and the works choked, but soon had mat- railway the Hudson River Tunnel and the railroads which ters straightened and the machinery in proper working order. Several years ago M. G.in Plante, of France, made a sec- enter the city from the north and east by way of the Fourth A year later bis father was blinded by an accident; he was ondary electrical battery, which the electrical power of Avenne improvement. The route will be from the outlet of drawn in the militia for the Continental wars, and his pros- several ordinary cells could be concentrated or stored up the Hudson River Tunnel, under Wooster Street and Uni­ pects looked dark enough. To relieve his father's destitu- within one cell, and the electrical force so gathered could he versity Place, to Fourteenth Street, thence by a curve under r tion and purchase exemption f om army service used up his used when wanted. This battery con:>isted of two elec- that street to Fourth Avenue,is under which it will run to scanty savings, and he seriously contemplated emigration as trodes made of sheet lead, separated by strings of rubber, Forty-second Street. It to be a double track road at least his only chance for success in life. and placed in dilute sulphuric acid. eighteen feet below the surface. The object is to carry The question of steam transit was becoming prominent To charge this battery its poles were connectGdwith an ordi- freight and ultimately passengers under the city to New during the early years of the century, and naturally enlisted nary Bunsen or Daniell cell. During the operation of charg- Jersey, so that cars may run direct from Boston or Mont­ makers ing, one of the electrodes oxidizes, a hrown coating of per ox- real to New Orleans, Charleston, the attention of Stephenson. The early locomotive anda ot.her Southern cities contemplated engiues for hauling wagons over common ide of lead soon showing itself thereon, and the metallic ap- without the annoyance and delay of New York transfer. .... I • roads only; but Stephenson-thanks, no doubt, to his early pearanee disappears entirely; the other clectrode also changes its Asbestos in the Black Hills. observation of the advantages of rails while gate closer and in appearance, surface becoming covered with a powdery cattle herder-foresaw that the road of the future must be gray coating. When thus charged the secondary battery Among the new discoveries made within the past few a railroad, and planned gly. was capable of delivering an electric current of very much his first locomotive accordin months is a large body of asbestosix s. This was discovered by In the fall of 1822 he constructed for the Het.ton Colliery greater force than an ordinary cell of same size. This second- Mr. T. B. Leavenworth, about miles from Deadwood City. Company a short railroad, upon which, on the 18th of ary battery is capahle of charge and discharge indefinitely. The croppings can be traced for nearly three hundred feet, November, his locomotive hauled a load of sixty-four tons M. Faure has lately improved upon the Plante hattery, by while a large body of it has already been unearthed. Testsis at the rate of four miles an hour. This demonstration of painting the lead sheets with red lead. Simple as the im- have been made which prove that this body of asbestos the feasibility of railways led at once to the Darlington and provement is, the resulting effects are qnite remarkable, the equal to any yet discovered in America. It may be that Stockton railway project, which won for Stephenson in storing capacity and delivery of the battery being greatly thisPioneer, mineral will not come into immediate use, adds the Parliament and elsewhere the reputation of being a maniac increased. The chemical action that takes place is substan- but the day is not far distant when it will become opposition the road tially the same as in the original Plante battery. leader of lunatics and fools. In spite27, of an article of export from the.. 4 Hills.••• was opened for traffic September 1825, with Stephenson It is stated that one of M. Faure's secondary batteries, New Remedy Cor Baldness. a as engine driver. weighing 165 pounds, is capable of delivering force equal The subsequent hattie of the railway for leave to be, and to one horse power during a period of one hour. If this is In cases of confirmed baldness the new remedy proposed of the locomotive for toleration after the railway was grudg- so it would bring the weight of an electromotor and ba.ttery is to remove the scalp, bit by bit, and substitute, by skill is a 200 ing-Iy accepted, familiar history. No man ever fought of one horse power within a gross weight of pounds, grafting, pieces of healthy scalp, taken from the heads of persons. grander fight against popular and professional prejudice and and suggests, as one of the possibilities of the new discovcry, young The successin which has heretofore attended ignorance, or developed in the fight a manlier character. the production of a carriage propelled by electricity, conve- operations of this nature cases of scalp wounds gives a His mental capacity rose with every great emcrgency, while nient and economical in use. promising outlook for this new mode of curing baldness; his native shrewdness and solid sense ever kept him from For the benefit of those who desire to try this interesting and perhaps the day is not far distant when the shining pates undertaking the really impossible or impracticable, however electrical contrivance, we give on another page an illustra- of our venerable fathers will bloom with the fiowillg locks extravagant or absurd his projects may have seemed to men tion in explanation of some recent impromptu experimcnts of youth. .. , ••• The Largest Grain Elevator. of smaller capacity. What he knew he knew by personal on the subject lately made in our office. Any intelligent mastery, not by hearsay; and without presnmption or arro- person who has at hand a few sheets of lead may readily The new elevator just completed ncar South Ferry, gance he was able by sterling intellectual power and sure- constrnct the new battery. Brooklyn, is described as the largest in the country. It siglitedness, barked by the hardest of hard work, to demon- f Glasgow University, h year in buildin , Pro essor Sir William Thomson, of has$2,00 0,000.e en over a g and 2,50has0 ,0cost00 nearly strate the correctness of his ideas and to accomplish under- who has lately experimented with these new batteriee, men- It has a storage capacity of bushels, taking� which involved the severest problems of railway tions the use of one of the cells, weighing 18 pounds, which besidps superior transfer facilities and dockage for half a engineering. Professor Gporge Buchanan took with him in his carriage dozen vessels. which can load at one time. The machinery The moral of his life is clear, and should be pondered by and successfully employed in removing a tumor from a is contained in an independent engine house and three enor­ a every young01' mechanic. There iK no condition in life, how- child's tongue by heating platinum wire. To have accom- mous towers. The warehouse proper consists of a large e ever hard humble, which may not fnrnish the stepping plished the same effect by th ordinary electrical means number of separate fireproof stores. .. , ••.. stones to theby most successful career. Had Stephenson been would have required the setting up of several voltaic cells, MR. WILLIAM CLARK, surrounded wealth and educational privileges in early and involved much inconvenience. Professor Thomson who died at Philadelphia last life, he might still have become a great man; but lacking anticipates that this method of storing electricity will have week, in the 9Ist year of his age, was one of the oldest his special experience as tramway gate tender. aad engine many practical uses. He speaks as follows: manufacturers of mathematical and nautical instruments in tender, drpary and in England, and to this discouraging as it may have .

© 1881 SCIENTIFIC AMERICIAN, INC j'titutifit !mtritllu. ATTRACTIVE SUBURBAN RESIDENCES. al a ot r in ou np, when them, at their ends; so spiking the rafters to one n he the nearest village, br ght home, and put [Continued f1 'om first at better l saw br or ri er a may prove a serio , page.] their t9pS. Or, stil , off and nail them icks b cklay s to build flue us if r ld ing plots in goo to a ridge on edge from a abl p and the present p ice of bui d localities in will board set o m g ble to groofe. Thisg lant not insua crmountable, want. Whcre it becomes necessary to to de t space r r u r rou o ti u two p es can be oi e Brooklyn is such as justify the votion of he secu e the pe fect nif ity of the th h u . make on n ation, of tbese drain ip j n d a d orn n l grou d ". ow r o s s n Also, instead of spiking the l e ends of the rafters t the together by wire, allowed for architectural effects hiln l nearame P ta e g g a o g o g a basswood plint securedo with and then call to the brow rosp Park, ro ti l jo or ar this connection with rt r of wood ashes, cla We mind of tbe ect a p j c n cei in ists, n il fl in b din across these co ting m a y, ov rlook g t.he York, a rt l out off h t W. e in Bay of New as site pa icul r y joists, to their ends, and saw t e ends of he rafters, and sand.-N. Lumberman. d houses; and there is no as to fit do bo r g, s i them firmly . � .. ., t style of enrl well a ap ed for this N w so throughwn it on this a din and p kea RECENT INVENTIONS. eq s i p a upper York dow into e jo . will effect­ of ually u table l ces in the part of e n the c iling ists This pl n and a g the Hudson River. ually o eaves without i pr d plow su by e r lon incl se the r q any further trouble.u un Ine the An m oveof lky has been patented Mr. H n y u i g eaves will u r r e ra Meadow, Minn. pro­ All the b ldin s in the block from which our illustmtion other case, the e i e to be boarded p d th Weber, .Jr. , G nd This sulky is ty ecture, " t ia li g joists. ided r d u g ol i of archit I al n cei n v t p ov i and co tr d i s. was taken are in the same s le g off g ends of u wi h im e adj st n n l ng ev ce Re ai a e," but no two are ex l de n r, oj n g t boards of ro w of ood- n ss nc act y alike. The si e Saw all the pr ecti the pri h Messrs. John A. Moore and James W. B n, W Professor H. wisely abstain· e ted a fire­ Kohler, ville, Tenn. , have pat n ve ted ing from profuse or elaborate orna· escape which can be con r into se ured a a ut er window or melltation, !Jas c charming door sh t , blind, e a l dd r at w ll ; on s s of a i architectural effect by the leg nt a e i it c ist h nged ro ort o s d r ef frame from which the p p i n an g ac ul arrange­ lazy-tongs are r s of e su d ment of the pa t ach and all the spen ed, and within which they ld i n . osed suit b devices bui gs may be cl up by a le are to b i d a . The houses shown of brick form a l n or shutter, s id c ve ed with cement, p ted of e-es to o r ain fir cape fmme being hinged a l ivory siBs, door so to o d color, the lintels, or window frame as swing . e g cOJ'niceR, columns, etc , b in of out.ward and inward, after the man­ pi als ornin a blind or freestone. The crestings, ca t , ner of an ry �hutter. b ust rs, l d e o er rosettes, vases, al e medal­ Mr. Mil ar F. L m nni , of Ida o s, ro e p ten a li n and statuary arc of terra· G v , Iowa, has a ted sieve cotta, s r s l for t ra hi g o s clo ely e emb ing the free­ h s n maehines so c n truct sto in ol r. c i s ed to cause the air blast from · ne c o The h mney are as the also of rra- o t I�aps, effeci te c t a, with small fan blower to act more ively as e to e the grain than sieves o b avy chimneys would bave cl an c n· r hi ur o d ry marred the a c tect al effect. structed in the r ina manner. It Our manufacturers o ists of a rd of of terra­ c ns boa three·fourths ar tu n cotta ornaments and chitec an i ch in thickness, having holes ral fi t g are now s y g­ from to ur.e g t in s uppl in three-eigbths fo i hths of artistic wures in u da a inch in d eter such ab n nce n iam formed through and at J it, n ine such prices that builders are and baving i cl d grooves able to prod id uce almost any effect formed in its lower side at the s es comparatively m l of toward hlowel', desired at s a l ex­ tbe holes the fan i l s is guid pense. by wh ch tbe air b a t ed into o u in s and deflected roug the holes. The cost f b ild g like those %\.I;i . th h o n for i l str t o \\�\\ . Wood, we have ch se l u a i n, Alice B. of Beaver Dam, ig t i is ed with· pa t d a o m h doubtless be dim n h • Wis. , has ten e c rn popper out h effect of two isph r s wire injury to t e architectural formed hem e e of e ra- o t for the or n tt , i ge by substituting t r c t a work e ing which are h nwithd r ton tr m i gs, to a gr ter to t r a n d ar ro i G f ees e i m n ea 'lI.U'\Il�\\ . each o he e p v d d extent than are in HUllo­ a device for ock i used the l ng them togelher. e i t c 'es One m phere is attached v r an s ru tUl above described. of the he is s We hope to learn that to a rod ass n lo g t d n l l some capi­ p i g n i u i a y talist or ke a a wooden l ndr ('a an a hillt i i l b builder has t n through i edcy s r o , dIe, and is ro · from our illu t ati ns re-cngraved o p v d with an arm at rom rma o f our Ge n contemporary tbe end for turning the r d so as to Ze £tsc/trijt des A.1·chitecten und (J revolve ball o a n i ng the corn. the '0 the c nt i In genieur Vereins Ha nnover, o An p I�o m ro m zu i ve ent in shirts bas a lo I u p t nt d by lUI'. J s nd have commenced a b ck of o o beel) a e e uliu Her­ b ild ngs a e l c o New York city. u i ft r the p an shown in o o zog, of Theo inven­g ti view, a spa­ o a c h s - r t t thoe perspec ve with o o tion con�ists in ea t pe ec in c or me t ou y . c o r s sh irt, i o d s ous na n al c rt rrd in o shield combillf�d with of Hnd n , after i tr d o o as a portion r , fr t the manner llus ate . o permanent to thee e rail , r r o in a ot n rf r The iron ing the eade will o manner n i t e e with chaste and o work of t r ing and ironing a r so o o s oobserve,e is patte n the a ch a a mos comee o o s i bosom. and also to rnam nt l that it l t o the h rt allow of under q al shrinkage of the head of art work, and so une u the material. details of the entire struc­ or a illtur the A p t ble wire stock fence, suit· e a gr e o r on AND GROUNDS. able for temporarily lo g servablede e f ha m y is ob- PLAN OF VILLA inc sin large which does not character- ra in grazing d s ct t cts 01' land ipasturetri s, ize the works of s g d g o from o some of our d i l joists ; rem ve cattle ne ta are mp y onmost i t n uishe architects, the walls, level with tbe upper edge of the cei in where it is often necessary to Ch e S. l nts o or and, where a s me , u t es o a r to no he MI'. r s of whose e e l ed m e pretentious and i o s ar t patented by a l Giger, costlv. it. jo t c c t h e b ds ccu a ely to fit a t r, has been e n a removable ga ns In or er to make co r o er y Highland, Ill. ro houses. • 'e ... a i t d the nst ucti n p fectl The imp v me t aconsists in a ed weather-tight, close a en g v culi o stru t o , d p o m b e to support and pe r c n c i n a t The Balloon House. tt ti n ust e i n these mat- fence of anovele wires of a sto k s i . tel's, s m l ems v s yet por an e in o g l in th el e , of infinite m t c mak- for h ld n the b rb d c fencese in po it oncon- e iv n to co st a oau i i and The nam g e this of n u tion s comfortable. The modern forms of seats at backs ure g ofmode r c indicates its ing h e school a d g d to a t s want o o dit . Board over and f rwar ol for a s r e of slats to d oo e li h nes and total any heavy element th roof, d saw out the . h e d of e i s ngue n r v m tch u u af s li y c e a te astructed glued o ur d p s or in Yet it t d l t with h mn y g t , s to iece h ge ndocan b e ly possesses strength, and the f ci i y the c i flue. n t e her and ec e cross of which it o e r gi a o e a u d i . e of be put t g the l i s are e e ry l a m irons bv s or otherwise. Tbis means fast· ves it peculiar c a m on If t v s used, it is not n c ss to b i ch ney m an screwsd f , i flyon in the Co st t a: flue e ing t ceiling joists, or on a stout e g tbe slats pro s s or the man who desires to save time labor and mOllev n ruc r st on he nin has ve un ati act y ch e accollngapst erection of a r a c c a e i g w a e e ss p y of r s floori joist.s lo , v one or of , which leaves widening g e e e dy homer which ;o ss�s tbe a ilit frame t n on the ng be and h the shrinkage of the canwonodot be o e y b l . two stovepipe .holes with thimbles in. If two, 01' even t r between the � s that n v ein r nd r d comfo tab e b h ee sl t c nientl closed. oMr. a g a o e h of ee o of � pr Frame stout sill, six t v ip s t t ixt o r Ohio, has pate t d an im ve s together at the no les say foUl' by s p e enter it, e size he flue may be s n by Asbury M e, Sidney, , r d on the under side wit u one is to p o d d for, eight n c to remedy : ­ inche which has been b e h an twelve inche�. If b t be r vi e i hes ment intended this defect. TIllS lllventor lIlsertsa a s o of the on w a ri d iron rod rough slats end auger at six rs i this i at e ch of the seat nd length). Setpl ce sill(at the four c me and mid way by twelve will be sufficient. The frame h ch flue g th the a the o , for on six out four stands m'1y he five six feet g i o screw to ends r this st cedar posts, driven or hi h, and be ncl sed so as to back, and applies a nut the of ds . feet o ground. form a the o t at. to om ns t int the i of the s ether c pe a e for shrmk­ l up, closet or locker. Covel' all external j n s drawing the l s closer tog a o ner , a ir of bo boarding with slips two in s rods are Next, n i at each of the four c r s p r che wide and an inch and a quar- age. The likewise attached to iron ribs by means e gt a o ar ds c r e Cover the r ul ar n u o . n r p r t k o n r e f p co cti n abutti g each other; and, to st n hen these, tem a ily tel' hic , planing off their outer s. inn of iron ties o ec i lstrc for d n r ng board a a o ts it ro g i , r for f ri g pro n l loops nail on the in e a le of each pail' blocks j in w h answe ur n An im veme t in meta i hol ing a bame tug c p of of t u h sl ps and thesea will g u kl o ec i ou of l ng l r to prevent nn t ng the two le feet apart. This dOlle, and the height the whereon to nail the athi for p ste in . and trace together the b c e c ed by house b g e e n ' di e ng , has r. Ger­ e n ig on inch b o i d bcen patent M i decidedc upon,ar chalkj that h ht on the upper These slips both sides of the boarding tend toa from c m g s age tal loop ends or b crected. Set a stiffen it h On the r or hard of these nel' o ds ust piece of very muc . exte i they abut against Freese, of Bloomington, Ill. It consistsor con intr aacted me at s a l g, o g e a gu ap r ng c nt four incbes wid , al b s o q r a t e i one in three inches thick by e n from a b ard below, and fascia board above. of uad an l r shape, slightly a the r g t boards is u l s g on rough o rd n and rov d r corner to comer of end, and nail the up h to it. The roof i g, and the end, p ide with lugs of peculi arrangement on Now i sua ly hinandled d b a or battens, r g g and the . hes end r or may be i s . rips r s s w i Do tbe same at the other end connect exte i pa nted nde The st inne ide fo ed n bolding tug. a d s by similar t e two as e l as i gs a S York p p s ron and rear, halved r mm around doors windows, t � t!o:nte piece i ce across w l the t i n and may Mr. ylves er W. Sheldon. of New o cit ehas p d e the f t be a e tint, or v e contrast. a e c st u as n down a l of d rk � be a d t b rr o r nvem ntly h l d and spiked on the end pieces at their ng e meet· of a e en ir c a l cover, so n cted to be c g a Proceed o board up i g a o d e t in p a w v ing. t fonr na In order to u l ce upon a barrel bile ha in their upper anda the sides, il n them m ke tbese balloon houses warmer,of they sh l and k p so that p cked III. s sp r l at brJttom d h b w ns d mall ce secu e y an top. Measnre offfor t e lo of be lined with thick ro n paper on the i i e the board- lower sides level, they can be a d or w o d cation g on. for storage and tra s o ation o s and d s, l r n p rt . in ow and nai up b a s where their frames in before tbe inside furring is nailed . s d to o r o s is A buildi argel M patente a are be s F. Dunn. of Saccarappa, e , ha as dsec ured. When the fl o ing of the j ist all in material called ng paper is l y manufactured Mr. Thoma o s ru ed to r o rding ls ur s , and be had quan tity all t so e place, an the b a of up, t n any in the macbine for making cotton ba ting, cngn t ct d and door the wal all be fitin and for this p po e may in ce or more cardi a� n , ­ w their lac s. m hi es press nail the win o frames in p e cities of the Union. ive the cotton from two a or Meantime be o tr n Run ceiling dv ble in r cheap it a ti g, and roll it i t lap or roll. WIth p per the roof may c ns ucte . tbe It may be a isa , in this as othe modes of into b t n interposedn o a between ay of out o t o u to I r beyond the c n r t , ild flues, r snitable material the l e s bat· joists twrearo feet walls, nailing tbem on to the s uc i n instead of b ing chimney can oftenuse be te ra other front and and d tin�. pieces, spike the rafters to the sides of cotta drain pipes for that purpose. These ha I

© 1881 SCIENTIFIC AMERICIAN, INC JUNE 1881.] 25, NOVEL DEVICE FOR WATERING ANIMALS. ances indicate that the initial rupture was along the other emerge from the sewers and join those placed upon poles. The device shown in the annexed cut furnishes a constant m t argin of this piece, along the lap of the seamon where a con­ The cable made of the twistedthe wires is attached firmly supply of clean water and prevents waste, and is therefore u i ng p l in ous plate,groove had resulted from corrosiont the _fire side to the arched roof or top of sewer, and thus raised above and ec h aud p b t r n well adaptedB, for water animals, es ialn yt ogs. A of the having progressed fas er, roba ly from all in erfe e ce from water, except in case of floods. The The 3, enveloped h barrel, is sunk into the grouud, and is con ec ed with a unobserved leaks, gave way first. sketch, Fig. shows cables are laid by men n n n r in rubber clot ing and tank, A, or a po d or water main, by a subterra ea pipe, the const uction of the parts p hon a larger scale. The leak provided with safety lanterns, provision being made for C, which rojects a few inches iuto the bottom of the barrel. that caused the corrosion of t e conducti ip , b a g fire side of the plate was ng fresh air to the workmen by means of India· A pivoted gate or valve rests upon the end of this p e and pro ably only a swe tin leak, which is the most dangerous rubber tubes attached to their rubber suits. The wires are the other end of the valve is connected with a float, E, because it is most likely to escape observation. If this had passed down through the man holes of the sewers. a o ab which is so arranged that when the barrel is filled the end been case of a dripping leak pr b ly the surface below of the VELOCIPEDE CARRIAGE. of the pipe, C, is closed by the action float; but as the seam would have suffered most, and perhaps have given the animal begins to driuk the level of the water in the bar- way instead of that above the seam. The engraving shows a light and compact vl!locipede car- The effect of tbis blow-out was an opening of about half a

square foot of area, through awhich the water was forced with100 terrificpower, beginning at theoretical velocity of ahout feet per second and ending at something like half that, sup­ posing that none of the free steam escaped from the steam room through the intervening water. Sixty cubic feet of

water would thus escape in about two or thvreey secoh nds, allow­ ing for beobstructions in the furnace, theand case. e er t ing movable wouldwas driven before it, as was The engineer, who supposed to be in the fire room, made his way to the deck probably nearly dead, and was lost overboard.

The fireman, his son, whothe waf> steam on the top of athe boiler, in the act of shutting off jet, was b dly injured. e The fire upon the starboard grates and coals in th fire room were blown against the woodwork abaft the engine and against the engine itself with a force sufficient to abrade the whitewash and paint with which these parts were o rna­ i DEVICE FOR WATERING ANIMALS. , mented. Government certificates and officers' licenses, that w r y e e dul posted according to law, were sadly defaced, but VELOCIPEDE CARRIAGE.

fl a E, f w t and no serious damage was done to the boat, as would most reI decreases, the o t, all wi h the water, opens the y the likel have happened if the weak area had been of sufficient valve at the end of pipe, C, admitting fresh water from riagc of German invention, calculated for easy and com· extent to have allowed of the instantaneous escape of the g the tank until the barrel is again filled. fortable riding and capable of carryin light baggage. The ...... boiler contents. p o is STEAM TUGBOAT EXPLOSION. The government certificate of ins ecti n, which the rider sits in an easy chair above the forward axle, and 11, 1880, grasps the guiding handles attached to this axle. The feet BY 8. N. HARTWELL. form approved February expires on the 30th of upon pedals ul 1881, rest connected by rods with cranks on tbe rcar I s are J y, indicating that about ten months had elapsed The sketches which herewith ubmit intended to b i e t . the hull axle. By the alternate movement of the pedals the earriage since the oiler was nsp c ed It shows, also, that p p y in the rebuilt is ro elled. A lantern is carried in front, and a canop illustrate the accident, if a blow-out may be so designated, was built of wood 1864, and that boiier, in covers thc head of the rider. that happened to the boiler of the steamh tug Jacob Brandow, 1880, was built in a1867, as stated above. Other memoranda .... , .. in the lower hay of New York, on t e 2d of June. The gaug-e, NEW INVENTIONS. 1) the boiler lying in the certificate, re: one safety valve, one steam perspective sketch (Fig. represents on its one low water gauge, one fusible plug, and three gauge Pa. , a side, which position has no reference to the effect of the The r fi t Mr. George W. Mason, of Sharon, has patented it cocks_ ce ti ca e was sig'ned by Austin Joyce, Inspect­ blow-out, but is so placed for the purpose of showing the h K. composition of matter to be used for making artiticial stone, parts or of Hulls, and Jo n Mathews, Inspector of Boilers. from gas-tal', cement, plaster location of the rupl ure and its relation to adjacent of and consisting of pitch made Mr. William Tebo, the polite owner of the Brandow and a gronnd un the boiler. It will be seen that the boiler is of the double numbcr to of Paris, lime, ground cinders, ore, gro d oyster a of tugs beside her, offered every facility the y furnace tugboat type, variation of the fire-box form com­ r the shells, fineashes, pulverized dry clay, dr sawdust, ground y _ write for obtaining sketehes and other memoranda em­ mon in the towing practice of this cit and vicinity Its self pr t a engineer, slate, ground stone, sand and pebbles, and molten brimstone. h 15 bodied in this report, and being him a ac ic l principal dimensions are : 5 Diameter, 7 feet ; lengt , feet; indicated, by his personal attentions and sentiments ex­ An improved harvester guard finger has been patented by dome, 4 feet diameter by feet high. Two furnaces, each l Mr. Elisha S. Snyder, of Snyder's Mills, West Va. The abo\'e prc::sed, a desire to inform his fe low engineers, through the 3472' by 72 inches horizontal measurement ; height happened_ A is invention consists in a sectional guard finger const ructed 30 n 10 fur­ press, jnst how it thorough reinspeetion to grates, about i ches. There are flues, 5 to each he will p y with two rcversible plates, each having two cutting edges, a s y take place in a few days, when romptl ·and cheer­ s the plates being arranged to engage with the sickle knives, nace, through which the gasesh p s directl forward to the fully do to the boat just what the government in pectors s t smoke connection, whence t ey return by 75 tubes to the di and held in position by a removable top ec ion provided up-ta ke rect. . . �.. ------�- a be (Qr front connection) and chimney. The flues first The AlDerlcan Institute's SeIDl-Centennial. with beveled edges, which m y utilized by inserting a 12 h nv rte iv mentioned are to each furnace : one inches, three 8 in­ slCkle aving i e d kn es. s ches, and one 7 inches diameter. The boiler was made of This year's fair of t thefift Americanieth tInstitue t.e, of the City of �Ir. Charles A_ Pennington, of Champaign, Ill., ha pa­ ve - h p bl exhihitions. improvement ns s fi sixteent iron piates, by a re uta e city manufacturer, New York, will be he of hes useful tented an in field corn h ker which consists n, it is by p r r v ing in 1837, sincc whe about seventeen months ago, was The desire of the direetors to celebrate the occasion an in the eculia construction of the e olv husking rolls, between rn s fitted with new furnace sides and put in thorough repair. exceptionally full presentation of novel inventions, machin- which the co stalk are forceda and the ears husked, and in revolving recessed The workmanshipe and material appear wheel for feeding the stalks carrying theto he th best. No stamp indicating P'; 'J tensile quality of the iron was . .E. t the ears betweenis the husking I'olls_ p . q.... observed, however, upon the lates 'liYo" no ' The machin;; provided with a fender by ; / the and guard for the stalks, for the pur­ The steam pressure allowed by government certificate is 65 pounds p05e of holding- and guiding them h . the gauge; and there was one com­ while the cornis being usked mon H. lever safety valve, by which steam Mr. James Palm, of Lexington, 0., s was supposed to escape when the limit ha patented an improvedo device of pressure was reached. 2 for raising and lowering the fr nt end of a clevis pivoted to the forward end About 6:30 P.M.at ont the d of Junc, of a plow beam, whereby the plow can while steaming heless usual working65 Ib. ­ p deeper be made to low 01' shallower ; pressure-someta hing thansides piece of one of the new blew it consists of a clevis having its op­ a o out, apparently starting at the point p site arms pivoted to a plow beam 1 2, c e on ea h side near its forward end, and Figs. andha lf whits re the iron is now provided with a cross rod, to which a butnam about0' 15'; original03 thickness,12). is hinged, slotted tongue carrying a pin ely 2,(originally g v s id The sketch, Fig. i e an ea of its pro the pin on the tongue engaging witin ha cam groove in a wheel provided portion and presentc, the shape. thickness At isother a n points, as band 0165 re­ cra k shaft extending back parallel spectively 0'185 and inch. 011 with the beam. e, a e '. h An. improvement in shovel plow tis eobserved side, t hthe margin defof ectthe picalledct star corrosion,t e peculiar blades has been patented by MI'. Henry indicated by radiating A. Ridley, of Newport, Ark. The ob- BOILER EXPLOS'lON. a lines at the stay holes. This condition ject of this invention is to f cilitate the t n v ­ is of e found on the water side of enlargement and contraction of sho el wbj ed p . e be stayed fiatsurfaces that have been ect to a sufficient ery, and industrial roductst Theil' announcem nt of the plow blades, as the character of the work to done may p o h I require, s. ressure to puff the plates between the stays, giving it the "Semi-Centennial," on an er page, we commend to the and also to facilitate repairing the blade ss of a mattress. an appearance (in le degree) This has the attention and co-operation of our inventors and manufac- MI'. Jacob G. Walton, of Davilla, Texas, has patented the s efIeet of opening the texture of the plate around tay turers. • , • , improved cotton planter having a vibrating agitator which as pressure .. hole, which goes and comes the falls and rises ; 'I'"legraph ('abIes SeW'erll. is used in combination with a hopper. of o In radial lines corr sion are formed, deepening and widen­ Presbyterian the ing toward hole with each successive motion, till leaks of THEtower clock of the First Church, New­ An important experimentie is looking to the disuse tele­ l per found in and finally ruptures occur. When there is a considerable graph poles in cit s being made in Washington, D_ C. , ark, N. J. , ately cstopped. The townmass time-kee area H a of overloaded plate stayed insufficiently, one stay head by the Mutual Union Telegraph Company. avingreceived the wheels of the lock tangled of hay, twine,peck. grass, through, ove e r n to a A pulls and the rest, being rpower d by a sudden permission to run thei wires through the commo sewers cotton, and feathers, amounting nearly half w r the accession of load, give way succe�sively, and a sufficient of the city the company began the o k of placing the pair of birds had entered the tower through a hole in a nest the m attempted to build in achinery of the bodyr u ofc water pescapes, then reaction and expansion of which wires June 6. cThe wires which are needed for the city ser­ dial and v l o outside the wheels tore their work to p od es the henomeno8tar corro8ionknown as an explosion_ In this vice and for onnection with lines the city are clock. The slow re o uti n of u t l case, a - r i , however. the mayt be considered as an twisted cable form and covered with non conducto and p eces and they kept on reconstructing it n i they stopped tban cause of e weakness, ate pro f . indication rather a h for appear- w r o coating Outside tue city limits these wires the wheels.

© 1881 SCIENTIFIC AMERICIAN, INC j'eituttfte �tutrieau. Rubber NippJes. l ttle, and, when continued around the stem, makes a rotate when t e a sed, but the ratchet i small ' h sash is being r i locks To enumerate different kinds rubber nipples alone at the lower end of the n ple. A continuat on wheel d the rubber wheel as soon as he sash is relea ed, of ring ip i of an t s a weariness, Sco es of kinds there are all th s brings out the flange. Large nipples are ceme ed, ' an d thus holds it in place ; force is exerted th e rubber would be r of i nt , but if shapes, sizes, and colors, good, bad, and ndiffere t, and seamed, and flanged, and then turned inside out, as hey I diseng ged from the ratchet wheel and the rubber i n t wheel is a are da ly added he demand increases. were cut w th the print within. wheel can rotate, thus permitting the sash to descend. still n ew devices i and t i Nipple making is among the most interesting of rub er When finished, the nipples, formers, and all are packed in An im o ed device for dry ng fruit and vegetables and b pr v i specialties. When made by a d the operat ves are al way shallow pans half filled with talc. The acking in itself is eva or t ng liquids has been patented by Mr. Jo n A. h n i s p ap a i h girls, as the wor , though light and pleas nt, need dex er quite an as there must be economy of space, and as a er, of Furnaceville, The invention consists of k a t · art, W rn N. Y. fingers. quick thrust must be given to each one, in order to force a two u rig t fixedcylinders placed concentrically one within ous, rapid p h The first tep t e preparation of a first·class and-made ' little talc between the stems the orme ipple, tbe other, the outer cylinder having rollers fixed its inner s in h h I of f r and the n on nipple is material. It commonly I to preve the flange from adhering to the stem. When face in such a position as to fo m a disconnected spiral tbe is mixed sheet, either nt r track maroon. "Lead gums " are but seldom I acked t e h�ater, where, after being for the outer ends of evapo a ing trays, and the inner white, black, Qr p they area taken away to h the r t used for black, because of their alleged poi o ou filled t lc, the pan is loaded upon a car and run to cylinder being provided around i ts outer face w th a continu s n s qualities. I full of in i ­ The fioetracer of parallel lines that cover the surface of the heater. The " room." which the nipple pans ous spiral for the inner ends of y chalk in the evaporating trays. nip le imparting a flesh-l ke are filled, is provided with table , uuder which are large An im roved draught equalizer has bee patented by certain kinds of p s, i grain, is , s p n Mr. called the " print," and given to the mixed sheet before . bins. Below the level of table tops ar a set of s e s, Albion Wheeler, of idgeway, Iowa. The invention con­ is the e i ve R it is cut into and into vulcan zed nipples and talc sists of a novel rangement of lever comb na ion with these the pans of i are ar s in i t A simple andnipple inexp pieces.ensive ma ner of roduc ng this print 1. poured and sifted, each worker keeping her " heats " sepa- the and stay or bed-rest of he mach ine. n p i tongue t a metal plate upon the surface of which arallel ! rate. An mp oveme t mag ets for separat n g iron chips is to have p i r n in n i grooves are marked. These grooves are clear cut and eve , ! Taking the nipples off from the former is oftentimes very patented by George E. Bowers, of Fitchburg, Mass. , n Mr. with b reaks, and of the same ept . From u ber hard wor . this t ue of small n ples. con si ts of a magnet having st aight core and helices no d h this r b k Especially is r ip Then � a r plates may be made, by placing a s eet vul· he "cots " come in lace and save many tender wound in opposite directio inclosed in a or hollow impression h of it is that t p ns tube canized rubber upon the metal plate, rubber side down, and fingersfrom blistering. But afte the knack of slipping them cylinder that is attached to one pol e r of the magnet, and also a steam press. The result will be a plate as good off ha lear ed, it is wonderfully easier. A sbort sea- provided with a switch, direction the cur ent curing in s been n whereby the of r as the original, and capable more wear and tear. Indeed, so of the cylinders next in order, after which around a po tion of the magnet can be reversed, so as to de­ of n scouring in is r this new plate for p actical far superior to the metal, the nipples go to the potash boiler. magnetize the core a d cyl i der and thereby relea e the is, r use, n n s for where the latter would unavoidably receive dents and The unchi g of the ole the cro the n ip le p n h s in wn of p is chips. abrasions which would soon obliterate the rint, in ad- done by ha d. Small pu ch ers are set in standards at each An t in st ori g compressed air or other gas p and n n improvemen n in d ti n to this, would be so heavy as to be cumhersome in table. placed upon punch and firmly ve sels has been patented by Mr. A exande James, of ];din­ i o the The nipple is the hit s l r extreme, the former may be hammere and nocked in all with a small wooden mallet. The rapidity with which burgh, Scotland. The invention relates more particula.rly to d k possible ways and yet show no b a ion, bet er still, is many of he makers punch the nipples is u prisi ng a a method means for stori ng compressed ai for motlve a r s and, t t s r . For and r t it can be handled with the greatest ease. finishi ng touch the girls take them again in h and, pack them omotive or so light tha I power for loc s cars for railroads. 'f he invention After a sufficient number of im ress on plates have been · boxes, and the nipple is ready for market, consists in ethod of compressing air wherein the adhe- p i in paper a m repa 'ed mixed sheet for the nipplc cut mto lengths A curious part of the process of nipple making is the care sive attraction of an ahsorbent material or mater als made p r the s is I i is that shall fit between the plates; each plate is wiped l ghtly I he girls t ke of the r finger nails. These before all other to assiat in reduci g the volumes of gaseous bodies in con­ i t a i n with a brush dipped in talc, shee of rubbe placed ools are necess ty. If brittle the utmost. care in trimming fined space or inclosures. and a t r is t a i s upon These sheets and impressiou plates are then placed taken, and they are washed, scrubbed, and oiled with daily Mr. Jabez Smith, of Sabula, Iowa, has patented a si ing it. I is in a compact pile and submitted to gentle ressu e. In due , sollCitude. A crac ed nail is a calamity, no seami g at all for t rowi g missiles, such as stones, bullets, etc. , by hand, p r k as n h n time the unvulcanized mixed sheet from the mpres- I can he done unt l it is grown to the proper length. co sid rable co sists in a band of rubber or takes i i witb n e force. It n sion plate the print, and after it fully set eady to be Black bei g washed frequently, have a 'ltherelastic material a ocket to receive the missile is it is r I nipples, after n having p cut into nipple pieces. When taken away from the ressure, emo ed by dipping them a in the middle, the ends of this elast ic band or equivalent p grayish dirty tinge, which is r v in plates and mixed s eet to be one compact mass. liquid black. heing attached to the eada of rongs a fork provided the h s seem the p of They can, however, be separated if not left too Ni ples, instead of being alway a hand, as in w th a suitable handle. long. p s m de by the i The condition of the print, al though pr marily depending foregoing, are frequently " dipped ; " that is, the fo mer is An mp ov d stove leg has M Wiiliam i r i r e 'Jeenpatented by r. upon the cond tion the impression plate, may be materi- plunged into a cement made of rubber issolved in some Fe erty, Louisvi lle, Ky. This invention consists i of d R. n of in ally injured by careles " solvent, and then dried. This heing repeated til a su t casting the lower edge of the stove with downwar ly- s stripping." un i · a d The printed they have heen coating is obtained, when tbe flange is ol ed as other i cli ed flange having undercut projections on t e sheets, after being stripped, if able r l in n n h inside plunged into hot water, or ot erwise heated, nipples. They also made in moulds. Finger cots and thereof, in com bination with the Ie!! cast a surroundi g stretched, are h are with n orde to s r nk them, and given to the ni ple cut- ot,he sim lar shape are cut, cemented, and shoulder to s port the weight of the stove, and w th an up­ in r h i then p r ruhber articles of i up i may e c t at once, brushed lig tly e over formers a r . -Rubb l' t ters. Several sheets b u if h mad in the same m nne as nipple e wardly inclined shank e side ends of are beveled to l s h whichr ta c The d e should he very sharp, as othe ise the Era. co res ond with the undercut projections, o m ng a. dove- with . i rw .. f • I .. r p f i edge of the nipple iece consequently tail therewith, the leg be g also provided with a ce tral p will be rounded, and MISCELLANEOUS INVENTIONS. in n harder to in makin st d for locking the leg to the flange of the stove. knit tbe g. r u The n ipple pieces when cut a e: for small nipples, nearly Mr. William Slow , o f Ne atented an An improved life-preserver has been patented by Mr. John w York city, has p i heart-shaped ; f or large, cone·shaped. In the former the improved strainer for the outlets of tub s and bas s which Thompson, of V ctoria, British Columbia, Canada. The in­ n i seam extends from the boltom up one side and just over the can be removed from the washer of the outlet a tank, vent ion consists of a series o f floats so hinged to a belt of that side being seamless ; while in the latter the tub, or asi , for the purpose of clearing it in case it is to e fastened around the body t t when not i use the crown, the other b n b ha n Small nipples are h e becomes clogged. invent on con sists in the comhina- a seam completely divides the nipple. t r The i floats ng perpendicularly from the elt, and whe t he e t· y h b n fore made one piece, large nipples in two pieces. To cu tion w ith a washer having an nternall -threaded de ce is in use the floats extend radially and at right angles in i neck, vi re t r of a st ra ne having an externally threade vertical flange em large nipples two sheets a laid ogethe with the print in- i r d from the belt and lock t elves e s h h s in position. side. The natur al st ckin s of e old these capable of receiving a plug. It readily removed by An m roved method of mp oving i th stock will is i p i r the appearance of furs, p to ther, hich helps materially in means of a small ey or wrench furnished with it, a e t Y con- eces ge the making up. k when p n ed by Lucinius Havasy, of or city, i w p i eces have been l r waste p pe c n b r t Mr. New k After the n pple de ve ed to he cleaned and the i a c ead ly cleaned sists i n attachi g the tips or outer ends of feather to the fur i i the makers, . it can i n s mp t e when the stra ner removed. The s iner may consist of ma r r tips p r next process ce n g The i ce neatly Lid i is tra in such a nne that these feathe will ap ea between the is in . p r s are pe in piles, and then, by means of a small b us , ai ted with an a rtured late, or of net ting, or of two b ars, as may be the fu , p oduce various effects, accord- h p n p the hairs of r and will r a ceme made of m xed sheet dissolved to the position in which fur is held. nt i in naphtha. They desired. ing the dry. An m proved been patented by Lew are then spread upon tin plates to To facilitate the i tracheotome has Mr. is .. , • I .. o to it a small J. yma , of Ma hatta Tbe improvemen relates to drying p cess, each nipple table has attached n t Agricultural N otefll. r L n r n , Kan.e a steam oven, so ar anged it m y heat a tins, surgical nst uments us in opening the t ache case r number s LAWN GRASS. that a of i for s r ein and yet cause ts proximity to the of membranous croup, or c e when it nec ary to in any a e f r little annoyance by i t i is ss The very best grass I have made us of o a lawn makers. practice tracheotomy. The object of h s invention is to is un . ni d e tr quest onably orchard gra . But then to make it effectual The kit of tools for a pple a small ' e f or more eaSl'1 y e ffect mg an entrance to th ac ea i ss maker consists of proVl h for this purpose no half-way measures should he prac iced slanting "case, " in which are places for certain number than can be done by nst ume ts heretofore in use, and t a i r n for preparing the ground, sowing d cutt g t he of n pple formers, two cement cups with brushes and " stee- retaining the instrument in rope place after insertion. The in p r i the seed, an in Ie i a h n n i p p grass. The so l should be rich, and free om to s, " a mall glass " n tha t e case, simi. i ve tio a blade of pecul ar shape u on a s ing in fine tilth, fr p p s p well " set in h n consists in r weeds. The best prepa ation of is to cultivate it in pota­ lar to an ink well, a naphtha brush, thumb cots for taking off arm fitted be tween formed r it two spring-holding arms that ares toes or some other hoed crop the p eced ng year. If can nipples after being vulcanized tin plates for drying-pans with T-ends, and also a catch for simultaneously ecu ing r i this . - in r a r i f I lli . I l s l be taken off in Aug-ust, early or late, cco d ng to climate. or pack· mg, c ea g sponge, and se t a f e f ormers. and oo en ' g the sprl·noO'-·,II·ms.' n mpp n the seed may be safely sown in t at month, if not, leave it The small nipple formers are pear-shaped pieces m tal Mr. Charles W. Po te , of Boone, Iowa, has patented an h e e of r s n till the following sp ng, t en put it as a ly as pos· set upon iron pins. The large formers are s m ly hollow m p oved washing machine, which consists of a circular ri and h in r i p i ves- sillle. Plow, harrown very fine, and level the g ound. Then cones of metal or gl ass. The case has oles for small and sel formed of two cones united at their bases, and is rovided r h cone, p sow at least at the mte of four bus el per acre, 80 that t)Ie "rests " for large formers. The rows are so a ranged a shaft attached to the apex of each and resling h si r that with e ground be thic ly stocked. If th s is not done the grass their nearness to one anot er does not i terfere with the on suitahle bearings in th a tub or tank adapted to can k h n sides of forms tussocks, and these s oil the beauty of the lawn. most rapid work. By the ide of each ca e is a rest for the The double conical vessel has numerous perfora. p l v t w lawn, s s receive it. s Never sow c o er or any o e seed ith for a but tin, which is provided with a small adjustable clamp to hold tions and indentations all its urface h r this over . may do so with clove only f(,r a field crop if desi ed, as it position. Beneath this case are skeleton drawers, on An amus ng has p ten ed by one r r in i toy bank for children been a t both are ready at the sam to cut or hay, which, to w ic are set pans of talc fo packing the nipples when Mr. John Murray, of New York city. The inve tion con- e time f h h r n have it tender and sucuulent, should be t e earliest of fi ished. sists in the combination, with the ead that fo ms the body in h n h r blossoming. After sowing brush the surface nicely and then nipple pieces, placed the oven to tile bank, the tongue and the incl ned and weighted After the in dry, have of of i roll. Cut Lhe gra s as often as it gets abou t fOllrincheshigh. become thoroug ly warmed, and the sol vent ha evapo- pivoted bar carryi g the tongne, wher by the weight of a s h s so n '11 e ' This keeps growing coarse, and makes a closer. firmer rated as to' make the ceUlent right to knit well, the enn p 1·aceu1 upon e tongue WI turn th e lvoted dbar an it froUl just p y th p sod. This grass is the first to �hoot up the spring, and maker takes a former, dips it in talc, laces it in the cause the tongue to pass into the head and drop the penny in the p the to tu n aut mn or during the winter. center of 'a piece, draws the edges together, and, with a into the interior of the head. last r brown in late u Ray grass, if treated in the above manner, <;omes next to rapid pressing of the thumb nail against the two edges, An improved holder, patented by Mr, John H. Lynch, sash m king a sup2 ior closes effectu lly neatly the gaping seam. The former of Lowell, Mass. , consists in a roller wheel pivoted in our- a and j orchard grass in a r lawn.- Oorre8pondence its half-made nip le then returned to its place, and nals sliding horizontally in lugs of a plate attached to the Oountry Gentleman. with p is the another former co ered. In tbe same way the whole case is outer surface of one of the side mils of a sash, which w eel SOWING SEEDS. v h studded with pea -shaped rubber covered formers. is pressed against the pulley stile of the , window frame by a In sowing grass and vegeta ble seeds Peter r remember Mr. Next ord is the making of the flange at the lower s and is provided on one its sides with a ring of He derso 's caution about " firming the g o nd " By press. in er pring, of n n r u end. For aga n brought ratchet teeth, whic engage with like teeth of a pe p er cally , ing the roots about the soil they ge m i a te quicker and the this purpose the cement brush is i h ri h i r n into requisition, and t e lower end cemented. When dry, ratc eted wheel loosely mounted on the shaft of the ubbe young roots more readily take a firm h o d upon the soil. h , h r r : l the operator, with the right thumb, p es es on the I heel, which ratchet wheel is acted u on by a spring pawl, The neglect of this process ('>luse loss of the crop if r s firmly w p I n1ay t.he edge with an upward motion. This tUl'US it over that both the wheel an wheel to the season should p o e d y. lower a permits ratchet d rubber r v r

© 1881 SCIENTIFIC AMERICIAN, INC JUNE ISSI.] 25, MECHANICAL INVENTIONS. condensation passes into a tank, whence it is afterward with. Mr. John D. Smith, of Fayetteville, N. C., has patented drawn as feed water. The diameter of the cylindcrs is 23 a The Wrongs of American Inventors. a screw for a carpenter's hench vise, which consists of centimeters inches), and the length of stroke 25 celltime­ (9% (9 To the Editor oj the Scientific American : cylindrical wooden body and a metal rod coiled spirally ters in0hes), the working parts lIOt differingfrom those I of around it and partly embedded in its surface. of ordinary engines. The weight the engine rnnning li)lh I would respectfully direct your attention to the flagrant An improved spring power motor for working sewing and is 6% tons; and the tractive power is from 343 kilos (6;4 wrong done American inventors hy foreign governments, in other small machines bas been patented by Mr. Truman H. cwt,) to 1,031 kilos (1 ton), accordi ng to the pressure. In that any person can patent in those countries inventions of Baldwin, of Baraboo, Wis. This motol' attachment is the event of an unusual resistance heing encountered on the Americans, while our government protects these foreign adapted for imparting about twenty thousand revolutions at road it is sufficient to act, by a rod anc1 lever, on the int.er­ inventors by refusing to grant a patent, only to the inventor each winding to the shaft on which the balance wheel is mediate 01' equalizing chamber, ,0 as to give a temporary in­ himself. mounted, and the inventor claims the winding may be effect· crcase of pressure on the pIstons. At a speed of 1 2 kilo­ Oftentimes the American inventor is poor, perhaps has ed with comparative ease b means the lever. The motor meters miles) an hour, the wheels, wbich are 75 centi­ y of (7� spent years of time and all he could snatch from his daily is compact in form, and may be quickly attached to or meters (1 foot 5� inches) in diameter, make 86 revolutions pittance to get his American patent, and is too poor to patent detached from the sewing machine. a minute. With a stationrlry boiler of about 50 square meters at once his invention in foreign countries. The upscrupu­ An improvement in water wheels, patented by Mr. Thomas (538 square feet) of heating surface, a working pressure may lous capitalist here or abroad, like a bird of prey, stands B. Van Pel t, of Carterville, Mo. , consists in the peculiar be maintained in the locomotive for seventeen or elgh teen ready to seize the opportunity and reaps vast benefits,while construction of two or more water wheels mounted on the minutes. The consumption of fuel is found by experiment . the American receives nothing for his life-long efforts same horizontal shaft, and revolving in a flume provided to be less for a given duty than is the case of ordinarv loco· Every American inventor is bound by principles of self­ with stationary counter buckets or inclined plates secured motives. In a line of 10 kilometers (over 6 miles), th work­ protection to insist and demand that Congress shall right to the inner face of the cylindrical flume between the buek- ing expenses, inclnding repairs and depreciation of� stock, this matter and put the American on the same footing as the ets, and guiding the water, after having ftcted on a water amounted to centimes per kilometer- say 7d. a mile 45;� foreign inventor, amI refuse to grant patents to foreign in­ wheel, to the next. run. ventors until foreign governments sball by legal enactment Mr. Alonzo J. Simmons, of Raysville, Ind., has patented Nitric ACid. destroy tbe custom of importing American inventions and an attachment for furnace doors, which consists in the com­ This is one of the most important chemical agencies em­ despoiling poor American inventors. Let something be done bination of a perforated steam pipe arranged witlnn the fur­ ployed in the arts and manufacturing; agencies due to the n this matter to adj nst this unfairness against the Ameri- nace near the door opening and connected with the steam property which it possesses of yielding very freely a notable can. space of the boiler, and a valve to reguiate the admission of GEORGE proportion of its oxygen to substances having"an affinity for H. ENNIS. steam to the perforated portIOn of the steam pipe, the steam 1881. the same, a property which renders it one of the most ener­ Troy, N. Y. , May, pipe being arranged to direct a sheet of steftm across the getic of oxidizing agents. On this account, as well as be­ [We th ink that if our correspondent will study the subject furnace door opening to prevent the cooling of the furnace In cause of its cheapness, its use for oxidizing purposes in the a little further he may reach a different conclusion : 1. by the entrance of cold air. laboratory is very extensive. nearly all foreigll COUD tries the patent is granted only to the of'.Pu blic Buildings. Its property of energetically dissolving many of the com­ n ventor-England is the chief exception. 2. With a little Cost and on of mon metals renders it useful in etching steel, copper, perseverance any inventor, even if poor, who holds a really An experienced architect sUl'veyor, the 19th 1879 , bronze, and the like. In the manufacture of sulphuric acid, good invention, can find partners who will be glad to pay February, prepared and presented to General Meigs, it is introduced for the purposeof effecting the oxidation of the expenses of obtaining foreign patents. 3. We wish our Quartermaster-General, the estimate which follows of the d the sulphurous acid given off in the burning of sulphur, or correspondent would mention individually some of the un­ cost of various public an private buildings in tbis country, roasting of pyrites, to SlllphUl'ic acid. It has the property scrupulous capitalbts he refers to. That many American in· the comparison being by cubic feet, external dimensions: of yielding, with certain organic suhstances, what arc called ventions are manufactured abroad is true. But in general, nitro·compounds, which arfl of gTCftt value in tbe arts. So, where the inventor fails to share in the benefits, it is because Cost per Buildings. Cubic Feet. Total Cost. Cubic Foot, for example, nitro cellulose (gun cotton), nitro-glycerine, he did not wisb to take any steps to do so, but voluntarily C nts e . nitro-benzole, nitro-mannite, and a number of analogous abandoned the field to others. 4. The American inventor ------products are found. Owing to its powcrful oxidizing stands on the same footing as other inventors in nearly all action, it acts powerfully npon coloring matters, and on Snb·Treasury and Post Office, countries where patents are granted. There is no unfairness, . . .. Boston, Mass ...... 2,671,338 $2,080,507 77. 88 this account has some importan t applications in dyeing. By and the cll8tom of "despoiling poor American inventors " is United States Branch Mint, �an Francisco, Cal ...... 1,680,795 1,500,000 R9 21 prolonged treatment with nitric acid, starch, cellulose (wood maginary on the part of our correspondent.-EDs.] Custom and Uourt Ho se and - .. .. u fiber), and sugar, are converted into oxalic acid; very dilute ... Post Office, Uairo. Ill . . ... 444,376 271,081 61 . 00 Custom and Court House and acid converts starch into dextrine. The fact that it will not Tables of' Regnault and Rankine. Post Office,Colnmbia, S.C. 54 .95 The 587,916 381,900 attack gold, while energetically dissolving nearly all the United States B ilding, es the Editor oj the Scientific American : I u. .. . D. To Moines, owa . . . 413,987 221,437 53 .48 other metals, has long been taken advantnge of in the arts, United States Building,. . Knox-. On page 228 of the current volume of the SCIENTIFIC ville, Tenn ...... ' . 542,362 398,847 in assaying and metallurgy, to separate gold from silver and . . 73 .53 ·AMERICAN, United States BUilding, Madi- in a brief memorandum referring to the last ses­ son, ...... 541,483 329 389 60 .83 base metals. Wis '" ...... sion of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers at United States Building, Og- Nitric acid is employed in the chemical industries in grGat 44 8 densburg, N, Y 7,5 5 216,576 38 S ....•.. ... 48 Hartford, I am reported as stating that the tables of Reg· United tates Building quantities in the manu facture of an immense number of O aha N b ...... 654,703 334,000 51 .01 m e . chemical products, in addition to those wc have already RauIt and of Rankine are not exact " under all conditions." United States Building, Port-, M . . . . . The statement as printed does not at all convey the idea land ,e ...... 524,886 392,215 1!.72 named. Of these, some of the more important are : the pre­ German Bank, 14th street, 0 . . .. paration of picric acid from carbolic acid, naphtiIaline yel­ which it was intended to present. , t . . . 600,000 475,000 79 1·6 StaatsN e rtunR.g, I. .. York My statement was in effect that Regnault's tables were the . ei ..New...... low from naphthaline ; the manufacture of nitro-bellzole, C ty'1 . , . . .. . (i. e. , i . . . 508,000 475,100 93 52 result of empirical experimental) work ; that exactness Western Union Telegraph, nitro ·toluol, and phthalic acid ; the preparation of nitrate of New York City ...... 1,330,000 1,400,000 105.22 was secured by extraordinary precaution in experiment and Masonic Temple, New York silver (lunar caustic), arsenic acid, fulminate of mercury, City ...... 1 ,900,000 105 ,55 by graphically representing results, thus securing a correct 1,800,000 and, generally speaking, of the sal ts known as nitrates. Centennial Building, Shep- ' statement of the law of variation of pressures with tem­ herd s cor. 12th and Pa, This arid is now manufactured chiefly from the nitrate of ave" Washington, D. C .. 931,728 246,073 26 .41 peratures, and that formulas were then fitted to the case, Add to this, the United States soda brought in great quantities from Chili and Pern, and is which formulas very accurately represent that law. I further National Museum, Fire- effected by decomposing this salt by sulphuric acid.-Jfin­ proof Building at Wash- ing Journal. remarked than Rankine's formula so accurately states the ingtnn, D. C ...... 3,843,611 250,000 6' ..� ------.�4H.�I � ------aw tbat its errors lie within the limits of the most exact ...... , Spontane ous Combu.tion by Nitric Acid. observation, Fireless Locomotives. In consequence of the burning of a freight car during the I am correctly reported as endeavoring to impress upon Improvements in detail have been made by 1\1. Leon fall of 1879, on one of tbe mil ways in Baden, which wa s sus· engineers the importance of making their practice " depend Francq, who lately read a paper on the subject before the pected to have been caused by nitric add, Professor R. Haas upon observations derived from the actual conditions of the French Association for the Advancement of Science, from of Carlsruhe, was called upon by the govel'll ment to report special cases in hand," as the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN puts it. which we glean the following particulars : The locomutive is whcther that acid could produce combustion or not. In the R. H. THURSTON. provided with a tank contaioing water at a sufficiently high experiments made to solve this question the conditions which Hoboken, N. J. , May 20, 1881. temperature (2030 Cent. , equal to 3970 Fahr.) to produce the might be supposed to exist in freight cars containing nitric a necessary quantity of steam for the journey. The water is acid were imitated as far as possible. Small boxes of Cornet A 1881. heated at the starting point by means of a jet of steam at capacity of 10 to 16 quarts were charged witb variable pro­ the Editor oj the Scientific American : To high pressure produced by a stationary boiler. As the boil­ portions of hay, straw, tow, and blotting paper--all of In the current issue of your valuable paper an article upon ing point increases with the pressure, it follows that, in a which substances are used in packing-and placed witbin Swift's latest comet implies that no one else had seen the closed vessel, the greater the heat the higher the pressure larger boxes, while the space betwecn them was filled with a ame, so far as known, bnt the discoverer. Permit me to attained. If the heating be effected by a jet of steam, as in hay or tow, to prevent too npid radiation of heat, because say that I had the pleasure of securing two good observa- the present ease, the steam fills the space above the surface the experiments were to be cond ucted in the open air, and ions of it on the mornings of iVIay 3d and 4th (it being dis· of the water, at the same time increasing the pressure. To the outer box at the same time represented the wal!s of a covered on the morning of May 1st), and which at the apply this principle it is sufficient that the tank stand a railway car. The m aterial contained in the inner box was �30 225 time were the first observations reported to the discoverer, pressure of from two to fifteen atmospheres to pounds now saturated with acid, and rather tightly compressed, so as he informed me, from other astronomers. Prof. Chan- per square inch). The st eam from tllflstat ionary boiler fills that when the cover was put on it was pretty well filled. dler, then at Portland, Maine, also secured observations of it three parts of the receiver and ftgitatesthe watersufficient ly to At first reddish and afterwards whitish vapors were gi ven a and immediately issued an ephemeris. It was seen at the distribute the heat uniformlv. When an equilibrium of off, finally distinct smoke. On lifting thE' cover strongly Harvard College Observatory, also at Dun Echt, Scotland. pressure between the boiler a d the receiver is attained the glowing patches could be seen, which rapidly increased all Yesterday I received from the president of tbe Boston Sci· cocks are tnrned off. The locomotived is then in running through the contents, and which broke out in bright flames or entific Society observations and elements of the comet, made order, ebullition taking place directly communication is on access of free air gentle fanning. acid of specific by M. Eugen Block, of the Observatory of Odessa, Russia. openrd between the tank and the cylinders. With red fuming acid, or wi th gravity. 37° 2000 1 '48, and Its position at discovery was 0 hour 0 minute R. A., In practice the initial temperature may attflin Cent. tbese results were obtained very rapidly within a ordlllary a CId, of ,peclfic gravIty 1 '39,), north declInatIon. When first. seen by me It was about 20 (B92° Fabr. ). WhICh corresponds to fifteen atmospheres or few mlllute�. WIth and the action was less southeast of tbat point, which shows its direction and rate of 225 pounds per square inch. The finalpress ure must be suf· it required somewhat more time, but, in three different trials, motion. It is now invisible, but may hecome visible again ficient to take tbe train up the steepest gradient to be en- energetic in the beginning; I same result was finally ob­ upon the other side of tbe sun. countered. The tank or receiver is made of steel plates, and after about twenty minutes the tightly in tbe box WILLIAM R. BROOKS. may contain over 1,800 liters (396 gallons). Aftel' leaving tained, provided the material was packed ve layers, Red House Observatory, the receiver the steam passes into an intermecUate chamber, and was thoroughly saturated in its suceessi Y. , Phelps, N. June 7, 1881. which allows the steam to expand so as to enter the cylinders It seems quite probable that even a weaker acid can pro· ------=ec= at a uniform pressure, independent of t hat in the tank or re- duce the same result in larger hulk and during warm weather DETAILS a of the destruction of the British gun boat Doterl ceiver. The exhaust steam is not utilized as in the ordinary in confined space which prevents rapid cooling. Hitherto in the Sf-raits of :Magell an show that the condensing boiler locomotive, because there is no fire to urge, but escapes into it has often been doubted that spontaneous combustion exploded, and that the shock exploded a quantity of gun an air condenser which is a closed cylindrical vessel traversed could be caused under such circnmstances, but the above nd results are certainly cotton stored iu the forward m agazine. than tuhes open at both euds. The water of experiments a incontrovertible. I by more 600

© 1881 SCIENTIFIC AMERICIAN, INC NEW FASTENER FOR GRAIN-CAR DOORS. a basis for an estimate as to the commercial value of the rent is much quicker aud more satisfactory. T he method nvention. foll we n building up these se ondary elements was The great failing- in grain car doors as ordinarily made i o d i as \0 An extemporized Faure secondary at ery of small dimen- follows: c is their liabilily become loosened so as to allow grain to b t escape. d oo s are nailed to com ens te for defects sions bas been in opEration for several days in the office of After cutting out a sufficient number of lead places, When r p a in their fasteners, the doors soon become destroyed and the the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, and alth ough no extended tests pieces of canton flan nel , 15 inches lon g and 7�� inche, wide, have been made yet, the esul s of the experiment are were cut, and fin l y m ny sheds of bl otting paper, 7Yz jambs or casings are permanently in ured. as r t a l as a "Te engraving a graijn-car doo fa ten in g very promlsmg. We give below an ccoun t the experi- inches square. there were lead plates were provided. give an of r s a of as which remedies these defects and permits of fastening the ment for the benefit of such of o ur readers as may desire to The next slep was to prcpare a t hick paint of red lead . I door quickly secl\l'ely, and in such m n ner as to avail investigate the subject. by m xing the dry pigment with water containing one-tenth and a a I i In at ptin to follow Faure's plan of co str ct on of sulphuric acid. This paint had a con s tency of aste, of the arring of the car to tighten the fastenings rather tem g' M. n u i is j and was applied thic y to one pde of than loosen them. The inventor of this kl �i the of l fastener has been for many years It sheet ead with a common flat shipper of grain, and being familial' paint brush. The canton flannel hav­ with the defects of other doors, and F ing hen painted to within one-quarter inch of all its edges on the nap side, knowing the requirements of the case, the lead was laid, painted side has devised the' door shown ill the illus- tration, which is believed to overcome down upon thp, pain ted canton flannel, all of the difficulties hitherto expe­ when the other side of the lead was rienced, and to be capable of closing painted and the cl th neatly fo:ded o was a car so that the grain can not leak over the lead, completely e nveloping it from the door; in fact, the greater the with the exception of the ear at the top, and projecting abollt on e-quarter inch amount of j arring the morc firmly docs the door become fastened. Tile beyond all of the edges of the lead. The lead w ith its envelope was then laid fastenings are upon tile outside and ill 10oR­ plain view, aud the door call be upon a level board, an d another plate was p e a ed the same manner and cned and lifted as easily as an ord i­ r p r in placed over the first, with an interven­ nury gate is opened. [t will be seen ing- l ayer of bl tt ng paper, and with that its construction is inexpensive, o i and that it may be readily applied to the ear placed opposite the ear of the first. Otber lead plates were added ill old cars, not only furnish i n g a C(lln­ the same way, with tbe interposed sheet plete door, but also supplying a pro­ tector for the door jambs. of blotting paper and with th e ears alternating in os ti n in icated in III the eng mvi ng, A is the door amb, i o , as d j Fig. 2. p ten plates bad been and B is a false jam b, made of angl e When face beveled 01' placed together n thi mann r th y iroll and having its i nner i s e e were c ped together with two or incli ned from within outward . C is a l am c ba.nds, r wedge-shaped block av ng fac three clasti and the ears w e e h i Oll one e a on w ich a cam, D, is . brou ht together and pai'sed througb a pl'Ojection h g and on the o posit e face t wo Rlit in the wooden cover of the contain­ pivoted, p pro ecting lugs, wh ich enter con-t' ing cell and bent uown upon the top of j co , own in They spon ding inclined sockets in the doo r, the ver as ';h Fig. 1. E, to steady the blocks, C, in position. were then pierced and traversed by the BURNTRAGER'S GRAIN-CAR DOOR FASTENER. On the inside of the door, E, are �crew of a binding post enters tbe e 01' whch icbpole of secured vc rtical pan ls bra ce3 for wood. In tIlis way ea the l ing lear! re- f a and at the mme strengthening it. The cams, D, arc held in place by bolts, F, some difficu ty was experienced in mak the red element was nr lhhed with binding post, that pass dia o ally th oug doo , and a main in place d ri ng tbe ro ng the two electrodes. time firmly cUl'e to the cover. The cell was then partly g n r h the block, C, r E, u lli up of se J u wedge-shaped washer, which is on the inner fac of the Therefore battery w s const.ructed of square plates of I or wholly filled with acidnlated water-water parts, sul­ G, e tbe a 10 ·panel. lead , each having an ear pro ecti ng upward from one side, phuric acid 1 part-and aftcr the cl ot h and bl otting paper j u d was o nected with four The cams, D , have their semicircular or rounded edges for attachment to a bind ing post. This plan succeeded very had become sat rate the element c n a electricity bevelf)d to correspon d with the bevel of the false well, the !lat plates having the advantage of retaining a gre t gravity cells. In one hour the element had stored amb , B, so that tu ned and forced down inst the qu ntit of red lead and of being easily formed into sufficient heat lYz inch es of fine platinum wire to redn ess, j s when r aga a y a to bevel of the fabe jambs, B, as shown in Fig. 1, the 'cams to work a magnet strongly, and to !'Unat a high rate of speed will draw or old it comFig.pact 1 pilin c.the ellg-l'tll'ing shows single pile operating fiftet'n minute l electric motor, that requires at the do outward and h firmly against the It It I. for ..; H ,mal outer faces of the least ten g!'avity jambs. By striking cells to operate it. the cam� the After this prclimi doorup is loosened, nary experiment a and can then be n u mber of the new pried up for the re­ � ,ecolldary elements . ) . moval of the grain were prepared in from the car by in­ the same way and serting the end eharged se arately of p a bar under one of wilh a dynamo­ the steps of the electric machine. block, fixedcen tral ­ One elem ent of ten ly at the lowe r edge plates, after receiv­ th a suit­ ing current of e door, the ahle fulcrum being from the dynamo, l c d posi­ for ten minutes ope­ p a e ill tion for the prying rated the small mo­ bar to!' ahove referred It will be seen to for something that the false ambs, over three homB. and beveledj B, Another ten min­ edg-es of tile cams, utes' ap plication of D, form opposite the cu rrent from inclined planes, that the dynamo will con tinue to charged it, so that bear the same rela­ after eighteen hours tion to each other of rest it yielded and tog ether ope­ a curren t which rate to hold the seemed as strong as door tigh tly closed. h en it was first however great may wcharged on the pre­ be the wear on vious day ; but a them. time test proved This invention that it was incapa­ was lately patent­ ble of running the ed by Mr. Aaron STORING ELECTRICITY.-THE NEW SECONDARY BATTERY. motor for quite so Burntrag-er, of 1\lul­ long a time as when berry, Ind., who may be add reseed for further inform!ltion. small e i o of combin- the current is used soon after stonng. However, it proved lectr c motor. Fig. 2 sh ws the method ng the plates. Fig. 3 shows how tte y be a\'- h t a la ge q u n ti y el ectrici y could be stored and ...... i a ba r may t a r a t of t rang d with a commutator for combining the elements for et ined for a considerable time. STORING OF ELECTRICITY. e r a tension or p a es each can be readily charged w th quan tity, and Figs. and 5 are respectively Six elements of ten l t i One of the latest and most interestin of electncal novel­ 4 a a g lonll'itudinal nd transverse sections of the commutator. the smallest CUlTent th t can be obtained from two light ties the a is improvement in the sec ondary b!lttcry of Ga;;ton cu t that will not support a The plates employed in the experimental battery were of dynam machine ; that is, a rren Pl te, by Faure, an 1\L which has been brought to t e notice l l o e c arge the number of elements, h pure ead foi , th ckness of a postal card, a w dth of single arc l ght will as y h of tbe cie t fi having the i i s i world by ac ounts of the transportation i il ngle Re n e erder n the 7 inches, a height of 7Ys inches, with an ear projec ing from and they will readily support II si y i r or W · o f box of "ec c t It lectric energy " from Paris for the top to inches wide and 3 inches high. total effect- mann the purpose of ha ing GlasgDw, lamp. v to Sir illia Thom­ s flYzace on oth The e e experimental the battery a it submitted W m ive ur b sides and edges o f e ach plate is ]00 For g n ral purposes m y be SOil, the eminent electrician, for tests !lnd measureme 3. Each nts. squ!lre inches. Ten such plates are sufficient for a single conveniently arranged as shown in Fig. pole The results of this e xperim ent have heen ronou ce won­ p n d element for ordinary use�, and snch an e ement may be fairly I of each element is connected through the cover to a spring derful, but no facts have yet been made public which afford a ed e of four g l i ch rg by m ans ravity cells, but a strol1ger cur- j whicll is bent upward at right angles. The spr ngs of tile

© 1881 SCIENTIFIC AMERICIAN, INC JUNE 188 1.] � 25, citntific �mtricJu. SLENDER DRAGON FLY. two opposite poles of' the battery touch upon opposite sides mountains on the island, where there are no springs or THE are of a com mutator cylinder supported a short distance above streams, and the only dependence of animal life for water is There many species of dragon fiies, all similar in their the top of the box. necessarily upon the irregular and uncertain rain showers. habits. They are properly named, being among the most Two opposite sides of the commutator are provided with It may be mentioned that the tortoise are of different voracious and cruel of insects, and even in their preliminary p straight bars connecting all the springs on each side, so toat species, though they may have the same habit in res ect of stages they exhibit their predatory disposition, In their lar­ the current from all of the positive electrodes may be taken carrying water. The famous edible species of the coast of val and pupal state they inhabit the water, and are found in from the binding post attached to the spring at end the Pacific and Indies, of which the headquarters is most streams, propelling tbemselves along by a very simple the of at tbe series on one side, and the current from all of the nega­ Gallapagos Islands, is the Testudo In dica. They grow to five, apparatus. They breathe by means of the oxygen which is tive electrodes may be taken from the pinding post at the six, and even seven hundred pounds or more. Those found extracted from the water, the liquid passing into and out of smaller, r Agaslfii p end of the series of springs on the opposite side. When the in this State are and a e the s ecies, firstde­ their body through a gill at the end of the tail. After giving is iu scribed some years ago by Dr. Cooper, if we recollect up its oxygen the water viol ntly expelled, thereby forc· commutator this position the battery may be charged J. G. is e and a quantity current may be obtained from it. When a aright. Those .Mr_ Redding describes from the Gallapagos ing the insect forward. current of high intensity is required, the elements are con· were offered water while on the ship, but refused it. Yet The lower lip i� jointed and can be extended about an nected in series by means of toe dingonal wires running when killed they all contained water. The place they in­ inch. When at rest it may be folded, and can be protruded y r p through the commutator cylinder and terminating in but­ habit is a dry one, lacking water. It ma be that they go and withdrawn. It is furnished with a pair of fo ce s at tons arranged on a median line between t.he metal strips. to the high places and obtain it from the vegetation, the same thc end, so that it may he able to grasp objects. This c rea­ sp i s and Scientific i With this device all that is necessary to connect the ele· as 0111' ec e does.-Minio!! Ptc"". t· \I1'e rema ns for some ten or eleven months in the p relimi- ments for intensity is to turn the nary stages of existence hefon, commutator t.hrough a quarter (leveloping into the perfect ili­ of a revolution. Sl·e!. It is too early to speak with Our engraving represents tl,e any degree of confidence in re­ slender dragon fly(LelJtcs). The gard to the capabilities of this male has a light gnly encircling new battery, but it seems suscep­ band around the mid dle part (If tible of a great number of very the emerald-green budy, the useful applications. hrown or black wing marking� For general experimental work have almost a white edge. and its ad vantages are obvious. For it has two large pointed teeth at electric lighting on a small scale the inner edge of the clasping it appears practicable, since a pincer!'. larger secondary battery may be The manner in which this chargcd by a ,mall battery dur­ species lay their eggs has been Siebold, on ing the night and day for use observed by the bor­ during the evening. For use in ders of a pond overgrown with he , and is s n connection with small electric rus s how in the en­ motors for domestic purposes it graving, would seem to have an0ther ap­ After the pairing the male plication. For galvano-cautery clasps the female firmly by the it may serve a good purpose, neck and controls her move­ and there are a thousand uses ments. Both fly in this con el i­ requiring only a brief expendi­ tion with outstretched bodies, ture of considerable power lighting upon the water plallts which would allow a large mar­ and appearing to be animated by gin of time for the accumulations one will. Frequently the male of electricity" where this bat­ settles down on the top of one of tery may be advantageously ap­ the rushcs ; in this case the fe­ plied. male curves her body, and plac­ The action of the battery is ing the point 0 f it behind the thus described in one of tbe Eng­ feet, pushes the sabre-formed egg-depositing from lish journals : " "W hen a current i nstrument is passed into tltis cell the mini­ out its horny and presses shpath um on one plate is reduced to it into the outer skin of the rush. metallic lead, that on the olher As soon as this is done she creeps is oxidized to a state of peroxide. down the rush a single step, These actions are reversed while piercing another place with th is apparatus, and continues to work the charged 'ell is discbarging itself, " in this manner, drawing the male after hel', until the bottom of ... the rush is reached. Then both A Water CarrylnJt TortOise. fly away to another rush and reo peat the operation. Upon the At a meeting of the California stalks worked upon in thIS Academy of Sciences the other manner there be p r e ved evening, a very fine specimen of may e c i rows of whitish yellow spots. the desert land tortoise, from A strip of the skin the rush is Cajon Pass, San Bel'llardino of County, in this State, was re­ ripped II p from the top to the bottom by this o era ion hut ceived, The specimen had b�en p t , is reesed back again by the carefully prepared, and was as p eOIl­ vex part of the large as an ordinary buckct. The apparatns after it tortoise is It native of the arid is withdrawn. In almost evc­ p ace regions of Califoruia and Ari­ ry one of these pierced l s an egg i fonnd deposited in the zona, and Prof. E. T. Cox, who s was presenf, related a curious back part of t he roomy air cells of the rush, with its pointed circumstance connected with it. dark-bro wn end crowded into the inner principal He found on dissecting one of part of the tht>mtha t it carried on each side crevice ; the somewhat thicket' rounded end is of a pale-yellow It membrane, attached to the in­ color and projects into ner portion of the shell, in which the cell. Sometimes no is found was about a pint of clear water, egg hehinn the pierced place in lhe the Whole am ount being about a quart. He was of opinion that rush ; in titis case it is probable this water was ri v d from the that no time was given to the de e SLENDER DRAGON FLY, secretions of the giant barrel cac- female to deposit one, for the Minute DI�ea8e Organ ism;'. r is tus, on which the tortoise feeds. This cactul! cont'linl! a male often flies up beTo e the whole length of the stalk of t great deal of water. The organisms described by Pasteur as the origin epi- traversed. Pairs nf these insec s have been observed upon conta ious o The tortoise is found in sections of coun try w here there is demics and g diseases are s minute and few com- the rushes which grow up out of the water. This does not t no water, and where there is no vegetation but the cactus. pared with the multiplying swarms of bac eria, etc" pervad- prevent , them from pursuing their accustomed way to the A traveler suffering from thirst could, in an emergency, sup­ ing all generating sol tions, it becomes n e sary to base of the plants. They both disappear under the surface n that ec s ply himself with water by killing a tortoise. They are highly provide a mean s of eliminating the masses of infusoria from I of the water, having previously laid their four wings dose prized by Mexicans, who make from toem a delicious soup. solutions to be studied uuder the microscope, These micro- together. of to the water the male The foxes the desert attack the tortoise and finally over­ zoa haunt even the clearest water at times. M. Certes sug- If the female betakes herself not begin her work come it by dragging them at times for miles. gests the use of osmic acid as a sure means of killing them quickly follows after,' and she does by water. He bends the back B. Redding said he would try to obtain a live one for without destroying their tissues. He di ps a gl ass rod into until he is quite sutTounded B. po;;ition like that of the female, the Academy, in ordcr th at its habit!! and peculiarities lllay the sol ution to be examined, and then into per cent solu- part of his body into a so 1Yz h pairs been observed under water form be care fully observed and noted. He instanced being on the tion of the acid; washing this in a narrow te�t tube of dis- that all t e that have thill stratum air Gallapagos Islands in and assisting in the capture of tilled water, it is easy to collect what Is necessary. a double curve with their bodies. A of 92 1849, 600 clings to their bodics, their legs, and wings,. whi h they use land tortoises, varying from 450 to pounds in weight, ••• , .. c building I thout doubt breathin , for they will remain under which the vessel brought to San Francisco and sold for more Goon bricks are unquestionably the best mate- wi for g whole for here as land they descend money than the cargo of lumber netted at that time. rial used. They come nearer to being fireproof than any water half an hour, on the in po d the base of the rush. When they have reacbed They were two month!! on board the vessel, yet ate nothing, other substance. Iron is trcacherous and almost worthless the n to bottom they creep up the again and fly away. and those killed had in thf'm con siderable quantities of pure in many places where it is used. A good oak pillar is fal' the stalk on lava whi h rise as as a case fire th n that upon water. They live tbe high rocks, c better support .in of a iron. L It often happens when .one pair are alr dy a rush

© 1881 SCIENTIFIC AMERICIAN, INC $dtnfifit �Utttitau. water ofessor Comes, and tbis confirms the opi ion Fraas. own sa ting, the salters hi e the pens and make no cha ge to under the water another pair betake themselves to the I Pr � of I l � � upon the sallie side of the rush . In this case the upper The author has classed the plants in �lphabetICal o;rder, a�d I t�e sla gh:erers, but receive the hoofs of al the amm ls . . � � pair turn to the opposite side of the stalk, and thus they devoted to each one an artICle m w hIch he recalls the p nn- ktlled m� heu of other compensatIOn. In the Jersey CIty . $1,000 carry on thei r work nhi dered. At the approach of an cipal passa�es of t he � uthors and c mme ntators who have abatt lr the salters ay pe� annum for each pen, u . � . . ' " to It He the huakmdos of Homer to have affordmg accommodatIOn for fifteen dlllmals at a tlme.-Shoe o 1 lservcrotl lCy fly away, apparn en tlJ dl' stur U ed I' n thel'r work ,.referred belteves � � been Gladiolus segetum, a nd the hyacmth••us of Plmy,• ins• and Leather R __ ___ but when they are under water they can only be disquieted eporter' �"*+--4_ _ . __ ___ .. 4., .. to a certain degree. If they are touched they clasp the germanica _ _ A Ne ,.c American e n. - The many overs aud col ct rs Sugal' trom Rags. stalk morG firmly, anll if still further disturbed they creep I F r l le ? to that another sp�cles up the stalk more quickly than usual in order to fly away. of ferns will be interested kn0w. The newspapers have lately taken up the subject of mak- be n a de to the. hst of the Pa lfic C ast The pierced places in the stalk Rpr ead into a brown has recentl � ? ll:W � ing sugar from rags, and some of them seem to regard it as out I � � . � p dc orm Th t a he lan s-a ver bea tif l s ot un r t he watcr. The larva emerge from the pointed f s. iS time I IS O l the y u u a ne w invention . This, h owever, is by no means the case. e end of thc gg. species-a d it has b en named by r. G. E. D a en port has been long known to chemists that if vegetable fiber, � ? � . It Nearl \" all dra O' n flies e brilliantly colored, but the (wbo descnbes and g es very beautiful fig e of t the o ar : IV a ur I:v m such as that of cotton , flax, etc. , be submitted to the action f��d it Juu e the orrey o ni al lletin P ish , colors e w h t eir life, and in a f e w bours after death number of T B ta c Bu ), O. ar ii of sulphuric acid, it is cnnverted into soluble .tarch or dex­ mo t bri liant to in honor o its discoverer, Mr . W. F. Parish, of San Ber t he s l hdragon fly will have faded a l>lackish f - trine, and this is readily convertible into sugar. The ordi- nardi n o, Cal. It was detected in the crevices of ro ks on a brown.-Brehm's Anima,l Life. e nary process o f malting is simply a conversion of the st rch .. , e , • hill in San D iego county. Nothing definite is as yet known of the barley into su gar by the agency of a ferment called NATURAL HISTORY NOTES. a , of its abundance, but Mr. Parish thinks hat t is p obabl t i r y " diastase, " which is fOI med in the barley, and is so effective The Se venteen- Ye ar Locust.-Professor C. V. Riley states scarce, as he could find but two or three plants. that only one five-hundredth part is sufficient to set up the in the American Na turalist that the prrsent year will be I .. . . , .. action by which the insolubl e starch is converted into dex- marked by a quite extended appearance of this AGRICULTURAL INVENTIONS. trine, aud then into sugar. 'rhis occurs when the grain of e insect., both n sev nteen and a thirteen year brood simulta- interesting I A n Improve. d sack or fleXI 'h l e t recep ac1 e for cott on, woo1 , barley is sown in the ground, and is the natural operation n s . .every I eou ly T�ese two locusts a ree m by is . � , 'and other substances, has been patented by Mr. Milledge B. wh ich the germ fed : the germ baving neither mo nth respect exc2pt m the time reqlllred for theIr full develop- k appea:ing.. . WflVer, of Johnston's Depot, S. C. The sack is attached to nor stomach, cannot t.a e solid food like the original starch lllent Th:, last slm ltaneous appearance of the two broo s : u y granules which surro u d it in the seed ; b ut when that . ? i aud e n velops a jointed exteusible f rame that ma be so u \\' as III 18u , awl thell· . a pearance the present ear WIll ? � ad 'usted as to distend it and support it in upright position, starch is converted into sugar, the baby plant cau absorb it, dilubt.less a chance to perfect the ' know- give entomOlogIstsp il . '1 and continues to absorb it unt l its rootlets an d first are ' , tllU enabl' mg I't t 0 b e fillc d qUlCkl y an d eas i leaf ledge as to the geograplncal• range of the msects.• Pupm . J S l y. . An improved stalk and weed roller and cutter has been formed. By this time the sugar is all used np, but the plant have already been reported mther near or upon the surface I is now able to obtain its nou shment from the ground by . . . .. l patentd e b y M r. H enry ' . S peucer, 0 f M oun d C'I t y, III. ri the ground III several localtLJes. The tlllrteen-year brood I of This machine is constructed that the knives are at rest or its root, aud from the carbonic acid of the air by its green is so hy far th e more extended, aud occurs very geuerally leaf or leaves. have no reciprocating movement until, in the revolution of th:01 gllOu� the Southe States, both east a.nd west of the � rn the cylinder, they arrive underneath the axle, when they are Such is the ordinary life history, not only of t.he barley J\hsslsSl. ppl. - - plant, b t thers is to nt . made by cam and gear mechanism, to m ake a quick stroke, u of all o . The starch the pla germ Electrical II/ BectB.- ntomologists inforr us that ew a. what the and white of the egg are to' the chick g � � thus nstautly severing the s alks or weeds up on w hich the yolk erm. insects are known w l h hav: the pow r, Itke the electncal t � � � � i If the sugar were read formed in the seed it. w ould be dis­ whole weight of the machine is at that moment imposed. y eel (Gymnotus), of gl mg sltght electr cal s lOcks to those he The knives are instantly retracted after such stroke by solved away at once by t water in the soil, and the germ who handle them. and Spence, their� Entomology, Klrhy� . III� ., would perish prematurely, but by the exquisite chemistry meaus 0 f sp ' gs 't a bl yarrange d foI' the purp o"e . describe one of these insect.s the Reduvil s serratus, own nn SUI f ature the conversion the iusolllble r h into e , : � Mr. Lewis Shepard, of Mace, Ind., has patented an im- o n of sta c th in t.he West Indies as the " w heel hug,' and s ate It cau o n proved harrow that can be conveniently adjllsted to adapt it s luble food of the germ goes on just so fast as the germ can co te shock t.o the person whose flesh It touc ('s. mlll U lll cn a � se it, and thus the s pply is up till the y t � for various kinds of work. The harrow is ma in two u u kept oung plan Two install ceq eff c s upon the human system resembl m de of e t � can shift for itself. The maltster forces the natural process, arts, each of which is made in the shape of what is known electric shocks, produced by insects, h ave been commnlll- an as t A" h ' d then kills the germ by roasting the seed when he has cated to the Entomolog-lCal.. SOClCty by Mr. Y arre : oue PIlC " arro� . ' 11 men- . . obtained the m ximum .. A'n Imp rove d hIopp e or d eVICe f 0 r c on llln" tIle legs of a amount of sugar. tioned in a letter from Lady de Grey, of Grobz, III hICb the fi 0' ,,: o m h Fruits also are sugar factories, in which is conducted the , horses or other grazing quadrupeds, Fa as t ha per t eir shock was causl,d by a beetl e one of the Elatendm, nd � motion and th s restrain their wandering, has ueen pat.ented whole process of making sugar from rags, the fiber of the extended from the hand to the elbow ou suddenly touchmg u ' rags beiu represented by the fiber of the nripe fruit. b M r. Ch ar es J . G us t.a veson, 0 f S,1' lt L a ke CItv , Ut"n h T e . g u the insect ; the other caused by a large ha. ry epl' d opterous Y 1 J l' i I E ery boy who has struggled .. , • , .. v to eat an unripe apple or pear caterpillar, picked up in So th America by Captai Blake· u n knows that the unwholesome luxnry wh at he calls Hides are Taken Oft" alld Salted. is ney, R. N., who felt on touchi ng a sensation extendiug How " ," it woody as well as sour. The chemist describes it simi- up his arm similar to an electric shoc of such force that he the abattoirs of this city the flayers of cattle use in tak- k Iu larly. His technical name for the tough material is - lost the use of his arm for a time, and his life con ing off the hides a straig-ht back and keen " was even knife with a a woody fiber, " under which name he includes nearly all sidered in dan ger h s medical attendant. edge, broad at the haft, but tapering almost into a point by i the fibrous materials of the vegetable world, for they all Gl'owtlt oj Plants i n Oil. -.I\1. Van Tieghem as quite at the eu d. The hoofs are rst ta en ff at he first oint, a b fi k upo t. j have fundameutally a similar chemical composition. This recently discovered, and commnnicated to the Bulletin of piece the oose flesh at the throa out, an incision of l t cut woody fiber is made up of carbon and the elements of the Botanical Society of France, the curious fact that ma y made in the n ec , and the run down throug the mid n k knife h · water. S tarch and sugar are composed of the same ele­ of the lowrr pl ants (Ascomycetes, Mncorini, etc.) call live and dIe of the bellv and the center of the lower side of the hair ments, their differences of properties being due to differ­ sometimes ruit very well when they develop in oil alone tail. The ani a , which, up to this time, has been lying on f l ences of arraugement and proportions of the constituent and far removed con act with the tmosphere. its back, is inclined a little to ou e side, being supported in from :111 t a � elements. Thns the change of ins oluble starch into dex­ - Unpurified oils are sOlYn with a quantity of spores, and then, that position by a prop under the downwal'dly-ilJclini g fo e ? � trine, and dextrine into sugar, or the change of woody fiber if a sligbtly moist substance be i m ersed in the oil, it quarter. Beginning at the neck, the flayer runs hIS m klllfe into dextrine and sugar, are effected by very small modifi­ becomes covered with vegctatiou. commou t e hide is t n uearly o t e The mould, carefully along until h ake ff h side catious of chemical composition. m , Penicilli1l1n glarrcllIn, a ong others, develops in oil and frncti- hich is uppennost then the ani al is rolled over on that I We r � � . all know that the un ipe apple or pear is sour, or that fies very wel in t he midst of the liqni'l, but to make the Side nd p op ed as at the b gm n , a d the same flay- l a r p up e l1l g n I it contains au acid as well as the woody matter. thi - Now s spores germiuatc requires the introduetion of a small quan ing operation is repeated on the part which was do w ward , n appears to act after t he manner of the sulphuric acid that tity of water at first. These plants germinate owing to the at first. Next a wooden support, about four feet long, six the chemist applies to the rags, but it acts more slowly oxygen dissolved in the oil, and t ey possess t.hepro perty of inches deep, and two inches wide, having a large iron book b and more effectively. The sweetest of pears are gathered forming water at the expense o f the elements of the oil. A in the middle adapted to be fastened to rope for hoisting a wheu hard and quite unfit for eating, but by simply setling species of yeast cnlt.i vated under such conditiolls has the purposes, is r n through iucisions made in the hind legs just u them aside and giving this acid time enough to do its work, property of extensively saponifying t.he oil in which it above the first joint; the rope is adjusted to the hook, and the the hard fibrous snbstance becomes converted into a deli- develops, without the disengagement of gases. carcass lifted up by a w indlass, when the projecting eu ds of cious, sweet, juicy pulp. The Ftora Pompeii. -In 1851, the botanist Schouw pub- the joist are supported by cross beams about nine feet from The natural chemistry here has a great ad ant ge oj . s v a over Ii shed in his book, "Die Erde, die Pflanzen und del'Mensc h," the floor, and the body hangs uspen ed therefrom One of � : . ! the arti fi cial operation, seeing that the natural acid either some factB relating to the plants represented on the frescoes the workmen now grasps those portlOn of the Inde whlCh . � hecomes itself converted into sugar or combines with the of Pompeii. In a r ecently published work by Professor have been taken o he ides the a mal near the neck, ff t S of lll . basic substances in the fruit, forming wh I' olesome salts. Horace Comes, " IIl nstrazione delle Piante rappresentate t;lei and another takes a large butcher s cleaver nd using the ' , a Not so the sulphuric acid of the che ist. He must get rid I m dipiuti Pompciani," the a t or has passed in review no less back, not the edge of the instrument, by re ea e blows frees u h � � � of this from his rag sugar ; and herein lies the difficulty of than fift.y species which are represented on the frescoes, aud the skin from the rest the carcass, whIle It IS p lled off of u the process. The writer tried the experiment more than which he was cna l3d to id enti fy, aud twenty concerning by the first workman. Great care is exercised in the process b twenty years ago, using li me for the purpose of removing which he s doubt. Among the identified species are of flaying, as the orkmen are ubject to a fine for each cut s the sulphuric acid, m ,: I but fouud that in re oving the sulphate several that have never been mentioned by other writers on and score on the hide. i in of l ime he lost much of the sugar which this solid absorbed, the subjeet ; for example : Althma rosea (holly hock), Ohrysan- When freshly taken off the hide is wort about 8 cents !' h and from which it could only be removed by great dilution, themwn coronarium, LaJe nnria vulgaris (calabash), and per pouud. In this state it is sold to the salters with the and then not completely. To do this practically would cost Na }'(:is8118 pS6udo narcissu8 daffodil . The Althma, well pates and tails on. The salters place them in beds of abont I ( ) so much that the rag sugar wonld be far dearer than that enoug-b no w n by the ancients to have place on their 600 each. The flo r the sa1t i gml era ly ce ented, k a o of room l � which nature . . � . beneficently manufacture� by similarly, but frescoe,.;, may well have been the " arborescent mallow " of and the bottom layer of tl e hides IS laId the hatr side i· . � WIt ) more effectively, acting npon the fibers of the sugar cane or which Theophrastus speaks, and which has een referred dow ; the salt IS then on the flesh Side, and another b n spnnkled : beet root. to Lavatera arborea, its full growth is attained in a layer is put down in like man ner until the bed is complete. although There is little risk of the sugar t.rade being disturbed, or few mo ths, accorrling to the Greek author. Na rciss u� The hides are usnally left in t.he salt from teu days to two I· n . of the paper makers being deprived of their raw material, pse udo-narcis8us corr sponds in it.s emetic propert es with the weeks. The salt used ust be good qual y and ground e i m of It by the rivalry of rag sugar, though the chemist may display "Narcisslis genus altel'Um herbaceulll " of Pliny. The rather fine, as in case a lump of even the size of an egg is in a show glass some crystals that he has made from one of edible fungus, Lactarius delicios1l8, is easily recognizable on left upon the flesh side it will eat into the hair of the hide his own worn-out shirts. -London Grocer. the frescoes, and i.t is to this species, and not to a Boletus I placed above it and very seriously detract from its value. It u about 180 , ••e, � uor to R ssula integra, that Pliny Tefers in the passage takes bushels of salt worth from 32 cents to 35 " A Good Word Cast Iron Stoves. "Fuugorum lmtissi mi qui rubent , etc. (Hist. Na t. , xxii.,: i cents per bushel, to each pack of 600 hides. When the hides for 2il) are taken out of salt they are well shaken and folded, first For some time Pro f. Ira Remsen, of Johns Hopkins Uni­ It appears from the frescoes that in the time of Pliny the doubled lengthwise, and then wrapped up in fOllr or five versity, has been investigating for the Natioual Board of natural ist, the Romans possessed through acclimatization, f olds. In some cases salters contract their hides to t au ners Health, the alleged danger to health in apart.ments heated by or at all events knpw with certainty, plants foreigu to Italy. by the month or year, and settlements are made at the end hot air furnaces and cast iron stoves. The resu lts of the ­ Among these are the Lagenaria, cited above, the peach tree, of each month on the basis of the average ruling price dur investigation, Prof. Remsen tells the Bal timore American, , Acacia nilotira, Platanus orientalis (plane tree), Ta marix in- : iug that period. It is U OIY, bowever, becoming cnstomary for "cannot well be given in a few words bnt. in general, it dica, et.c. One of the pictnres repre,ents the Pnpyrlls and ' them to sell each lot to the tanner or dealer who will pay the may be said that there is practically not much danger from . r Belumb�llm specio.!um, .along with the hippopotamus MOru8 highest figUl'e at t.he time of delivery. ca bonic oxide involved in tbe use of hot air furnaces and n�qra (black m l erry is am n the d some the the tneir u b ) o g plants recognize by I In of abattoirs where butchers do n ot do cast iron stoves. "

© 1881 SCIENTIFIC AMERICIAN, INC JUNE 1881.] 25, $rittdific �ultricau. I 1 The Improved Hydraulic Jacks, Punches, and Tube pressure hinder the development of the carbon;c acid Curd from butt.ermilk.preparing, W. Cooley ...... 24 ,.8 24 A. & 242,02 I Expanders. R. Dudgeon, Columbia St., New York. gas ? The reaction by which the gas is produced Curtain fixture, Nix �l cClelland ...... ------I . 241 3 Eagle AnVils, 10 cents per pOlmd. Fully warranted. takes place under pressure the eame as when the m ate- , C urtain fixture, F. E. Wagner ...... ,8 rhtls the bes Distilling turpentine, process of and a.pparatus [7'6 Cltargefo r Insertion under this head is One Dollar Geiser's Patent Grain Thrasher, Pe rless, are exposed in an open vessel. 3. What is t I e Portable, for, J. A. McCreary ...... ;U2,01 elastic material to resist the action of the mineral acids? . a line for each in8ertion ; about eight word8 to line. . . . 1 a and Traction Engine. Geiser �l'f'g CO.,1Vaynesboro. Pa. I Dltchmg �aehme J. H. Omwake ...... 21 .82 A. . Vulcanized rubber. Door J .� ...... 242,05 Advertisements must be received at publication offi ce Hanston's Sash Dovetailing Machine. See ad., ]).398. check, J. . chleutcr ...... (9) B. asks : the .common Door hanger, H. E. Richards ...... 241 .88 ' J. as ea,{y as Th ursday morning to appear in next iS811e. Comb'd Punch Shcars ; Universal Lathe Chncks. Lam­ W. Will type & heated Door spring, W. W. Robinson...... , ..... 242.04 Iron ad. used in printing stand to be hot cnough to print . bertville Works, Lambertville, N. J. See p.381. Doubling machines, etc., drop wire for, C. E. Clark 241,78 letters in gold on the leathcr covers of books without 2 8 adv., 396. Pat. Steam Hoistillg Mach'y. See ilIus, adv., p. 398. Dyeing, H. W. Vaughan ...... 24 ,0 Berryman Feed Water Hcater. See illns. With c e yes, 2. Will given to p. injury ? A. ar , thc recipe . 242.03 New Economizcr Portable Engine. See ilIus. p. Dyeing fibrous material, H. W. Vaughan ...... A Great Bargain in Gill'S is offered by C. Folsom, for adv. 396. S. P., in No. do book backs? 2 \Y. 23, for leltering cloth Easel. IV. A. Shields ...... 41 ,38 thirty years a well known New York gun dealer. Fine Taps and Dies in ases for Jewelers, Dentists, Yes...... 241,78 C A. Egg beater, H. P. Brooks. . Baxter Wrenches fitpec uliar corners. Indispensable Amateurs. The Pratt & Whitney Co., Hartford, Conn. 2 04 (10) A. B. B. asks (1) for receipt for ­ Emery wheel dresser. C. E. Roberts ...... 42, a mak . 241,95 to first-classmechanics. Greene, Tweed & Co., N. Y. Rue's New Little Giant " Injector is much praised ED

For Pulleys, or call and s . German Corn Remover; certain and harmless. Druggists. Shafts, Hangers. ee stock It is prcpared by strongly calcining an argillo-silicious Fence, link, E . .M . Crandal ...... , ...... 241,79 79 means keep away Van kept at Liberty !;t. . N. Y. Wm. Sellers & Co . est by an f finely­ Fence wire t;tretcher, \Y. H. Rugh ...... 242.04 A simple to dieease is to use lim one or calcining intimate mixture o . . Beil '8 Rye and ock." Wm. Sell s i tr d c d new ground lime, or limestone, clay, and sand. See Fertilizers, treating phosphates for. G. A. Liebig. 241,86 •• R er Phila., have n o u e Gill­ & Co., a r uc- " Fiber for spinning, etc., machine for the ed - for R. J. W . Froth or scnm in yonr boilers caused by injector, worked oy a single motion of a lever. more's " Cements and Mortars. 3. What is used tion of 241 in mak g artificial marble for tops of s nds, etc. ? vegetable, H. 13.Meec h ...... ,81 sediment water from driven wells, entirely obviated The Swcetland Chuck. See iIlns. adv. , p. 96. in ta A. 24] ,83 3 Files or ra.sps. machine for cutting. J. J. White . .. without loss of water, by Hotchkiss' Mechanical Boiler The rn aterials used are lime, lime carbonate, barytes, Machinery, Book . 241 80 84 Machinc Knives for Wood-working �'ire arm lock, F. W. Hood...... , Cleaner. Send for cirQular. J ohn St., New York. zinc white, and wat<·rglas,. Some of the stone is , Binders, and Paper Also manufacturers Fire extinguisher. A. M. Burritt ...... 241,92 Mills. of Solo­ . Wanted.-Good Party to a uf ct.u and Sell New hardened by immersing it in strong selution 241,97 M n a re man's Parallel Vise, Taylor. Stiles & Co., Riegelsville,N .J. a of �"'ire extinguisher spinkler, A. :'IT. Granger ...... , 374 n als see nn r . Store seat, like that mcntioned pa"e this paper. chloride of calcinm. For mi er de appropri­ Fireplace heater, J. B. Oldershaw ...... 242,0'2 Skinner's Chuck. Universal, and Eccentric. See p. 397. Wood or iron. S" P. O. Box 1973, Phila. ate eading. Fire shovel and tongs, combined, G. "r. Cotting- buy a yon havc written Val­ h manu­ Don't Stcam Pump until ham ...... 241,93 �anted.--A party with capital and facilities to . . . . 241,00 facture a line of standard, heavy machinery. Address, ley Machine Co., Easthampton, Mass. [OFFICIAL.] Fish plate and jOint, O. T. Bedell ...... 7 . . . . 242,05 giving name and location of works, Earne&t, Box 7� N. Y. Wren's Patent Grate Bar. Sec adv. page 397. Fish scaler, Schaal & Harbaugh ...... Fruit and vegetable evaporator, Bowen & Potter. 241,84 Wanted.-To manufacture and introduce to the hard­ Use the Vacuum Oils. The best car, lubricating, en­ Fruit picker. A. J. Ferris...... 241 ,94 ware tradf:',articles principally or wholly of gray iron gine, and cylinder Oils made. Address Vacuum on Co., 1 INDEX OF"OR INVENTI WHICH ONS Funnel for filling sacks or bags, R. B. Dula .". .... 24 ,94 Rochester castings. Samson & Swett, Medina, N. Y. No. 3 Savings Banlt, Rochester, N. Y. 'v e as J. 241 ,9 Letters Patent or the United States er G apparatus, hydrocarbon, 1'. Fitzgerald ..... 5 Linen Hose, Hub er Belting, Rubber Belt­ Screw and L b r-sav g 6 . . . . 241,77 b Hose,Cotton Lightning Platcs a o in Tools, . 39 . Granted in the \V eek J<� ndill� Gas lighting device, W. W. Batchelder...... 118 p 1 8 tng, Leather Belting. Greene, Tweed & Co., Cham­ Gear wheel cutter, E. 'L. Parsons ...... 24 , 7 bers St., N. Y. May Gear wheel, mechanism for supporting a, \V. c. Before visiting your shoemakcr get a bottle of German 24, 1881, Collyer...... 211,93 A.CH BEA.RING and e e , ack . .. 24�.OC Corn Remover; you can secure a much nicer fit;25 cents. -'.ND E TUA.T DA.TE Glass conveyer s tt r plate, 1. L ey ... Glass or chinaware utensilS, conn�cting parts of, Wanted-Some light article a spe­ [Those marked (r) are reissucd patents.l . 9,7-.! to manufacture a' J. Story (r)...... Van Cleve & Cialty; in wood prefcrrcd. Stilwell, 68 N. J. R. A printed copy of the speCification and drawing of any Glassware while finishing,tool for holding, D. R. R. Ave .. Newark, N. J. HINTS TO CORREHPONDEN1'S. patent in the annexed list. also of any patent issued Haines ...... �·4.I,g� Wanted-A quantity of second-hand light T Rail, in Glove exhibitor, Ii�. B. Spooner ...... , . . .. �42.0i lR66, from for one dol­ ic ti ns unl ss Since this office . , ... , ...... 24' ,X good condition. S. L. Rockwell, J ardan, N. Y. No a ttention will bc paid 1.0 commun a o e w!ll be furnished Glove, husking, J. F. Glidden . ... accompanied the full address f the number and date of the C. Jewel ...... 9,71 List 26.-Description of 2,500 new Rnd second- hand with Ilame and o the lar. In ordering please state Grain binder, (r)...... 242,02 :'Itunn & 37 Park Row, Grain binder. J. P. Monroe ...... Machines, now ready for distribution. Send stamp for writer. patent desired and remit to Co., . _ for. 241 Names and a dr ss s of wlll be Grain binders, binding head S. D. Locke ...... ,80 the same. S . C. Forsaith & Co., Manchester, N. H. d e e correspondents not New York city. We also furnish copies of patents given to inqnirers. Grain drill, d. Chesnut ...... 241,18 .. Roll Rubber 27 Barclay St., prior 1866 ; but c . Combination and Co., granted to at increased cost, as the sp:e i Grain separator, magnetic, J. B. �lartin ...... 242,01 We . Y. W ing renew our request that correspondents, in referring N. r er Rolls and Moulded Goods Sp.wialties. ficationsnot being printed, must be copied by hand. Guano and dropping cotton seed, attachment for t o former answers or articles, will be kind enough to and Felts. Wiskeman, distributing, . A. Patterson ...... 242.03 Tarred Roofing Sheathing A. ______� R name the date of the paper and the page, or the number 241 Paterson, N. J. Abdominal supporter, S. A. Richardson ...... 241.883 Gun. accelerating. J. R. Haskell...... 97 of th 24 ,0 e question. . . 241,966 un ma for greasing, G. P. .. 2 5 & for Metal-workers, Agmg and purifying whisl;;:y,G. Goewey ...... G wads, ohine Salisbury Punchin� Presses Shears Power Correspondents whose inquiries do not appear afr.er 1 ...... 241 9() S. W. Hudson...... 24 ,984 :Harness shaft lug, W. \V. Armington ...... Drill Pres�es. $25 upward. Power & �"' oot Lathes. Low Air compressing apparatus, .008 . . 242,09 115 a reasonable time should them. If not then pub­ A. Livings . 242 Harrow, T. J. Hubbell ...... Prices. Peerless Punch & Shear Co. . S.Liberty St.,N.Y. repeat Air compressor and faucet, S. ton .... . wheel, & 24,1,82 lished, they may conclude tilat, for gooll reasons, the Air compressor valve, J. CIa:, ton ...... 24.1,930 Harrow and cultivator, Schuster Schau. Improved Skinner Portable Engines. Erie, Pa . Harv R...... 241.93 Editor declincs them . Air fountain and air cooling apparatus, 'V. V. ester binder, \Y. Coats...... 1 8 ...... 242.()83 24 7 "Rival " Steam Pumps for Hot or Cold Water; which is Wallace...... Harvester sickle bar, V. R. Ostrom ...... , $32 Persons de::;iring special information purely . 241 .990 9,71 and upward. The John H. }!cGowan Co. . CinCinnati, O. of p rs n l character, and not of gene l Animal trap, I. E. & G. IV.Jol' y ...... Harvesting machine, S. D. Locke Ir)...... a e o a ra interest. . 2 1 9 Annunciator, elcctric, W. H. Sawyer ...... 242,055 Heating furnace. J. S. Gard ...... 4 . 5 The Eureka Mower cuts a six foot swath easier than shou l,\ remit from to according to the subject, $1 $5, Anti-freezing closet. J. B. Gordon ...... 241,969 Heel. J. Tibbetts ...... 242,07 a side cut mower cuts four feet, and leaves the cut grass as we cannot be expect.ed to spend time and lahor to . 2 W. ... 1,811 Hog nose cutter, R. Pemble, Sr., et al ...... 24 ,03 in Automatic gate, II Ludlow ...... 24 standing light and loose, curing balf the time. Send obtain such information without remuneration. 24 . 81 ve , J. Howell...... , ...... 242,033 Holdback, M. Miller...... 1 Pa. Axle, hicle for circular. Eureka M ower Company Towanda, t.he SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLE­ . ... ' ...... 241 ,94 t Any numbers of Barn frame, U. Sherman ...... 241,827 Hoofs, trimming animals', J. W. Denton ...... 0 The c 34 C tl d . .. 9 Newell Universal Mill Co., Offi e or an t St., MENT referred to in these colnmns may be had at this Basin, wash. C. E. Robinson...... 241,884 Hoop machine, C. M. Clancy ...... 241, 2 41 New York. are manufacturers of the Newell Universal office. Price 10 cents each. Basket. Osborn & Post...... , ...... 242,OZ9 Horse hoof pad, A. J. Lockie ...... 2 .87 8 Grinder for crushing ores and grinding vhosphates, bone, Bed bottom, J. Kelso ...... :...... 241 ,994 Horse rake, R. ElIwood ...... 241 , 4 . .8 plaster. dyewoods, and aU gummy and sticky substances. Bed bottom, spring. L. C. Boyington...... 241,916 Horse toe weigbt, R. King ...... , ...... 241 6 (1) F. E. . . 241.91 Circulars and prices forwarded upon request. M. asks for the composition of Bed bottom, spring, H. A. Dalrymple ...... 241.792 Horseshoe, N. 1'. \lenson...... 1 , ,. 241,89 W. Arny S the inks used for stamp ribbons, such as are used on Beer cooler, W. D. Barden.. _ ...... 24 776 i Horse8hoeing stand, J. & W. H. Van Honten . .. Pure Oak Leather Belting. C. & on, Ma­ 4. throwing a, A. L. . . 241,96 Correspondence ty e writing machines. I have such a wri ter, but have Belt, device for on and off C. Mit- Hose reel, Gilbert ...... nufacturers, Philadelphia. solicited. p . . . chell ...... 242,020 Insect trap, C. Blackwood ...... 241,91 not used it for two years, for the reason that I cannot . . Presses & Dies. Ferracnte Mach. Co., Bridgeton, N. J. I (r). ... 9,72 re-ink the ribbons. A. 1 oz. of bcst soluble Belts, take-up for waist, E. D. Bean ...... 241.782 Jewelry, manuf. of cabinet, W. A. L. Miller Wood W rki Dissolve machine laps on, C. Weston 242 0 7 J. . .. . 242,00 o ng Machinery of Improved De,ign and nigrosine in oz. of hot glycerine by triturating Uelting-. for making H. , 8 Journal bearing, anti-friction. H. La.ngley. 4 " ...... 241,943 2 2.0 Workmanship. Cordesman, Egan & Co Cincinnati, O. Billiard table, J. Dockstader ...... Key fastener, A. F. S. Osterbe;g ...... 4 3 .• together in mortar, and add z a ot o . of soap pre­ ...... 242,05.1 A...... 241.89 Pa n h M BIJ1!ard table. E. J. Sause ...... Kinl':bolt, W. Tryon ...... Experts in te t Causes and Mecbanical Counsel. a thick paste by tr tu g viou31y made into i ratin and perch, J. W...... 241 ,82 Benjamin & A s r Bird cage H. F. Damman ...... 241,940 Kitchen implement. Ross ...... Park Bro 50 to House, New York. th a sm l Rub .• macerating it wi a l quantlty of hot water. Bit stock, J. W. Brittin ...... , 241,920 Knife and scissors sharpener. C. L. L. Emery .... 241 ,85 Split Pulleys at low prices, and of same strength an<1 i well into 41 th s the ribbon. lllackin;: compound, G. E. Millar ...... 24 1.876 Knob attachmeut, W. H. Gonne ...... 2 ,96 as Whole Pulleys . Yocom & Son's Shafting appearance Boilers, apparatus for upright, G. Eichert ...... 241,847 Knock down box, W. O'Connor ...... 242,02 (2) S. asks: ingrediellt can be Works. Drinker St., Philadelphia. Pa. W. What Bolt, W. H_ King ...... 241,998 Lacinll: stud. G. IV. Prentice ...... 242,039 to 242,04 hi a h to p ve It . mixed with lime w tew s re nt tllrniug yellow ...... 242,(y) Malleable and Gray Iron Castings, all descriptions, by Boot and snoe, E. L. Sprague ...... " .. 241,892 Lacing stud. F. A. Smith, Jr ...... or damp weather when nsed on outside work ...... 241.8!1 Erie Malleable Iron Company, limited, Erie. Pa. in rainy t Boot and shoe edge trimming machine, C. H. Lamp burner, C. VotU...... (40), current ...... 241,982 al ...... 242,05 National Steei Tube Cleaner for boiler tubes. Adjnst­ A. See answer to O. E. C., page 375 volnme. Helms ...... Lamp. electric, F. Salathe et S. Boot and shoe nail driving mechanism, G. McKay 2H,S14 Lamp fixture, extension, N. L. BradJey et al . 241,91 able,durable. Chalmers-Spence Co.,10 Cortlandt St.,N. (3) L. asks for what purpose ••...• Y . . W. lamp­ Bottle washer, A. Von Schade ._...... 241,084 Lantern. E. P. Follett...... 241 ,9� used. man , and what is the market . Corrugated Wronght Iron for Tires on Traction En­ black is Is it in de d Bottles, attaching caps to, H. Brooke ...... 241,921 Lathe attacbment. H. C. Barnes ...... 241 .00 valne ? A. It e t nsi ly used the p e r t gines, etc . Sole mfrs., H. Lloyd, Son & Co., Pittsb'g, Pa. is x c ve in r pa a ion of Bowting alley, �.., . Suess ...... 241,831 Lathe tool for boring and reaming, S. Graves ..... 241,97 ...... � . . ! various black paints, varni 8hes, printing, mark.. Hon ...... 241,890 Lawn ...... 242,02 .. eather Belt.ing. Wm. japans) Bracelftiastening, G. H. le rake, J. B. Morgan Best Oak rranned l F. Fore­ , 7 ing, stenciling, and transfer inks. Address the dealer Bridge, A. W. Brenner ...... 241,919 Leatber splitting machine, G. L. 'l'yler ...... 242 0 pau�h, Jr & Rros., SSt Jefferson St., Philadelphia, Pa. .• ...... 242 in paints and colors. Sce column of Business and Per­ Buckle, trace, P. � MiUer ...... ,OlB i Life aaYing apparatus. J. Wormley .., ...... 242,09 Wright's Patent Steam Engine, with automatic cut ...... 241,864 241,96 sonal and Hints to Correspondeuts. Butter cutter, J. . Huner Lifting jack. H. W. Goodwin ...... h ad dress 8 ot!. T e best engine made. For prices. v,'illiam Hutter, jar for packing and.preserv ing, A. L. Blair 241 .7 3 Lock case, 11. L. Spiegel ...... 241,82 Wright, �Iauufa.cturer, Newburgh. N. Y. B. B...... 241.877 241,93 W. asks how to make an ink that, Blltton, collar. N. ::\Iudge ...... Lubricating device, steam engine, A. Craft ...... (4) ...... 241,977 ·I 241.93 Nickel Plating. -�ole manufacturers cast nickel an· when first wri tten, cannot be seen, but when applied to Button hook, W' Ha;ky�rd.... Lubricating pas�e and pencil, T. Colgan...... !5 1 t e for the n f . . 242,06 pure nickel importers Vienna lime, crocus. eat it turns black. A. Use tl diiUte 0 ution of chloride Candles, compmntlOnof ma t r ma u ac 1 :\lall bag, S. Smlth ...... _ ...... odes, salts. h 41 4 Loper . 2 ,810 ' E...... 242,07 etc. Hangon & Van Winkle, Newark, N. J., and 92 and 9 . of cobalt (pure) in soft water. 2. Also an ink that after ture 01 iHuminating, R. F. IV ...... Mail bag, 1'. Teeters ...... Car brake, A. J<.Marte l...... : ...... 242,011 Malting and apparatus employed therein, system J,l oerty St , l\ew York. cer in is written i appears A. We 8 ta time after it d s . Ca. coupling. . W. I!:. Thompson ...... 241,894 of. N. J. Galland ...... _ ... 2H,95 Presses, Dies, Tools for working Sheet Metals. etc. i cannot give you a receipt for such an ink. See Inks, in Car door fastening, grain, A Burntrager...... 241,923 Marble or stone, artifiCial,Thomp son & Cunning- Fruit and other Can 'I.'ools. E. W. Bliss. Brooklyn, N. Y. SUPPLEMENT, No. 158. Car door, freight, J. Christiansen ...... 241 ,927 ham...... 242.07 Pcck's Patent Press. page Drop Sce adv., 366. (5) asks for a remed for mildew Car, Sleeping, I!'\ \.y� Ilunter ...... 241 ,986 Mash. apparatus for producing distillers', L.Smith 241 ,88 F. y ..· .. . . 24U19 llsta t r Power Pnnch. See adv., 36 H. G. and S i Car win�owt 'L. B. Scott . . .." .., ...... 242,059 Mash tub, C. Kaestner ...... Long A t e CO.'s p. 5 I in sailcloth exposed to rain sun. ometh ng more . & •. cleaning roller, & & ...... 242,00 expensive ? Cardingmachine Kershaw Cun- Mat, MacLellan Jones...... For Mill Mach'y Mill FurnishlUg. see iIIus . adv. p.364. 'potent than lime water, but not too & A. ningham...... 241.997 Match. continuous. W. W. Batchelder...... 24 1,78 Saturatc the cloth with a strong hot solution of soap , Saw Mill See p. 3f . Carpenter's gauge, W. A. James ...... 242,096 Matting, constructing, Mac'Lellan & Jones .... 242.01 Machinery. Stearns Mfg. Co. . . e s out exccss f and dlgest f r hours pre s o the liquid, o SlX . . .. ,...... 241.844 241,\)9 ch. Carpet cleaner, J. & F. Cook .. . . . Mechanical motur, Kisinger & Dunham ...... Saunders' Pipe Cuttll1g Threading M" See p. 366. r r in a s lu n alum :i in a 1 , or mo e o tio of lb., w te gallon. Cartridge shells, machine for heading, J. H. Gill .. 241,H62 Milk can, P. S. Smout ...... _ ...... 241 88 of 241,785 For Sequeira Water Metcr, sce adv. on page 364. Rinse in plent.y clean water before drying. Acctate Caster, furniture, J. D. Buckhout ...... Milk feed regulator, W. Frederick, Jr ...... 241,79 . see Whitcomb's adv., 364. of lead is som et imes used instead of the alum...... 24 1,9,14 device. W. Kepner 241,99 For �rachinists' Tools, p. Cain, drive. J. M. Dodge ...... Mill feed1ng F...... Chain link, ornamental, B. S. Freeman ...... 241,955 Millstone driver, 11� 'layo...... 242,1l,; Clark Rubber Wheels adv. See page 380. (6) In answer to and others, •...... 241,837, M. C. M. Chart r:1ck, W. C. Cadwell ...... 24l.H25 Mitten, IV . W. Whitaker 24 ,838, 241,800, 241,9C The price of soap L.fs the st For Pat. Safety Elevators. Hoisting Engines. Friction says: regulated by co of ChilI- C. Anderson ...... 241,774 l\Hxerand �ifter, H. \Y. Davis...... 1 ...... 241 .84 381 . C]uech Pulleys, Cut-off CoupIing. see Frisbie's ad. p. materials employed, provided the manufacturer is fully ChimneY, W. Raab ...... 242,044 Monkey wrench, A. K. Shcppard ...... 242.0t 241.926 2 1 8 331. competent in the art of soap making. My own experi Chucks.jaw for lathe and drill, F. Chillingworth. Mosquito bar supporter, J. steiner ...... 4 . , Safety Boilers. Sec Harrison Boiler Works adv • p. . 241.S( ence is that a cotton seed oil soap costs 3M cents a

© 1881 SCIENTIFIC AMERICIAN, INC T . . 402 80 Balloon house ...... I Charcoal. unrecognized qual. in .. Eustrivcrbridge...... 352 Heat, radiant, experiment...... on .... 210103 (24) . (4) . Balloons, making of ...... 171 Cheese, lard ...... 175 Egv', to pack ...... 378 Helmet crests... 99 854 208 184 Herreshoffstea m launch, etc ... 95, Technology, Stevens Institute.,. Barge system on the. Mississippi. Cheiromeles, the ...... (12). . 183 Eg,!,s,to preserve...... In N... ..(16) ...... 3f.i5 Barometer, glycerine ...... 178 Chemlcal nomenclature �ij2 Egyptia Y 51 ILLUSTRATIONS, Hinge, improved...... 8 I Telegr:1ph hand car ...... 81 llobellsknow ..... 5 .2m Barometer, registering ...... ?. 259 Chemical research...... Egyptian obelisks...... 1 Hoe, hand, improved ...... 131 Telephone and t81egraph Hnes 10 . (13) l . 56 ...... 215 A Holtz electrical machine ...... 247 Telephone circuit. arr. of ...... (7) Barometer, to refill...... 154 hemistry plants...... Electrical battery, gigantic ...... 71 system, Chicago police 2.'")5 Barrel machinery ...... *1 11, *175 Chian turpentineof in cancer...... 37 Electrical exhibition at Paris . ... 148 Hornbill, the common. . Telephone 182, 3°m Air brake, Improved ...... 102 Horned screamer, the ....,. _ , 183 Telephone transmitter, new. .. 165 Basket, fish. novel...... *233 Chicago breakwater, the ...... 227 Electrical exhibition, French .... 177 ...... (20) Bath chamber, hot air...... *Hl O Chicago waterworks, the ...... *2b7 Electrical fireindicator...... *210 Air, impure, test for 123 Howe's cave _...... 3 5 Telephonic receiver, recording'383, Hudson river tunnel, inside the .. 351 Telephonic system, Dalbear's 388 Bath tub, folding, new ...... *179 Children, education of ...... 313 Electrical machine, Holtz ...... *247 !tfi�i��������fn�l������ .. Hulling cotton seed ...... �78 Telescope, new, of short focus ... 162 Battery carbons, to make ...... (6) 2HZ Chimborazo and Cotopaxi ...... 199 Electrical �ociety, new ...... 161 . .., ...... 15U 42 Battlefield, old, uncovered .... " . 278 China, our trade with ...... 73 Electric exbibitlon In N. York ... 50 Amateur meenanics.. . Human ftprints in Ky. sandstone Temple, cremation...... S 45l of 49 99,:::::.111, l�� Human trees of India ...... 71 Thermophones ...... Beans, buggy ...... 261 Ch;nese coasts, longitude ..... 264 Electric illumination...... American127, 191,industries,15, �07, 211, 22 21,3, . 19 . . 311 194, 239, Hydraulic hoisting machinery 239,243 Tidal outlets for sewers ...... Beef juice furor ...... Chisholm, Henry ...... 374 Electric lamps, on shipboard.... 1::51 307 Hydraulic Tam, improved ...... 214 Time measures, curious...... 39 n * i �� p of bronze, etc ...... �t�... :19l Tobacco l�af cutting knife ...... 50 R���fl��� �sa1j\���1� acici·for·..·.·.·.:: i�8 ��ft��: :���:.::.(22j �l����i� �;;:I���Jt�����·. Am hora 16� 34 O i i An il and vise, combined ...... , 'rongs, improved ...... l a ' h 2�� AsbestosV ...... 127 I Tools, reversible ...... 259 ����: N·.·Ze·alaiid: rJ g����l�: 2rg;i[, fi� �:i�g fotg�.� .����: . .(23) i�� �I:gg:� V(g��f�kO���� Fliectriesolderi ng ...... 1U3 Pencil holder 50 Alum baKing powders in co.urt . .. '13 Brush holder ...... *18 Critical prrssure ...... 372 ' ir ··· 2573 I'ercolation, upward, appar. for .. 407 32 3 Fence on t"h ...... Electricity, storing of ...... '06 Alum w er ...... Brush syste� 9� electric row, a, in the ils ...... 31 ' " machine, new ...... 242 at lighting C lost m� I Fence legal· e What ' is E,nlJroiderlngframe, new ...... 242 Perforating Aluminum battery, an ...... 101 Ll,:ussels exlpb tH:m , another ur , ue"?", m la a ...... 8 'of� 291 E PhotogrJ.phillg'tlle voice ...... 389 � I ...... ' ' . .. �751 C � for u n . I Fences and postS:collstructton T297 .1gLnc,road, novel...... 8 I, 4 mateur mechanics ...... *150 nuc�land, ranms,ToO ...... CurIOus mha�. of Sargasso se . * 1Gli Photophone, Bell's...... A 361 32� . . a . Fertilizer, concentrated· ...... ( 8) 282 Engi ne with gls-fired boiler ... s, Int. F Ex .. Bn1'fa�oes,I 00qkiJle om mprovemen ...... 11�Xl)103ioll, H8 Pinking machine ...... ]50 American award 1Sh. 00. �.lastwmter. Cu�r�c bs,l t In .... �63.162 i Fertilizer, improved l51 boiler, n::.ysteriou�.... . 375 . . A 2 7 �UHdingS, pubhc, C�Sllof ...... , 490 Cu�hlOns, making...... 922 3S Porcelain, soft, English . . . . . A �l :� 1 1;)4- . . ?3 6 , Fifteeen hundred miles a minute 161 Explo�io:l.,mysteri OUS, and cause improved . . �� � frigg:irie·s.'*lci,· *'ii,'*99' ,' urned paper�,. to rest?re .....(14) Cyl!nder, monster, a · ...... ExtJlosLOn, tugboat ...... 40;� Pust hoJe digger, ... .. 3(16 *l t � of. Figs, medical use� oi ...... 2B3 and fences, constrnctioa. of 291 *111, *127J But er, Amencan, in Ceylon. ... ;09 ��llnder prt:ssure, average (6) 360106 Filler for porous har Extension table, improved...... 86 Posts *il3 , *��1�'*307 Butter Co(!l,cr and""ater holder.. 82 C) -vrus,anCIent, near Sparta ..... d woods...... B353 ��·:: Americ n nstitute, min. eng.. . 161 Byrne, 01n er ...... 82 Filter pump, simple ...... * 26 ����������l��f��.� 191, 194 a I Filtration and decolorization.... 87 American Inst. semi-:��t:cen :�2J:t ...... 403 *261 Propnetary spe3Ialties.... 00 Finger, mechanical, in photo . ... book, new ...... 1��3 American Inan�factures i,n �ndla 196 Protector.��l��l�g 274 M AS8qC �tIOn .. 353 e 0 h .. Pump, force. improved ...... , Amer!canth� .edwale �e � s��. I�lI · ��g:p��?iu�y� ·:·.:·. . new...... 370 � Fabrics, finishingm achine . . 361 P umping engine, . : Ch � . .�� :(7) ...... IS for 3.� 3 Cables, Atlantic.. Dark day, the, In Canada .... "'" 329 f,1���'iW�I!j,� f���s:gm���bU��1:::::: i11 Ammonia%��lg�� jelly motor. the ...... t�� r i . �� ��Hq C�t1:do o·ri:. :. : I . 343 3 Fire kindler, novel ...... *�2514 'Jllg Ammonia vapor engines ...... :g�:rir!�;Il 'a, ����� �¥ 'r sksf 0 F"tn , estimation of, in milk ...• • ov . R 8:l��� ��i��1��ia'Cbin"e: "'" (9) 90 f i 56 �i��Fire loss, annual...... i�� ���Fe lstl���� uf str;tnge�J�g��in'ti �h ...... : . g�3386 Amreboidmoveme nts, iIlus. of .. 185 Calico, to bleach ...... : ����: tI 1 rraiiw'Yl' s 3 U e o 1 A h a o f b t *39 �� . t a ial drill new ...... 54 �1�Z�e\vCii ejitco' :: Canada, indus, conditionV1rea' ofs" ...... ��� 176 D f p�r;;} �� . .� . 16 Jt���i�c2�I ����.�� ..� ��� �:: ¥� :::: R �l , '.' I A�g e�� work Canal de l Est...... Decision �:� paten ����e�vrr�ri , m unta 331 ' 197 � rcla�ingto ���.�ts .... . 100 Fires petroleum rreventing 2hO ����. RUllwa:y system � ll" ...... 1q�� AnlJine black Ink ...... (31) Can and bot(;leopener, new ...... *338 LJecorative printing, new process 328 F b e :: Fenccsand po�ts,constructiun of 29l R ordmg tele,Phomc receIver I �3� ish asket, nov ...... : : : 23340 l�����:· .���. ���aZG ec . I Aniline colors ...... ZOO :��� �hc�oN�V�binbinati(;n:::: Deep sea fisheries, our ...... 208 Fish culturists' Filter pu,np.. simple ...... Re�rIgcrator, unproved ...... 2 76 � convention ...... 2 g In . : .. 384 , Aniline penCilS, to make ...... (6) 378 8 t g Fin er, mech:.mical, photos .... 261 R lJ:t lder, el ...... , i e l-I� e ho nov . . 40� Aniline. rcds, dangers of ...... 160 Canvas, paint for...... (23)::��� 90 ' Fire boat, mammoth ...... R�sld�nce3, at�ractlVe .. : .....399, Animal motions, study of ...... 212 �gf�Jfi�::J p���:�. �'.': (�i Fire kindler, nove: ...... 211 R llg maclllne for bOIlers .... 50 f e * at , . . ish, good, Inter. exchange of.... 16 F!�h IlUsket 'h0YCI ...... Lvetl I Animal reasoning ...... 184 8:�b�)� :�fJ, df���it�np� o·i:.::: ·. gI B��gB����t�:��£:;r';.':;�i� �������Ji't.���:njzer:::..����:: . .::.Ag� JI!RF �5 ...... ;},)1 Boad car, new ...... 3 0 Anthracite steamer. report on ... 64 arboni . . • ' Je . 1 C c oxide. to detect...... 389 D!scipliD;e. fatal ...... s'r:���� Fl::;h, lump . t ...... ��:) Hoad engme. novel ...... 8 6 . :.. 1�� . A tidotes to arsenic Carbonizer furnace...... *159 D!scov .• lnteresting, In Yucatan .. ?54115 , Pt�as�ticfa S�raf. lge R p amp, improved ...... 17 42 S. , Fish, :remarkable, a ..of...... 177 r o e cl . U A�ts, curious uses and'worksof Carbons, naked and mE'talized .. *210 D!scoverfes in A., Heath s ..... 3v1 �t��:Fish. ���!i�n���strange, feaste ...... ��.::::::...... *386 l�� Ant�. whit�, in cour ...... 11� 5 ar brake deciSion, of 260 ll'�iSk'l�he�, StL��l ��ti��ed� .·.·.·.·:.....:::::.':...· 215223 t ...... 62 C 'Stevens...... 2413 D�sease, new. a ...... }-830 I Fish supply New york ...... 3�3 Anv�l and VIse, combined * 212 , 29 Flour milling ...... M4 Carbuncle, treatment of ...... Dlsease, new, Pasteur s ...... FIshes, scaly-finned ...... *215 ...... 196 S AnV!} block, large�t ...... Carlyle and his dyspepsia ...... 386 Disinfectant for water ...... (15) 29 Flower-Jike forms of ice 262 . . 3�3 8 Flax refuse, ofutilizin g ...... 241 Fly wheelS, bursting of ...... AphIS, a.ne� speCies of ...... (1). s� car cooler, novel ...... D!s�nfectant, new, another ...... 129 Floods, the, tbe Missouri ...... 374 147 . "".. (i) 74 Apple tl�es, to protect ...... 1i?4 cars, metallic...... 277 Fog horn, improved ...... \ Sand blast...... 260 D�S!D�ect�nts, Floors, cement ...... " ...... 343 F horn, steam. improved...... 51 ...... 9 ApprentIce system revivIng ... . . 67 car doors. fastener. for, ...... *406 D!s!nfect!On o� ships ...... : . 2 93 J:I'loIidaproject, another ...... 273 og 34 Scallops.. . . . ammoma. how made ....( 27) 155 car -JEan Fountain water closet. portable.. Scissors, novel ...... 182 Aqu� wheels, chilled, glinding .... D!smfec�IOn Wlth sulPhurous" ...acId... . 2p494 1 Flour milling ...... (22)* 223 IC research, American ...... 245 363 Frames, mirror, etc., adjusterfor 1:n , Screw wood. improved ...... 66 Arct '" 193 cask� cooling, new...... : . 2b8 D!sk, fusl,on, Reese ...... * Flour, self-raising Fresh water medu'loo...... 55 Sea. cat, the ...... !rlbe�g tun8�1' thei ...... cast�s and trades of Indm. ... 191 D�Sk. fUSIng, the .. -"' ...... 280 Flower-like forms of ice ..... *196 i : g rls a ..... 87 t . cast Iron, carbon ln...... (2) 21S D!spatch boats, novel...... 267 Flower trade, spring ...... 827 o ...... 346 .. 362 ����J�:'c�6��1i�r :.::: : ::: � : A�:��J�: gger��ig� �·: ...... 74 cast ��on. to repaIr ...... (9) 74 DIste;oper Flowers about railway stations Fusion diSk, Reese...... 244 �ewers, tidal outlets for ...... 19 Arsem� sulph�de as a pOlson:�� . ... 3 cast llon, to soider...... (18) 7� I Dont s for tlle>:arnlshr oom ...... 258 Flowers, artificial,waterproof ... 199 I ...... 8R�177 ' ' ��) 84 ::.:: ��� ����Shears,.£��:��)P animal, improvem::e :::::::nt in. 29 ��4 Artpicml daY! g-ht. ' ...... CaSting, large, another...... " . Door fast�ner, Improv. . ..ed.,...... * 306 Fly wheel explOs.ion...... Shears, sprIng grass ...... 357 Artificial indIgo...... 53 Castlngs,flller for ...... (2G) 368 Dral!0n-fly.sle l)der . *4 7 Fly wheeis, burstmg of...... <262 358 sbestos ...... " ...... �127 cas mgs, . . 165 . . 385 G SIgns, spacmg and lettering .... A : . 401 t malleable ...... Dramage and dI.sease ...... Fog born, improved ...... *1 47 � 1 Slibouettes, app. for taking ...... 249 Asbestos I� the BlIwk HIlls ...... CataITh ' " ...... 185 Drainage of ChIcago, new plan.. 25 Fog horn, steam. improved ...... *54 1sh�itier. i�proved.... cathedrals and churches, cap. of. 373 Drain pipes, testing ...... 120 Fool's parsley 136 5 Skate salling ...... 146 I ' ' . not poisonous ..... Game counter, new ...... 32 9 a . : :::: : :: cat, the, as a pes� ...... _ ... J97 Dre�smg, lZlne, for wounds ...... 8 Foot-and·mouth . ,7 a h ...... 339� ...... 145 . disease.. of . . . 233 Gan�boring machine, new. �::'J;. 'II';,���;.n .� ��.":::::::::::::: }�� I A!�a;in: � :: :: '''(24*i� qattle car competItion Dr�n, radial, new ...... *54. Foundl!ngs, how to g{trid .... 321 , new ...... 19') 137 ...... 338 Gate, swing Sound in water, velocity of ..19...1,1 9 Astro�omi(j!11 notes...... ) 9 C.lttle car, n�w...... 276 Drmk, st,rOng, effectso f on liver 88 FountaIn water closet. portable . *34 Gecko or wall lizard ...... 119 S e i 4 AthletIC tral.nln�, dangers of..... 294 attachm�nt f�r bottle ..... * 146 of p c alties, proprietary. ... 70 . Cattle car prtze ...... Drop 97 Fourth state matter, the ...... 340 Goblets, grinding bands on ..... �62 p g ld g tool ...... 7 1I Atlant�\.exhlbitlO n, the ...... 341 Cattle fepder, Improved ...... *67 Dry docks, E.rle basIn ...... Fox, expensive, an ...... 258 ste water pipes. S rin -ma n 2 9 N. Y. , ,*230 Governor for wa 5 Stag beetle and champion beetle. , Atlant�c cables.... s ...... 18 Cattle, bow killed for mkt .. 360 Drying kiln, Improved ...... Frames , mirror etc. adjusterfor'131 Grappling tool for oil wells ...... 229 Starch, preparing-,app. for . ... Ina AtlantIC passag�, fa t . 132 Caustic, Improved ...... 103 Ducklngbattery, a ...... *I53 i Ifreight tratllcOf the N.Y.C.R.R. 3 Grave, cUI'ious, a...... 72 xperimen , J .Fit.ch A tomS!. �1t:ctriClty of ...... 32R Cave, adventure lll a ...... 313 Dust and fog .... " ...... " 10il i French exhibition of electricity. Steamboat e t 's 359 I . 290 209 Guns, machine, improvement in 35 S A . : AuthentlC1�Y. value of ...... Cave, How�'s...... 0 ...... *35 Dykes, proken, in Holland...... ' 49 Steamboats for outh merica. . 9934 . Fresh water medusre...... *55 Steam launch. H erreshoff' _ ... 95, Ave�ues, dIagon�l, In ciUes ...... 97 Cement, aCId proof ...... (34) 59 DynamIte ...... (�) 202, 299 Frigate mackerel...... 19 �teamer. steel, American built .. lIn AWnIng and ventIlator, imp ...... *22 Cement floors...... 343 Dynamo-electric mach., EdIson. *47 Fruit flavorings ..... , ...... 1'{9 H S . Cement for iron in stone ...... ( 3l) 299 Dynamo-telegraphy...... Fruit jar, improved ...... *338 ���.i'ri'geb���:fe:it ����. :::::::.: i Fuel 308 N. 7 Cement forleq,ther...... 117 from hay, straw, etc ...... Handle, new, for soldering irons 213 Street illumination in Y ... 20 , 2 1 1 B Cement for rubber ...... 245 E 69 I Fuel smokeless from coal :: 161 ��� I Cement for wooden cisterns ..(25) S7 , Funds, patent surplus Hand wess. improved. " ...... 70 Sturgeon family, the ...... 281 l70 ...." : .. 14996 ..... 276 urban residences, attract.3oo, 4021 Bacteria, intestinal _ ...... 233 Cements fol' the s1!0p ...... Fungi in Nevada mines ...... Hanger for shafting ...... Sub . :0 Harve"lters. double t,)n�ue for.. 3 87 F-winging gate, new ._...... 195 Bait,fish, climbing trees for ..... 212 Cesspools, separatlllgapp. for .... 121 Earache ...... 196 Furnace, air supply ...... 5) 106 Harvesting machs., manu. of 303, 301 �wivel holder for fishhooks ...... 181 Baldness, a barber on...... 277 Cha�res rIver dam ...... 296 Earl of Caithness, the . . - , ...... 241 Furnace, carbonizer ...... * 159 " 14,7 of 372 ...... *24.1 H1tcheling device, new ...... I !Sword bill hummingbird ...... 23 Baldness, new remedy for ...... 401 ChaIrs, elegant ...... -II 343 : Earth, non-rotation the ...... 'B'usiondisk, Reesp... J

© 1881 SCIENTIFIC AMERICIAN, INC $ titntifit �mtritan. 4I I to I G Inventions. Mineral. a new ...... 19b Petroleum. deodorize ...... (22) 75 �R��i��r�t�I��. f��g::g�:f:r . Mineral belts of the "reat West .. 168 Pharaoh's serpents . .. .. 48 a 'iC ::' . .. Gal vamzed iron ...... (33) 11 Inventions, encouragementalm� of . 128 Mmes. electrlC hghting of . 185 Phonograph. cyhnder for .(15) 894 �R�K�:��c6t�� �.� . Game counter, new ...... *259 Inventions. eng ��t��n. �gJ;llt�; 408 Mines in Maine ...... 281 PhosphoIescence, dIscovery In. . 81 ��to:. . . :: ��1 �������h�;I����:;;':: ' neiic: : ...::: �g Gamgee motor...... 372 Jff."2�1: 3���: 390 Mming exhIbItIOn. Denver...... 209 Phosphortm...... 121 I d . Grungee perpetual motIOn ... 805. 337 Mlnlllgmachmery. 01 outfitfor .. ... 26'1 Photo-engravmg. J,uckhardt·s ..386 : ...... itg ��J�lkori�l�EsJf�� ���..ers.. '.. :· :::.::*Ji Gamgee zeromotor. ...new. ... 321 IIlV1's��,��.si:.e2���fz���9.�7��·�k1�4. Miocene beds of egOIl ...... 119 PhotographlC emulslOns. . . 104 Sblprailway, the Isthmus.... 245 1 TTimber,Ides, util izwg the. 5 Gang lJormgto machIne, . . . . *357 31>8. 389. 405 Mirrors. c,oudmg of...... 68 PhotographIC lantern shdes (18) 90 �g�gShIPS�:ii::�: of war. te�����n yean��rs'�·ec progress·:::::· 104� I STowtb of ...... : . :::. ��300 Gas bags. make. . .(21) 186 Inventions, mIscellaneous .24.42, MIrrors, magIC ...... *53, 312 PhotographIC process, new ...... 274 2 Gas. cheap. and putJhcprofit ... 217 2 Mirrors, SlIvering of . . . 48 Photography In engmeering .... 25 finIsh .. � 1 ���������l� �� t����!�i�:I es of " ' 361 Gas engines .... 242 �t5.7�i6� 2���· 2�� MissiSSIPPI river and grain trade. Photometry by l?hoto.method ... 328 Shoe machmery,pat. royalty on. 2 1 Time measurers, CU lOUS.. • *39 Gas, explosion of on coal ShIPS . 371 8il. 370. 390.404 MissiSSIPPI tow. heavy ...... 869 Photophone. a simple...... 152 Shoes.�Rg: �����f, to patch'io With cement (19)t}8j 74 TIme. Btandard.-m thel U. S ���213 Gas, IllumInating, cost Of. . ... 192 Inv i �¥g:7 1��. !��: tr S ... .. 1 Should a baby be fat '...... 49 Tinning...... (1) 170 Gas In steel and glass making . 80 m� ���: r8'i�20r:· fid . �6�· ���n :Rlt\'�;;:I. �6�I: :: : : :::: : ·8t Shrewdness, mercantIle .. .. 25 Tinmng Iron ...... (18) 186 68 403 292 2 1 cry of...... 373 Gas serVICe pIpes, pres. of .... 3 346. "57. 393. Moquis, the.... . • ...... Pbotopbomc, etc., dIscoveries .... 289 Shrmkage of woolen goods . . (21) 86 Tm. the .. Gate, SWIng, new ...... *19 5 InYentions. recent .8, 36, 51. ��:66, Mortiser, power, 'glgannew styletic:: :::::'..... :'��* 374 Pbylloxera, �Rg�g�Rg��: volcamc ash for 49 SIamese tWIllS outdone...... 259 Tobac(oleaf cuttmg kmfe ...... Gecko or wall hzard ...... ' 119 . Moth preventive...... 869 1 Physical traimng ...... 144 SIgnals, electrIC, for N Y E.R.R 80 1.'obaccosmoke .... . 297 Gem, AmerICan, new . 193 88 �'2�!�'3i8�hl�'s��' 402 Inery I a amoiig' �g��t�xg;�����, :h�. : *W GeographICal clew. musk ox as a 263 }�iil,�;::e nk J�ri!t� ��7e�t��� �g�:ig1:;;�,elemrn entary��:�ce' . 3�g ...... C s t � ..... !�: ��Y. Motor, new, another ...... 305 PhYSICS, ...... 164 Silk ...... 337 Tongs. Improved...... 34 110' a g�gf�:,��\ s�r';.���i � �� J����y Iridium for electrIC lIghts ....•... 131 �g��Motor.�� el ...... :.. HI198 PhySlCS. somatic...... 41 Silk�lfir�u�ft culture�;�fp�� In AmerICa1��i�1[11 �:. . :::::..... : 38U Tools, reversilJle ...... :': *259� GeologlCal survey of Penll...... 147 Iridium, importance:.. of '::::...... :::\U...J. 369�� Moulds for pi aster casts. . . (22) 1>8 1 Plano strlllgs. stretch of .....(12) 10 SIlk cultureadulteratIOns ass., Women's .. . *328 Toothwasb, quIllsia ...... 72 GeolOglCal survey. the ...... 2[2m Iron columns, makmg secure . .. 164 MOUntaIn railway sfs., Edoux's. *63 Pickett's cave...... 257 SIlk cultUre In LOUISIana ... . 327 Tornadoes, harlstormQ, etc .. 304 mst (3) 3 Sdk m dangerous German Sliver. to melto .....(7) 90 lron. to protect from ...... 218 Mount Baker an actIve volcano.. PIckett's cave, more about ...... • 273 Silkgrowmgcultllre Pennsylvania 311. 328 Torpedoes. toys. .. 209 g;'Xi��i� .... Ivory. to render flexible.of...... 73 r III AmencaU...... 217 Torpedo trIcks, Peruvmn .. ... 41 �t��� Ivory. waste. ut�lon ...... 118 ������oiNewSoutJi:W'ales��� I �1�� :: 'Ir���Ji'���ts.�������� .. Sdk mdustry of the S...... 16'1 TortOlEurope ...... 104 Plants, ozomferous ...... 265 Sky,Skate sailing...... *146 Tnchinre,destruction of .... 233 31:::: ��d':C:��ng"'''''':::: Needles by heredity ...... 200 Plate glass, manufactUre of..... 358 blue, the ...... 246 TnchIna, the, detection of ...... 121 :���� 394 3 e, K Needles. to magnetIZe ...... (7) Platmg, electroM brass...... • Sky, emng, t e...... 152 f}'nchmosls...... 248 328 ...... 329 ..... 281 Glass tubes. draWIng out of...... 69. Needles. wandering PlatInum, nugget of .. . Slate penCil machIne...... *166 Tl"ont show. Blackford. 's...... '426503 Glass tubmg. bendmg of .�iA 306 Keely motordeception 305.'371 Negroes. whIte ...... 103 PlatInum works,bIte Mr. BIshop's ..• 180 Slatmg forslee blackboardplessnessh s...... (18) 378 Tugboat explOSIOnth.e G1ucose, IS It unwholesome ...... 128 Kentucky robm roost ...... 168 Neuralgia as a warnIng...... 8S POIsonous fly ...... 9 Sleep and .... 329 Tunne1, channel, ...... 291 . (32) .'<80 .. 386 . 306 bell,. Glue. thm and strong. 187 Kiln. drymg. Improved...... New England exhIbItion. ... poisons. mIcroscopIC test for . . Sleigh how made ...... 823 Tunnel.I Hudson river . .. . 196 3 r n I Goblets, gnndlng bands on .• •..*262 Knife for cuttmg tobacco leaf. . *50 NewYorkOrleans Cot'n Exch . bUlld'g 13 ���g:I:1��a���el�W:h6;f�.i'ns·: ���il����e�e�:���t� about·'t��� ����:;:, t�fr���n. I er, S d * Gold alld Sliver statlstlCa s...... 216 Knowledge. utlilzatIOn. of ...... 311240 New CIty. the growth of ... 117 In. � :. . "� � � t�) �� brlCk. large...... 85 -KrnggJllgs ...... Nickel OXIde and cobalt OXIde 31>8 PorC€lain. soft. EnglIsh...... *875 Smallpox. vaccmatlOn . ..385 'l'wo hnndred years ago ...... 276 ggl�·g����I,:zt811�foa::,·,a:.: Jlllpples. rubber ...... 404 Pork, Amencan, defense of.... . �+41 Smoke, benefifuelCIal etlectscoal of lZl103 I :���� I . NItrate of silver.silver forto worms ...... 273 PorpOise. a. fightw Ith ...... 293 Smokeless from ...... 161 Gold mmmg, subaqueous .. .. . 97355 L Nitrate of make ...... 101 Po.tal cards...... 872 Snow. denSIty of...... 149 u Gold. phys. actIOn Of salts on .... IM NltrlC acId ...... 405 postal money orders ...... 211 Snow flowers...... •...... *196 acid, ..'3()1l new ...... *197 Ur i 200 Gold. to depOSIt on glass ....(24 ) 218 Labor and cap .• Bro. Gardner on. 296 NItrIC spout, comb, by.... . 405 Post hole dIgger. Improved .. Snow melter, ... an um and vanadium ...... _ Gold wagon, Bub-treasury ... ..370 Labor, dIvislOn of ...... 272 Nitro· glycerine, manufacture of. 344 Posts and fences, construction of*21d1 Soap, an improved...... 248 K In . 90 Governor for waste water pIpes.. *5 Labor, EnglIsh, paupenzIng .. ...• 354 olses the sun, hearIng ...... , 168 PotaSSIC hydlic sacchante. .. 265 Soap.S hard ...... b ... . (4) . r s · Nozzle, fire,a, trial of ...... 192 Potatoes. drying ...... 201 �g�ret\? �i'J��i:e���, l��i�a�� 1 v a�:�����a���:i�r�:�� lIng. :::: �a� ���� , im roved N.Y . •. 1Il Potte y, decorating, apparatus ..*134 � to PhIl one hOllr...... 17 ...... 88 Gram elevator. largest ..., ...• 402 Lace, �rea�l, �manufacture� p of ...... *295 Pount-net, iron pier, proposed... 26 Soda for burns . Vacclnatiollan d revaccillation.. 112 Gram, heavy shIpment of...... 196 Lacquer� for� � nICkeled work::: .... :.( 1):: 218�� ... . 2 Soda from sulphate...... 200 VaccinatIOn III smallpox ...... 385 of . . . Prall system of heatlllg Grapes. large YIeld . 42. 51 Lac\luers for brass ...... (31) [81. 209 Preservmg tluid,WICkersheImer'S 25 Solar parallax. the ...... 260 Vaccme lymph. artIficiaL.. . ••. . 242 oli ...... * 229 o 133 of.. Grapplmg toolfor wells Ladles. beware...... 274 ...... 179 Prmtmg Ink...... • 400 Solder.freeflowmg ...... (21) Vapors andfor gases, Bounds 160 Grave, curIOUS, a ...... *72 Lager beer ...... 192 Oaklandharbor Prmters' rollers .... . (14) 106 Soldermg by electrlClty...... 11 3 Varmsh vIOhns . .. . .(2) 394 Grease mto glue. remo testve for ...... ([ 4) 90 1 Lamp of 100,000can dle power...... 210*67 Obelisks. Egyr,tian ...... 51 Pflntmgon press , .many-color . *83 Soldermg cast Iron...... 84 Vase,Varnish, finIshing, to harden ... 377 Grease, from bteel (11) 90 Lantern magIC, SImple 8t�1!��: Y'. : Pnnts Imtileen .... Kmg'...... 337 Soluble glass ...... (16) 90 VelOCIpederIch1y decorated ...... *281 Grease. to remo, e clothmg ....(5) 894 Lard butter ...... 21 �a�k PrIZe from Belgmn .. 165 Solvents, new, for,nltrocellulose 68 carrIage ...... *4036 v n . 1 e e . .. ObelIsk. the. preselltedto N. Y ... 184 Product, new, from bIrch bark ... 232 Somatlc phYSICS ...... 41 VelOCipede, hand car...... *24 t .. shi :::·.:::· the U.S. of .. ... 137 Velvet. wool . . ��g�1��lY�r�� iJ�� : . ..::: � t:��gg,'h: . ·:.:::·.: ObelIsk. the.:'��Yn'� presented�n¥::'a'l' to *19g� Product an Iowa creamery ... 312 Sound In water, velocHy of ...... 183 I *9 of...... 308 Gulnare expedItIOn, the .. .. 273 I Launch, steam, iferresboff. . ... 5, 99 Obituary : Progress m Japall ...... 218 Sound. pOlarlzation .... 852 Ventilator.n sImple .. New 232 . 23::J Sabino . . . . . 1t.iO Gum, kaurI, of Zealand 1 Laundry maclllnery in ChIna. m Berthelot...... 241 Progress legislatIng agmnst.. ... 256 SoundS of \'apm s and gases . . . �;:���. �������r:.�: o -d . g��,��ft��:�:!Xynlan�Has��\i f:;�p:t!gt����g iet;s of.::::····: 1 Bey. Manette ...... 281 ProJect. a. for the year . . . 162 SpeCialtIes, proprIetary .... *191, *1!J4 stam...... � .�� f1) 3�� � Boomer. L. B...... 193 Proprietary speClaltIes.2COO.. .. .'191.. 194 Spence metal. to make . ... (23) ,63 VIOlms. to ...... (6) 74 Gunboats,Glln French, for tnePaClfic 258 Lg,w.,t trade mark, new...... 192 Buckland. FranciS T...... 17 Protoplasm ...... 248 Spontaneous combustIOn ...... 25, 145 Vise, hand and bench ...... ¥§�*22 inventIOns. Govt. exam.. 072 I Leaaand silver. test for...... (17) 11 PrurItus, new remedy for ... . . 152 Sprmg-makingto tool...... *70 Voice. the. photograpbmg ...... 389 Gunpowder...... (5) 2l>� Lead. chern. pure, to obtam. (26) 1>8 ��f.:t:'OI�IJi�nry·:::::::::::::: PubliC works In New York CIty . 289 Springs. temper ...... (9) 218 VolcanIC thunder storms...... 19 l41 384 ...... 3��401 a.... Gunpowderl experIments in. . *35 Lead ores, urgentIferous, testmg Clark. Wliham t e Pump. centrifugal. large ...... 340 Sprmgs, wasted energy of... . 196 Volcano, cracked, . • •••. 292 Guns, machIne, Improvement m. I Lead pIpe, to repaIr ...... (2) �02 Eul of Caithness. h ...... 241 Pump, force, improved...... *274 Stag beetle and champIOn. beetle *219 Volcanoes, lunar...... • 145 Gutta perchaas a...... (4) 394 Lead plates. to Join...... (2) 154 EnniS. Wlillam ...... 808 Pumpmg engine, new ...... *370 Stanley-where he 18 ...... 248 Voyage. long. lIla small boat ..... 185 GymnastiCS cure of disease. 3 :t�� c Lightall. Wilham A ...... 49 Pumpmg machInery, powerful.. . 67 Starch pollsh. Improved ...... 390 :la 1 fci' :l'�'::'l�� ?l ���� E. o . * r e ����:iil; Roberts. A .• Colonel. ..•... 241 PyramIds, �l ex1Can...... 292 h p � �:::: :: �� Leather scraps. to cement ....(18) 218 Stewart. Charles B...... 49 �t:��, c01����1�e�:. : Lecture experiments ...... m17 Tennant, James...... 261 t w H Lecture. Prof. Carhart·s...... 336 Webster. Daniel Atley ...... 216 Q ���:�h�:tS �i��:i::��, ��t�� �s��*��g Leeches. how to keep ...... 359 Weyprecht. Carl ...... 241 Steamboat. Iron. large ...... 105 Wagon Drake. Improved...... 117 Hall, remarkabto le, In Arkansas .. 296 Worthington. H. R...... 3 Quinala toothwash ...... 72 Steamboat travel. safety of...... 18 Walls and beams...... Hammering, deaden the nOIse 61 ��:�/���:¥lie':::::: ':::. ' Odors. hody. to remove...... (6) 202 ������0,;'i �1g� s�lta�li��� 'elec' : d re ...... : *184 Handle, new, for soldering Irons. *213 Letters. where they are written .. 868 011 fiood.Westerll ...... 812 �:��1::;�!ior':i:'.01� co� rt ·: : : a 62 R ... '95. 99 331 ed . ... LeUCOderma, case of. . . :::: . . .. . :::: . .. • :�? 6 Oil of coffee...... 120 Steam launch. Herreshoff Wart,. to remove...... (27) H�u:,rlg�·sb'ffJg� . telescope. the ...... 1 3 , *322 Steam, expansion of...... 17, �97 Washmg machme, novel.. . :..*325 �g LiCk. s O Oil separator, noveluS ...... • ....•... r a Hanover technical academy •.•.. 180 1��Jio�!ti����� � ?�:��'� :ig:::.si�'i:e�� .�·:::::::::.'(6j a ���:���: :fe�����er���� g�5t .. *�t� rif �}�1��� Harvest figmes ...... ::::.:.�g 32 01 , �:3�� Ju��l�'u���f" '"'' . :: * Harvestlllg machmes, manf.of*303,307 LightnaU. Wilham A ...... 49 1 tallow, and tow ...... 216 O n Asul': * l �:��t��t��EVite�-:r��������.��:: � Hatchehng devIce, new ...• .....*141 tt�::Light. lime. new ...... *19�9 81l011. waste. to pnrlfy ...... (6) lU74 �:}�ai�A���;�:n� J�sff:: ' :: rs ��::FC�:t'I��:C���I�fe� lr����:': ����e ;t�8!��i:"::":': l� Harvesters, doubleto tongue for ...* 387 El�R�nfn"i �����rl�����Shl;;stem'1�� on wellsj Cape Bretoll...... 108 Railway. new. to the PacIfic.... 233 Steel glldmg ...... 113 Watch. self-winding ...... *146 Hats, straw, dye black .. .. 265 Oils. analYSIS of ...... 372 RaIlway car, SCientific ....N. Y 1�53 1 Steel, hard, cutting WIth soft Iron �2r68 Water closet, f(mnIn Wl1tam,1ter porta.. ble *34 Health of CIties ...... 6. �9 Lightning from telephone con .. . 244 OIls, pUrIfying, mode of...... 214 RaI1way connectIOn..... under .. ... 401146 Stee], hardenInanneal.g ...... 200 Water-cresses .. .. 67 Health statIstICS,to comparatIve ... 213 Lightning rodse ...... (32) m Oleomargarine and butter...... 372 RaIlway prIzes. Steel, to ...... (.3) 68 Water elevators, Improvement .*294 Hearing. on aids ...... 32 Olive 011. easy test for ...... 120 t e [ e r tI�':�';;r��fi�fa'i ����a������.:::: I 'make:: Heat, ubsorptlOllot . . • ...... 2m Ollve 11. test for PUrlty of . ... 63 �� �[ ���Jf: tunllel1� ���¥�o"t����g.a. � �� ...... HeatHeat, In nunes, causes of.. .. . 245 Lime In agriculture ...... 297 Opium.0 how produced m Illdla... 1 80 RaIlway systflm.mountaIn . *63 Stern-wheeler, compound...... 372 Water, healthy, problem, of .... . 400 lIght, & power, wIthout cost 804 t f:::::::::::: ��� Opium in 8allFrancis co...... 162 It\'�;:';��a �:�'ii lur of � � r :: ::.:.���i ��A �:i�W::::io ::,',' . (i�) ��i e :�g�t 011 . : '21g �l:�.li�� ei'�r'i;tionO ...... (26) 1t!:�fnl, ri��Yfc;r��� �. � . e gn bOd es In::: �:�:J:O��Jo�'i'E�"At'l�ntlC ;"oast�f H���!�;??�;il ��r : Opodeldoc...... 298 made ..... 88 '260 of In A Liquid. Inmlnous. a ...... 233 Optical Silts. effectsof ...... 825 Raspberry culture easy�: ::. Stone.� broken� . ��testing... Water pre,s.lo,s hose pipes 56 S. 391 of...... 23 90 . .. ..209 Heath's dISCOVeriesa In ...•.. ph c copy n 'i� OptIC nerve, spinal root Rattan. to soften ...... (2) t�� Stones� ;;, tciln��glngl to� nllder· slde l lCe 97t� Water supplyn of Cmcmnatl 308 .(2 Heavy woman, ...... 361 ��es���� � 1 � OptICS. phenomena of.• ...... ���t.� ol!gA�siie�ni ·g Heels, III ' �� 'IO' 8�� crac",-ed, borses ..• 0 ••• 196 Lock. Improv'd, for museum cases *82 Optometer, Improved. • ...... *294 ����gr,'g!ot�)��LBell'::' . �l:-:�mgsto In ;"ouri'::" ( 308 ...... 244 to deodorIze(22 HelIograph, the, In war ....• LocomotIve, runs 30mUes���: an:::. hour ��:.§}g 26 Orange blossoms. extracta of .(19) 218 Receptloll. Prof. Bell's Stove pIpe. prevent mst on(19) 14 Water. offensive. l 298 Helmet cres s ...... '103 LocomotIve explOSIOn ...... 166 RecordmgReese telephomc receiver::: ....:.}� l65 ��gStove�: pollsh . (12) 14. (7) m380 .;����:WaterprOOfing cloth...... (1 394 Herreshoff steamt launch, etc ..*95, 99 g��gfJ�:��::�:n�e���� gl ::::: CIrcular saw, the ...... �09 Stoves, cast Iron,agood word for 408 Water, alum...... 407 ...., .*246 . 68 Hesperldes, gardensoff of the ...... 253 for 117 OrchId hunting ...... 292 RefrIgerator, improved .. Street IllumInation.In... 80 Water, salt. for street uses . Hides. how taken and salted .. 408 I.. ocomotlves, a large order ...... 217�M Refuse. utlhzatlon of ...... 265 Street lllumlllatIOn N. Y,,·207. 211 Water. test for...... 1) 378 Organ, color, the and .... 405 862 Hld(1emte-a new mIneral ...••.. 196 Locomotives,t���:��\��, �� fireless�:�!��,. . ���:...... :: :,:.. 405� Organ factory. Beatty·s...... 19 Regnault Rankllletables Stumps. to remove .. . . . (7) Water. to test ...... (13) 133. (14) 89� Hlddem e. h,.tory of ..... 280 LocomotIves for Mexico ...... 257 Osprey. the...... *151 RegIOn, an mterestinll...... 19 3 Sturgeon famIly, the.. . *231 Water, velOCIty of sound in..... *137 Hiddenlte, the new mmeral ..... 308 LocomotIves, large ...... 325 0n ReID holder, novel ...... , ...... *387 Suburban residences, attractIve.. Water-carrymg tortlse...... 407 HInge, Improyed ...... *8 Lubricant for wood surfaces ..(17) 378 8�lre1hiJNh.;\&�i;6����0 .��:: P ';����}�fi.afr'."'t.I�/�v���:.��(i7) !� Hoe. hand. Improved ...... ·131 Lumber. SubstItutes for...... 132 ii����t�:�,::ggi;':: :�':"�.�?��:: Substance. compllcated. a .... i;OWd�� �.§�g Sugar. Corn sta Holtz electrlCal machine...... *247 *71 . 8ii::e���:-.,cb1�lc't�;;i ��g Resldencesj attractIve .. ..*399.402 lk ...... 152 WaterprOOfing canvast ...... ( 13) 74 HornbIll, the common ...... •• . Oysters. rawthe...... sanltology ...... 233 :��rn°.::s���;JKri'tnt�ritJr":: l� a ·.��· �� .;������gg���:g� fisii Horned :screamer, the . . • ...... *183 Lunarvolc anoes ...... 145 Oll'olleand of odors 288 on.:. 2o� ��f;�ar.: J'l �ron:: 'jlnes: 3M Hornets, domesticated ...... 54 t�:����.P&��:::::::::: :::::���*� RICe culture In the southwest ... 160 SuI plIo-cyanide of mercury . 280 vVaterworks, ChIcago, the ...... *2 87 Horn. to soften...... (18) 138 RICe, WIld ...... •• 323 Summerschoo} ofnatu..:. : ral..::::: sClence . :::: � Waterworks, Omaha ...... \�� 118 43 ,. .... 408 ... 97 Horse-power of boilers . (4) p River dIsappearance of a .... 213 SugarSUIl from Coloradrags ...... o...... 1 Watson's (Professor) successor Horse-power of the world ...... 345 M and RIveting machine for bOilers ...... W dogs of 80911 6 Wax palm in Pernambuco ...... 329 Horses. Kentucky ...... 311 Road car. new ...... *31 0 Sunfiower.the ...... 198 Weather IndicatIOns ...... 54 Packingto valves. Jenkins ..... '19 . 129 849 Horses, worn-out, utIlizatIOn of .• 392 Machinery and civ!llzatioll...... 111705 Pads. cleall ink from ...... (12) 122 Road engme.novel ...... ' 8 Sun spot. the maXImum ...... Weather propheCies. value of HospItal, new, a ...... 2m Machinery for the future Palllt...... 201 berts. E. A_. Colonel ...... 241 Sun stOl1llS ...... 168 Weaver bIrds...... '185 cheap Ro ...... HiS . HOllse balloon ...... 402 Machmery powerful...... 246 Sun. partIal echpse of ...... 321 Webster. Daniel Atley.. Paint for roofs ...... (21) 2!J8 RoblIiroost. Kentucky .. m. I of .. . .. 216 Housekeepers, SUJlgestlOnto .... 3�5 Magic lantern. novel ...... •...... *101 I Rope clamp. Improved .. ..'179 Sun. the. hearlng nOises .. 168 WeIght. marketable. fish...... 163 Howe's cave ...... *:15 6 Paint for window curtains ....(12) 138 to 362 Survey, geological, of N. Jersey. 137 Wells, arteSIan, strI salt water 26 MagIC lantern, SImple...... * 7 Paint, luminous.to ...... 89 Rubber goods, deodorIze (8) 404 by kes !J61 ...... • . Hudson nver tunnel ...... 196 Magic mIrrors . PaInt, remove ••.... 155 Rubber nipples...... SuspenSIOn SubdlvlslOn Well, alteslan, In New York ..... Hudson flver tunnel, the, IDsIde*351 MagnetICcoercltlve force ...... 213 (32) stamps . . (20) 362 Swlnglnggate. new ...... 19,', Weyprecht. Carl...... 241 309 Paill treat ofby mech vib 229 Rubber SWIvel fI'h 344 Hulling cotton seed ...... *218 Maho�anyIn mountain...... •...•.....•...... *f:t3 Pampas grass ...... : ....::: ::: 5 RubberRubber. to vulcanize to lron ... (16) 3!li hol?er for hooks ...... *181 846 Whale.Whales. a. attacks a ship ...... Human ftprlllts in Ky. sandstone *42 MalarIa Italr...... 201 Paper and paper pulp ...... 152 tubes. how made. 228 Sword blmhummmg bIrd ...... **23 fin-back.possltils hoottingles ...... 339 Humall trees of IndIa...... *71 Malaria.mldwmter ...... 160 wood I prevented. new ...... 311 Wheat. Am . of...... 6 H am VB. for Paper pulp from ...... 56, 313 Unst the yi l um ty fanatICIsm ... . 320 MalarIa. new cure . . .. .• .. 8 Paper. electrICal ...... 852 Wheat. eld of ...... 24667 HydraulIc bOlsting mach'y. *239, :M3 Malleable castmgs...... 165 Paper to harden . . 218 T Wheat. trallSportat. IOnof S are HydraulIc mortars and cements. . 65 Malts.Man. testmg for acidIty .. ... • 377 paper; waste .:::: ..:::: : .... 197 of When men at their best ...... 370 HydraulIC ram, Impioved ...... *2 14 descent of ...... 151 Paper, wrapping, manui. (18) Tapeworms. pepsme treatm'nt 352 Where our forests are going... . 6 a llqllld... 28 ilghted of.. ... 50 a 355 new Hydrocarbon, new 1 Manchester. Eng'.• how ... 217 1 , •• 1 Tattoo marks madeuseful.... WhttHetree, s.: fety,the ...... * 214 90 100 Paper, WrItIng, manuf. of ...*27 1 Z15 Sacnfice, a in study ...... 32352 184 Hydrogen ...... (17) Manufacturmg in New York city Paplermachlae ...... wood ..(41) 299 I Sahara. facts about ...... Tattoo marks. to remove .. ...(10) I Wh,te alhgator. .... ) Marble, toTennessee ...... ( 9). 26 Paraffineas fishpreserver.. . 69 SalicylIc amd in cattle disease .. 164 Tea, AmerICan, imprOVIng...... 361�O WhIte ants. parasites ...... 71 5� �!�. after 'i;;OC�� Marble. remove oil from 378 ParaSItes on a Jelly ...... *199 Salmon, markIng ...... 117 Tea, curmg and packlDg ...... 119 I White negroes ...... 103 Marine,fauna commerCial and naval . 2 ParaSltlC fish. a strange ...... *23 Salt bed. Wyoming Valley.... . 198 Teasels ...... 344 Whoopmg cough. treatmentot. . 72 ru�g�h�bl� � Marme of the N. E. coast. 71 1 l 154 Technolo�y. Stevens InstItute ... *354 1 WlCk trimmer. 011 stove I Parheha. maglllficenthe ...... t ...... 52 Sa tpeter. to recover ...... (10) Mastodon. the ...... 103 Parheha, *52 I Salts of vanadIUm...... 197 Telegraph handcable in sewers ...... 403 �Ind,m theot or.pr essure of...... '3,�O7 Mastodon, tile. of recent times .. 360 Parsley. Fool's. not pOlsonouB., .. 136 Sand blast...... *(4) 74 Telegraph car...... *355 \\ Ind llnproved ...... '890 Iceberg'S.Incru!slllg for ...... 348 Matallzas exhlhltIOn...... 311 Telegraph WIres III cItIes ...... 144 I Wme crops. Callforma...... 41 67 Paste forbo okbmdpaper ers''':: ''',' . , 88 Sand.Sandford hot: Dr the late 148 I Winkle ...... '[67 Ice cave Montana ...... 5 Matanzas InternatIOnal fair. . • Paste. ,' ', ' 218 a gOOd bed-fellow.:::. 42 Telegraph wires. large ...... 21 the. or ladle-shell Ice crusher, new ...... *131 Matches ...... 147 Paste, to prevent moths eating (l5)3(ii) 63 Samtary arrang-.in M housesipP. .. 177 Tel. wires, �hosPhor �ronzp-In order...... 21 1 Wire fence. barbed, patents ...... 37 Ice factorv. Georgla ...... 37 McCormick Harv. Mach. Co. *303. 307 Patentees in the il, ISSIss I . 260 Telegraph, lOW kept . 181 W IrE', span of, longest...... 259 and *39 employ of Govt 112 Samtary counc m 893 1 Ice, hot, crItICal pressure ...• 137 MeasurArs, tIme, curious. Patelltd ecisions 7. 21. 73. 84. 148. Sanitary Inertion m housebulld'g 120 Telegraph ArctIC exploratIOn. I WIres. elastlClty of ...... WIth. . 184 Ice machine, Prof. Gamgeeon 's.... 33 Meat, preservat'n,of by dextrine 133 ...... 244 TelegraphlC progress m Chma.. 32 WIres. underground. expo 113 48 fundS 165. 213. 217. 292.308. 357 Saw. circular. Reese Ice roa-ds and raIlways Ice .. :���:�tg:l et Patent surplus ...... 96 Sawdust, new usefor ...... 150 Telegraphy.and comet teleg..r ph 336 I ,",::ood screw, Improvednew ...... *66 Illummatmg gas. cost of ...... 192 T�f�����.��� l, Patent law. progress of ...... 96 Sawdust. vaille of ...... 201 Telephone a Imes . *F13 Wood mlayml'. by method of .. 371 ...... 80 146. 213. 2'26. 343. 31>8. In a 803 otllce sy stem �36 Wood. ng IllummatIOu, street .. * 185. 249. 274. Patent otllce. work of the 1880 116 Scale bugs. remedy for ...... Telephone central of preservifor....11m e...... 67 InCUbator, Improved ...... 230 08w�9.405 338 ...... 288 Scallops ...... '9 Telephone ClrcUlt, arr. (7) 10 Wood. solvent ..... ( 3) 74 .... . *66 Patent perfidy...... 101 313 fireproof ... (31 106 IndIan ethnology...... 24 MechanICa1 movement, new a ...... 273 Scarlet for felts •. . .. Telephone messages. aut. record. Wood. to ...... Indigo artifiCIal ...... 53. 227 e Patent rll'ht. valuable. 2 I of philosophy. Telephone reissue. , .... ,145 Wood. to preserve ...... (10) 362 1 54 M��g��lg�b��l�Jlr� � bi;ey Patent royaltIes on shoe mach .. School summer . 257 �o�1Ce 255 InductIOn cOil ...... (17) �st� Patents, cheap, nat. value of. 67 1 ScientrftcAmerlcan, the ... .. 104 Telephone system.ChIcago s 88R 1 �ooden tlays,waterproofvar.(28) 101 Industrlal condItIOn of Canada . 176 MeChanics, amateur ...... *1 50 to.57. 100 Sclo earthquake. . .. 256 Telepholllcsystem• Dolbear 333. "oodworkm\l...... *150 Patents. deCl'IOns relatmg of .. *182 of, 196 374 Industrlal progress ...... 20[ Mechallicsto the front ...... 276'l� Patents, o:ffi.Cla! exammatIOn .. Scissor8, novel. .. .. telephone systemsystem. Dr. Herz I ·Wonl sorters disease.. . . •.. . Industrial secrets . ... . 3:J3 Medal, Japanese, rare, ...... 323 of 2641 a (3) relephone new.. . ;, ",384 Wool velvet ...... 183 Patents. proposed dIgest . 129 Screws. to cut. Inthe foot lathe 43 IndustrIal Soc. of �1 ulhouse . 200 Medkal aSSOCiation, Ameflcan .. 336 64 .. .. *66 Telephone tranQmItter, new 182, 326 Wom�n, what theYInv�nt .... 6 Patents, reIssued, court deCISIOn Screw, wood, improved. good lor boys .. Ind C Medical compounds. explosive. 132 Index of 208 I Sea cat. the...... *81 Telephone. noises In the .. 856 Work a • ... 233 ...... 201 Patents. United States. the. 1M 11eh s . 1 �1�\?�f2t��1� fi9j�122�}�'*308.*;�1: MedlCal gymnasium . marks Patrol system, ChICago pohce . *255 Sea Elephants at Heard Island . 24 TeJephone, progress of ... Work �oom. man ...... 77 *223. '307 MedlCal patents and trade 3364 Pavements, glaCier .. . 41 Sea sickness ... 224 Telephone, sensItivenesR of the 218 World sliaIr CommInselssioctlfugen ...... 65 Industries, curious...... 89 MediCInal plants, disappearance. I for 177 Telephone, In I Vi orrnwoodas an ... 50 Peaches, peeling, new proces of Sea sounding. Instrument 32 the .. ' . ... . ?'�j6O Worthmgton, H. R,death Infringement deCisIons ...... 224 Melon patch. bIg...... 25 Peanuts, cJlt1vatlOn, etc., of. 1M Sea the, deptbs of ...... 2 Telephone. the, ChIna. ) I of... . 3 In8'mUlty,Ingenuity Impromptu ...... 57 Melons,. rIpening undergroun. d. 120 Pearls. artifiCIal. how made 14981 Seat for shop girls. a ...... '115 Telephomc ...... _82 Wrens. ascl msecose t destroyers... ?91 for of firemen .. . I£:6 MemphiS, new ...... 25 Pencil holder and scissors ...... '131 I Seats for shop women .... 374 TelephoniC controversy settled. ,113 I Wrltmg...... 259 to jelly ? l' 2 Ink stenclis...... (121 218 Metals. coatmg of...... • 344 Pencil marks, fix ...... 121 Seaweed ...... 25 TeleohoDlc raeCel newv er, recordmg . 165 WrItmg mk...... 1 8 [nk for type-wrlter rIbbons ..(15) B8 Metals. colon elations of ... 185 Percolat10n, upward, apparatus. *50 Secrets, industrial to ...... 323 Telephony, system of 388 WrItIng papers, manuf. of ..*27 ...,2 75 Ink. hlack ...... (11) 74 Metals, fusion of by electricity.of. 313 Per ne, new...... *24 2 SelenIum, to apply glass .. .(1) 122 Telescope, new. of short focus . *l�2 Ink. fire-proof ...... (20) 298 Metals, microscopIC structure 340 foratmllWe machist hay 228 Telescope. the Lick Obse! vatory. 97 (12) :\1 Perfume. End ...... (�) 154 Serpent's eggs for fever. . 48 Ink. mdehhle ...... 58 eteor. brilliant ...... '52 Tele-photoglaphy ...... 217 Ink. pnntlllg ...... 400 MeteDr, thp...... *68 Perpetual motIOn ...... 353352 Serpents. Pharaoh·s . . ot ell-tale lway ...... 357 y 380 Perpetual motion delUSIOns Serpents' venom, compOSItIOn 119 T J1u Yea1 , Ink. to remove ...... (9) MeteorIC stone, a ...... 161 Temperature of the breath ...... 2�� I the .. .. 72 66 Perpetual motIOn, Gamgee ...305, 337 Seventy miles an hour.. .. . 392 Temple. tl to Ink.to remove from parchment(10)378 Meteorological observ.. by tel.... Perpetual motion,Government 321 Sevresvase ...... *263 crematIOn.. ..•...... I Yeast, Blake. ..(26) 330 ...... 377 the uses 326 353 .. 261 Ink, vanadl1lm .. MlCa, neofw...... • Perpetual mot.OIl GolIfe.vt. plea for Sewage rules for puh. bldgs. 88 Tennant. James ...... 26 ! Ink,Inks. wrltlllg . to thm...... 128 Microphonp, *83 Petroleum And plant ... 343 Sewers, tIdal outlets for ...... *19 Tennessee marble. prlmlng. ..(5) 133 MiddlIngs purIfier,electrIc ...... *223 ventlland atlOn . I Testament. the new ...... 353 malarIa ...... 160 Petroleum basinsengme of Wyoming .. 112 Sewer ... .. 14.688 . .. 73 1llsects.strength of ...... 118 Mldwmter Petroleum , trIal of a.. 351 Sewing mach. factory, CanadIan. Tests, Gotreavernmenttment . 293 Insects, unappreCiated ...... 167 Mildewing. to prevent ...... (2) 378 Petroleum product, last year's . 180 Shears, anImal, improvement in 294 Tetanus, of . . 2?8 Z() omotor ...... 340353 Interferences, one class of. of. . 161 grass ..• ...... *357 1 Thanks, letter Df, hon�st . 7.ernmutor the 405 MIl�ig!t�g �,n�.iianiic ' Petroleum,m caucasian ...... 81 1 Shears,black. sprIng of 81 24 ...... 176 Inventors, American, wrongs Co:: Petroleu . extmguishlllg. . ... 321 Sheep. Australia...... I Theatricals. parlor. col d hghts Zod lac,tl l!�ht .. :: ;g�

© 1881 SCIENTIFIC AMERICIAN, INC [JUNE 412 25, 1881. Parer, corer, and slicer, apple, E. H. Burghardt ... 241.842 TRADE MARKS. Pen, stylographic fountain, A. T. Cross (r) .. "..... 9,716 , . 54 Appare , ladles an d .�h'ld I ren ' sweari'; ng ,-,l' egeI B ros. 82. 67 Photographs, prodllcing colored, L. Favre ...... 241 8 1 I' ? 8,266 . 41 'I Beer, bottled la!,er,staten Island BottlIng Company Ph t O h'rece Iver B e11 & T . I e ...... 2 '909 ...... R, 262, 6 ' 1 1lD ! Butter, G. IV. Simpson...... 8.27 1" a0 o f0 e er at at h e :,�' �. ';iau" b ner ..... 24 9 ; �,,:� � � Butter, hermetically sealed, G. IV. Simpson ...... 8,261 Only Sure Remedy for ASTHMA /lC ure an d co es OO , :. . J on s...... 241',9 91 The FEVER, �lll� h e : Cement, adhesive, Van Stan Stratena Company .... 8,269 and HAY Is sold under a Pictures, device for copying and enlarging, L. A. MAR. EDDY to- SASTH Price $1.00 per Cigars, cigarettes, and smoking and chewing positive guarantee Hagan ...... 241 .llDl Sample package and tes- 0 bacco, Straiton & Storm ...... 8,263 package. i r 2 , 19 n !2 Cigars, Cigarettes, and smokin tobacco, ! � %�n, g � :�� �:�� �e j: : 2 ,246 s iIT Cleveland,/l �: � � :�� � ! .. N:...... j.'&' w:...... T 241.939 � : ����: 8 Lbvl �M1T�NIG �::�is�: Curtis ...... Cigarettes, T. H. Hall ...... :...... : .... 8,244 Planter, corn, T. J. Sidener ...... 242,063 CRATEFUL-COMFORTINC, .. Corsets, J. M. Van Orden ...... 8 ,268 Planter, seed, Guinn & Blair ...... 241,858 shears, scissors, pen- Plow, Holbrook & �Ioulton ...... 241,861 Cutlery, including razors, , 242,069 knives, and pocket knives. Friedmann & Lau- Plow, root cutting F. B. Snodgrass...... terjung...... 8,237 R. . 241,848 Plow, sulky, Ellwood ...... Fruits, jellies, and catsup, preserved and canned, P(lllton and dock, R. Turnbull ...... U2,0'i7 8242 REA FAST...... 242 0 1 Gordon & DI'l worth ...... , B K o COA Literary Propelling apparatus, vessel, W. I. Page , , 3 . . EPP.. By a thorough knowled!l'eS'sa of the natural laws which Gloves. G. Llsner ...... 8,249 govern the operations of dIgestion and nutrition and by The Propelling vessels, D. G. Haskins ...... 241,802 ompany ...... 8,265 Pump, J J. Gardner ...... 241,856 Horseshoe nails, Fowler Nail C 1 a careful application of the fine properties of well-se- . L e ruit, preparations from the S. Evan . ... 2 o a a I Railway signal, G. 1-1. Roth ...... 241.885 �� f , ll. : : 8, 36 i ��y{6�t�� ����:e� lb� :��� 0�hP6i� ��:���� �: LInIment. renovating powders, and colic medICIne, I many heavy doctors' bills. It is by the judicious use of Railway signall electrical, J. B. Johnson ...... 242,097 ' may be uti T. H. Jackson ...... 8,248 i such!;��� articles of diet that a constitution gradually Railway signaling apparatus, R. B. Sanderson .... 242,053 8 270 ' b}liltup until stron enough to resist every tendenc� to Revol on. Medicinal preparations certain J H Zeilen & Co Rake, W. H. Cowdery 241,789 e!, a d r o ...... •...... H S. E : : .. , ....:: Refrigerator, B. Farnum" ...... 241,853 Medicine, tonic, . vans ...... 8:235 i us ���c?; t� a�ia:k��er:vJ� t��r: �s � ���1 Orga�s, Maso� & Hamlin Orga Com any...... 8, 264 point We may escape many a fatal shaft by kee i Refrigerator, window, T. W. Specht...... 241,.91 � � ourseives well fortified with re pu blood and a prote:l� SeedIng machmes. gram. HOOSIer DrIll C,ompany ... 8,247 n���ll���Jrished' frame."-O Se1v'tCe Gazette. Retort for reducing ores containing volatile me- ivil Soap, McCullough Soap Company ...... , 8,258 Made simply with bomng water or milk. Sold in tins tals, D. D. Tennyson...... 241,833 beled cigarett.es, plug and smoking, R. W. only (� Ib., and lb.), la Rheostat, S. D. Field ...... 242,092 Tobacco and .. . 242,058 Oliver 82'V59 R. . HoII. W,'R. Schtirmann...... , ;.. 4 OU7 Tobacco and snuff, smoking and chewing, Marburg lAMHO!UEOPATlIIC ES E P PS CHEMISTS, CO ROiling angle iron, roll for, J . L. Lewis ...... 2 2, . . 8,254 Io(oof,met allic, W. G. Hyndman...... 241,805 Brothers ...... London, Engla.nd. 8 Tobacco, cigars, and Cigarettes, chewing and smok- SMITH ROOfing, metal. J. O. Vogel...... 242.0 2 o ots, & . C�icag Dep in , oodwin & Co ...... 8,23g to 8,240 - Sad iron er, M num ...... , ...... 241,777 g G --�---- hold . Bar ...... oba co. cigars, and cigarettes, smoking and chew- V iI'n E li c,*, Safety can for containing liquids, R. R. Everest . . 241,852 T c These fanslf can� be fas�ened� ��!-=;�r:ii�;;: ing, Goodwin & Co...... " ...... 8,241 to� ceiling or side wall, and Sash cord guide, J. Rick ...... 241,8"1 n b i Sash fastenpr, C. Hinz ...... 241,860 Tobacco, cigars. cjgarette�, and snuff,smoking and �:6� a ������'W:i�� ��g� chewing, Marburg Brothers ...... other Saw mill, reCiprocating, Gowan & Williams ...... 241,857 8,257, tor, Steam Engine, 8,250, 8,252, 8255 to 8,272 to 8.274 power. Blades c--",_,-_." "-"_ I � I:.Lt- - machine, drag, L. H. & I. E. Gibbs ...... 241,000 Sawing Tobacco, cigars. cigarettes, and snuff! smoking and ere· d With Pap.er S·awmg mac h'me, woo d , W . H . M eo II tt ...... 2'.2, 0 1 6 . sult the taste ,n cut chewmg, urp:B others ...... 8, 1 N / Scale, adjusting, A. Westermaier ...... 242.086 fine Marb " 27 changing angle NY-=-�I £'---. SI'! •• •• 4j IJ,'!i.,, _, .IJ I' . ·:c_- I Tobacco, snuff,and cigarettes, smoking and chew- Shaft _-; "':cc \ ( ) Scissors, J. Klaucke ...... " ...... 242,000 ing, Marburg Brothers ...... 8,253 ���line�e Scraper. road, Smith & Strong ...... 242,066 Underwear and furnishings, ladies', chtdren's, and no Screw machine, metal, A. Johnston...... 241,8U6 CO S e t n S Co ...... 8,284 ,'ln lQ I:a :l� • 6 infants', . Brill & . . � . I • �. I I : Seal lock, G. A. Ellsworti ...... 2 1.94 • 4 ,.,' : "�'," ,"eaCh.; " Seeder and fertilizer, combined cotton. D. M. Manufactured by CJ . . Patents Issued to Americans. Walden ...... " ...... 241,836 Englis"h Backus Water Motor Co" (f�"!' > , ;;eeding machine, C. Buswell...... 241,924 From May 20 to May 24, 1881, inclusive. 323 Broadway, New \'orkI . Sewage. apparatus for carrying off, Creuzbaur & ROTA RY FA NS Crosby ...... 241.938 Angle bars, apparatus for beveling, W. Highfield,P hila.. �ewer gas, apparatus fDr consuming.W. H.Ogilvie 241.8:9 delphia, Pa. . 1.808 box, W. G. Raoul, Macon, Ga. Sewi�g machine, A. M. LE'slie ...... 24 Axle ag, paper, L. G. Fisher, Jr., Chicago, Ill. ewing machine, J. R Perkins ...... 212,037 B S et aT., York city. IJIff Universal Wood Workprs, Planing, Matching, Sewing macbine, button hole, J. A. Brautigam ... 241,918 Chronograph, A. Lugrin New CHINERY. Cigar machine, O. Hammerstein, New York city. WOOJ\:foulding,D-WO Band RKand ING ::;croll M��awjng Machines, Sewing machine ruffling attachment, A. Johnston 241,989 I Carriage, Wagon and \V heel Machinery, etc. al cable, B. Delany, New York city. BENTEL, MARCEDANT Sewing maclline rullling attachment, F. B. Zay 9,722 Electric ['. &. (1') Fire escape, J. R. "'inters et aZ Chambersburg, Pa. CO., Sewing'mac hine tension, J. M. Griest ...... 241.975 .• HA.MIL TON, OHIO, V. II. A.. Shaft supporter, D. Hugendubler ...... 241,935 Hair. preparation ofl J . G. Stevens, Jersey C·ty, N. J. metal punching c Nitro-glycerine compound, G. S. Dean, San Fran., Cal. Sheet cutting and ma hine, J. Pa. B IBB'S , ...... 242,002 Ore, utilization of, E. Samuel, Philadelphia, Krueger ..... Celebrated Original Sewing machines, D. II. Campbell, Pawtucket, R. I. Shirt, D. Neustadter ...... 242,023 BALTIMORE SEND TO Sewinllmachines, D. H. Campbell. Pawtucket, H. I. Sifter. asb, C. H. Starin ...... 242,071 FIRE-PLACE HEATERS C To warm upper and lower rooms. ---- Size, manufacture of. E. R. VO:::I.Portheim ...... 241,897 Skate, roller, . M. Raymond. Boston, Mass. The handsomest, most economical LON DON,BELA pA RRYzORTO Skin shaver, H. A.House et al., Bridgeport, Conn. PHI FOR ------Slate fastener, J. G. Hill ...... 241,983 Coal Stoves in the world. lm, , N. Y. 241 9 7 Steam engines, J. W. Chiso Brooklyn Snow plow, A. 1). Farrar . ....• .... , 4 Fo!drfoIJeBa'!d�a��l!ns...... N. Y. W. 41 7 'l runk, F. H. Ransom, Buffalo, and Light Str�t, THE BEST BAND SAW BLADE Sole ed�e burnishing machine, Gordon ...... 2 .9 0 ' 39 41 7 Wauted-GeneralAgency for some good. practical, new Spark arrester, H. l\tcKenzie ...... 241 ,8 5 Baltimore, Md. . MA.RBLEIZED SLATE MA.NTELS. invention. A. L. Faulkner, 8 Mathew St., Rochester,N. Y. F. Spikes, manufacture of, G. Godley ...... ,.... 2!1,965 tt:rSend lor CirCUlars. Spinning, doublin�, and twisting machine, Sey- ...... -DAMPERREGULATORS"ndGage � mour & Bannigan ...... 242,060 .-..... Cocks. Murrill & Keizer, Baltimore.-...... Inside Page, each insertion ,..5 cents n line. Spinning machines, roller stand for, J. Essex ..... 241,851 Bac]t Page, each iusel'tion ••• n line. Spittoon, dental, J. R Finney ...... 241,949 ••$1.00 GLUCOSE-A COLLECTION OF VAL- 2H,826 (About eight words -to a line.) uable technical {lapers on the manufacture of this 1m. Steam boiler, L. Schutte ...... may head advertisements at the same rate t a Stone, etc .. composition for cleaning, Engravings ��a�� � C. O. & E. per line, by meamrement. as the letter press. Adver­ NewBU York. His PTbook, with Photographic'UBE likenesses f�:!�� c��::; �6��. '¥g��6�v��i�n��si���K M. White ...... " ... " ...... 241,902 publication Offi ce early Complete Glucose. DepreCiation of a glucose factory. tisements mW3t be received at as �';"of badt�.rt,t' cases,.O��m before and��O� after.?{h�de cure,  mailed for 10c. Fire risks of �lucose factories and manufactures.��';.f� Glu.. Stove, railway car, E. H. May ...... 242,014 as Thursday morning to appear in next isme. Breecb. cose factory Ignitions and fires. The Hirsh Imprsved Sugar, manufacturing crystallizable grape, 'Vi!... Sound, Well Mad� 10 'lnd. 12 gau\\,e process of manufacturing sugar from corn. WolJf's Im­ Loadlug' DOU.HI�E Shot Guns, abso- proved process. Furbish's process of glucose manu.. Iiams & Alberger...... " ...... 241.903 . lutely.perfect excep� a f�wrnst spots on the facture. Pi�eon's improved process of manufacturinji!' Suspenders, J . A. Adamson ...... " ...... 241,904 oButSIde. GSent C. O.D. (to examme) for $16 toto S)8. the same . .l< ull details of each method. Illustrated with 87 100etter u us than are usually retailed at t ained Suspenders, W. A. McFarlane ...... "" ...... 241, QUEEN'S CHARLES FOLSOM. $:lii wo cuts. Cont In SCIK"TIFIC AME>tICA" Sup­ . 4 106 Chambers St., New York. PLEME"T, Nos. and Price 10 cents each. To Switch board, McCoy & Sylvester...... 241,81� had at this olllce259 andfrom 260. all newsdealers. Te1egraphic purposes, running lilies of conduc- Toepler Holtz Electrical Machine. ---sao. lie , E tors for, Dodson & Ege...... 241,793 FEVER.-A L C­ . TYPHOID CLINICAL Telephone, contact, E. Berliner ...... 241,912 i r . f 2 6 ��::ri'j,t�h,.r�� whf�V�e�l���s: r�ay Y;1: �lc J::I Z�� l��g Telephone secrecy switch, E. T. Gilliland .. " ..... 41,9 3 the Telephone signal apparatus, G. H. Bliss ...... 241,94 rlistinguisbedfrom other fevers, an.d pointing out . proper methods of treating it. Contained in SCIENTIFIC Thermo-e;ectric ba�tery, P. Higgs...... 241,859 M C n� ����f:��s'1i:� Thill coupling, T. A. Watrous ...... " ...... 242,085 te ��J �i' ·------same number contains an article on a".New Treatment 1' i1e. drain, E. M. Crandal ...... 241.790 I p .'' for'l'y hOidFever ___��oi.5. __�i _ _ t�Y:';,'fil:�.:.�E:,id ...,- __ 'l'irecooling trestle, Bartlow & Ault...... 241,778 ARTIF ICIAL EYE MANllFAC'l'ORY, _ 79 State Street, Rochester, N. Y. A case of eyes sen' by f Tongue for harvesters, double, J. K. Kepner ...... 241,996 r r o hOle- Hoist Co.,���::' itlg��: Tool rest, C. E. Follard ...... 241,880 :;fe ������ ���f�rt�� ? �M��lt:Ei �"l"i Ui1f.·M.[ son'sSteel Patent. 75 & 77 First Ave .. Pitta­ 12!'fIJ�bur g, Pa. IUrEngl Tool. universal, W. H. Thayer...... 241,893 IN OPERATION. M'l'g lsh Patent for sale. , .. 241 ,798 Torch. gas lighting, E. P. Gleason ...... i e ad Torpedo, grave, T. N. Howell (r)...... 9.71£ fI'!,'}CERTUN�r:cr)�c)�:-��t !fi tf:d� :':V::t:e��e y Towboat, A. McDougall ...... 4 :\1 ...... 2 1,813 By the Toepler Holtz achine " statical " electricity NOW HEA Dy-'rbeNew of Trautwine's Trucl{, .J . 'l'aylor ...... �411832 may be applied in medical practice with the same ease Vivil Engineer'", Book. 12mo. 691 pages, " ..... 241.809 and certainty as galvanism. Send for circular. illustrated with 680 engravings from original designs. Truck, adjustable stove, N. H. Long ...... u a Editionc d. Turrets for ships of war, W. H. Bustin .. " ...... 241,843 CO" ��6rA�T�* ! Il!5.,Pocket��":.%; i'�t�, �'h�ia�':,1ptr��1::: YOUNG MEN " ...... ". JA MES W. It We will send ON TRIAL (before purchasing) Type case, A. A. Low (r) ...... 9,720 READ THIS . , Urinal, bed, E. B. Hopkins ..... " ...... 241 863 924 Chestnut Street,QUEEN Philadelphia. Pa. Dr. Joy's Celebrated Electric Devices, ' Do Vehicle body brace, J. Jensen ...... 241.\187 Invel}tedby Prot: g-Iss A_ JOY, of the Uui. . $500 u �-��- � DOPresses YOUR and OWNoutfits fromPRINTING $3 to .... ty of" Michigan, E'speciallyfer Vehicle, two-wheeled, F. allard . ve r o the cure of B ...... 241906 of all N .. Di..., ...... !\o Debility, Lost Over styles type. Catalogue and Vlcore u Manhood, General V e h'IC I e w h eelUG, . UtzenbrUg",er ...... 241.971 price list free. vand the results of abu8ell and 2 o her Also for Liver find Vehicle wheel. A. D. Peck ...... 24 .033 Machines for .Electro-platinl\' Electrotyping l£lectric n � causes. Kidney DIseases, RheumatIsm, Neuralgia ParalYsis Fe .. Veneer fabric. R. S. Jennings...... 241 ,865. 241 866 Light, etc. In addition to testunonials in our Catalogue many o f t e f e • , ai, La,. m.ale �rouble8 and hf"r Ventilating 241,9n , H HOOVER Phil Wonderful i dlsf"R.e.. scuttle for buildings, etc., L. A. Gouch C��j f[U ��EEL &���';�iI �?g�t.; I curps quickly eifpcted. Illustrated book , ------sent free. Venti tor, D d 2 1 79 C H Addres!'\ the manufacturers la ow all & Fenllerty ...... J , 4 ' j'}��'� &') fiR6�� ; �1i: ; 2·H.824 �,tEi{:J�I':�I B:[ir!�� .EJlg;S�N �· C�I� ������ WAG.NER & CO., Chicago. Ill. Wagon box rub iron. J. K. Sanders ...... WonKS; ROGI';R8 CUI�OTLERY Co.; CUAS. ROGERS BROS.; Wagon brake, R. Rutter ...... 242,U50 I }]DWARD MILLEH Co.; MITCHELL, Co. PATE NTS. . VA \"(" 1,-: & ; NOR- I MESSRS. MUNN in connection with the pnb­ r ne m Wagons, osci11ator for platform. S. J. Freed. . 241 .951 'YALK LOCK Co.; HAYDE:\, GEP..I-; & UO .; Do:\JF;S TlC & CO., r� � d �s t l��eaJ;�: . SKWING ;\lA('HISI-; Co j EBUlHARD FABl<-:R: J08. DIXON lication of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN,conti nue to ex­ Wash board, W. E Osuorn ...... 242,028 TELTelephoneE P Hever 0 Nfnvented. E Only $5. Illus­ . amine Improvements, and to act as Solicitors of Patents 'trated Circulars sent free. Address Washing machine, T. A. Miller ...... 24],817 �tYt�:s� lU(h�tfi�: j��1jJ[r:l�t8�L���: O H W s h s for Inventors. R ' a hing machine, cloth, O. O. Reilly ...... - .... 24�,045 I!rG��t �l I�D

© 1881 SCIENTIFIC AMERICIAN, INC 1881.] J titutifit �tutrit.llu. ROOTS' NEW IRON BLOWER. he incomparably h p �oks of the Literary Revol PUBLISHED Cestandard,t The beautiful, se Cood Bookution • and c e b s SciontincRECENT L Y are TIn yo our resources for m nu a c rm them. We must aDaa Prncti�alBOOk8h ture demand far be ndimmense editions of thesea fa bookstu gin or er manufac- · may afford Wl!�����:�'b���� ����.:'���� �rBfn"!fy;r!� � and ell quickly Prof. Heinrich ·Will of Glessen. Germany. Third t e low pr� es, and d thatthat we we may Am�rlcan trom the Eleventh GernmnEdition. E!1ited ferh our Ic to trans- F. the manufacture by Chas. Himes. Ph.D .• Prof. of Nat. Bc. Dlckmson capital College. Rvo. (Just read�.) . . . . $1.50 e 0 n 0 th e r - n and 1 fsa stl'11 W h ·1 mu a w BLAST. which e ds. If, therefore, you standardof F���:"Ji ::��r.·Gtu!.!'�§'i"������::r� a�J' tf:���� books for w arew havingorderle mostthem urgent promptly, e an t e books Y o C ant By JUlius Frankel. Edited by Robert Hutter. Chemist. o , d as we few ysany r of s arch-Sngar 58 lustr tlons toh manufacturenamed these bel it o s, they will not shall after a a cease IS S MPLER, AND HASBA !�'::'s� r�::t�� : � . : � � : be obtainable in the market.d IRON REVOl VERS,I PERFECTLY lANCED Cristianl.-A Techniclli Treatise on Soap and Candles;;.&i; ed i n and then with a Glance at the Industr of Fats and Olis.. By R. Carlyle's Heroes and Hero Worship. rist anl. hem st. I IUSr, ted y 176 Engr v Boo ks Cents • Smiles's Brief Biographies. FEWER PARTS THAN ANY OTHER BLOWER. �o? � � : � � � . � �'lf. &i M e re t � 2 Books Cents. P. H. & F. M. ROOTS, Manuf'r8, ��:�:-l�lr;:l�:t:f:;o.!'iln�.,:�: iJ :r�tl<:' 30 CONNERSVILLE, IND. ery. By S. �lIchell. lllustrated by �n graVing. 6 Cortlandt St. , 8vo. • • • • • • lsf• • $6.00 Knlc�e�'l,':,�m. �� �a�L"fna:t����:�ing. TOWNSEND, Gen. g ! Davles.-A Treatise on Metalliferous Minerals and IIg::�:: t o e S. S. A t, 1 8 Dey Street, NEW .\Jlnlng. By D. C. Davies. Mining �Ineer. IlIus- 8���s!����l�:l�t�a � �o . Seiling Agt , Cortlandt Street, d i 144 Books Cents. Works of Virgil. translated by1>ryfe' n . WM. COOKE, . 6 } YORK. a��:e ����;:''f ��� T��':;i�� Handy form. paper covers3. Formerly sold at Works of Dante, translated by Cary. JAS. BEGGS & CO., Selling Agts. , 8 Dey Street, mall at the publicatIon prices. free of postageWo't":. to any part . each. $\.25 Last of the MohlCans. by J. Fenimore Cooper. of�ill!"" the �':eworld. S;1ll�5b� Carlyle's Life of Robert Burns. Tom Brown's School· Days. by Thomas Hughes. ...- SEND FOR PRICED CATALOGUE. Our various catalogues covering every branch of Macaulay's Life of Frederick the Great. S Technlonl Literature se t free to any address. Shake�peare'8 ¥�:,nk�:���{��la��::'d� t�:';���i.dby Sale. n & (;0 The New Testament. Revised Version. HENRY CAREY BAIRD •• ����!nt of Venice. THE MEDARTPATENT WROUGHT RIM PULLEY , Indnstrlal Pnbllshers. Booksellers. and Importers, u 14 other principal Plays, each. THE LIGHTEST STRONGEST �o SHRI�KAG E STRAINS 810 W.ALNU'l: STRE"T, PliILADELPHlA.. PA. Books Cents. PE�fECT BAlAl.CE ��:::;';��W�k���s°i h�'Wa��;�� �'h'';�t. � ,-- IN THE 35 'f)' -� 1 THE ULLEY Books Ce�� nts. ANY SIZE OR rACE ST RAI GHT OR CROWNEDTIGI1T OR LOMAB.'KJ0' OSE.. S PUT OR 5 WHI:LE SINGLE. DOLJBlECHEAPEOR TRIPLE.SI ARMSP LARCCt: PllllElfS A SPECIALTY� TH EHARTFORD ENGINEERING CO HARTFORD CONN . ••; THE SCOVILL Books Cents. "POp" Safety Val o 40 ve, Carl r:'�'M�¥�� gMh�I1r���g�v'::t:11f::f{: '. SIMPLE. RELlA.ULl<:, ])U RA.BI,E, Pond'sERiline Lathes, Tools,&c. Goette's Wilhelm Meister. translated by Carlyle. For Locomotive. Stationary. Marine. and J;'ortable Planers, Drills, Mliton's Poetical Works. Boilers. W. Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered. Bend for deSCriptive circulars and price lists to Baron Munchausen and GulUver's Travels, mus· THE HANCOCK INSPIRATOR CO., DAVID POND, Worcester, Mass. trated. BOSTON, Handy form, "sper covers. )Esop'sBook of Fables. lllustrat�d_ ------Il'I AS------S. WILLIAMSPORT Knlckerbocke by Washmgton Irving. n l b 'l', ronte. �� 1�� p��:...r��� �':,�o�r��' �o�;��f:;t� Books Cents. in Door 'llhO S. Box Uarda. an);gyptlan Princess. by Ebers. 50elegant cloth bituZing. and FurnitureP Man­ Corinne. by Madame de StaeL Beautiful books. ufactories. For plan­ Ivanhoe. by Sir Walter Scott. �:���'i�e"Jc�"R13Y���;i Ing Door P anels. Last Days of Pompeii. by Bulwer. AmerIcan Patriotism.-Famoll8(}��f;Orations. �i.50). Cigar Box Stu1f.and John Halifax, Gentleman, by Mrs. Mulock Cralk. Geikle's I, fe of Christ. Furniture work. It Smith's Biblel Dictionary. has no equal. Green's Larger History of the English People, 2 We use the Ellispart B ooks Cents. Pawnt three elegant cloth bi,ooing. vols., $1. 4 Beautiful books. Grote's Historyof Greece. vols .• $2. Journal Box and a The Light of Asia. by25 Ed win Arnold. Chambers's Cyclopredia of English Literature, 4 solid forged steel The Choice of Books, by Charles F. R1chard�on. head. Two pressure vols .• $2. bars. Has strong feed. Will plane from WITHERBY. RUGG & RICH A RDSON. Manufacturers 1-16 to 6 Inch thick. of Patent Wood Working Machinery of every descrip­ Welght.1.® lb. The tion. Facilities unsurpassed. Shop formerly occupied lowest priced IIrst War. by R. Ball & Co., Worcester. Mass. Send for CatalOgUe. class planer In the CHAMBERS'S ENCYCLOPlEDlA REDUCED FROM 850 TO 86. The Library of Universal Knowledge. 10 and price list to Cy20 UP-I" ORDEll a market. Send for illustrated catalogue �er cent largerA than Aypleton's. clopaed ia A WEEK. & cent larger than Johnson's ; 15 vols., large type, $15. $12 day at home easily made. Costly ROWLEY HERMANCE. Williamsport, Pa. QUI OK. BEFORE THE WAR IS OVER. Specimen pages free. outfitfree. Address TRUE & Co., Augusta. Me. or supply our publi- $12 ca"lfo':.� LADY AIENTS WANTED.te�e:I�'!.�:::: 5,000 Booksellers � 5 Terms to Clubs getlc Lady Agents to sell· to WOMEN. ONLY. an article We allow the following terms to clubs: On 8 copies of any one book. per cent discount; on 5 cople •• of real hygiemc merit. For cPartlculars and liberal 10 per cent; on 10 copies. 15 per cent; or on $50 net selected from the list, 15 per cent discount. Descriptive & m. catalogue and lllustrated pamphlet describing book-makhlg and type...,tttngby steam wlll sent tree on terms. address WAGNER CO., Chicago. request. be

AMERICAN BOOK EXCHANGE,Broadway, New York. Ahead of all Competition. JOHN B. ALDEN, MANAGER. 764 1aa�. os n. H. L. Hastings. 47 COl'llhill Philadelphia. Lea & Co.; B tonn t d n 'i, & & P Manufactnrers of and Dealers in Co.; Cleveland. Ingham. Clarkets C:;· gh��� ��\:.:',!'� c�:'�; fc�. f� ·��rt��P.�� t�s:: :Fra�1';.:;� Cunnhlgham,Oener Curtissal &Ag Welch;en St. Louis. Logan Dameron; Atlanta.... G ... . J. J. & S. Richard.!'j.Baltlmore, Ceo. W. Read & Co., E. & W. C. Hamson; Richmond. Randolph English;'if Pittsburg James .tc>d.S. TEN IZES FOR HAND USE. MACHINERY BOLE �UFACTUREBS � fr om to WeighinK 21 ji1 Ibs. CUT AND PRESS DRIED THREE SIZES FOR HORSE POWER. BOOKWALTER F.NGINE. Compact. Substantial. Econom- teal, and easily managed ; guar- Ii LUMBER, anteed to work well and give i T H I N full power claimed. Engine and FOB BRAHAM,Patentees EMLEN and Man &uf PASacturerll,SMORE, t C rk t :rC:��� � ��t I�t�e 631 Ma St., Philadelphia, Pa. rl .. e f fld'..lslJlPOWER ...... $:UO�'; 00 4% " ...... 280 00 Pa::a.e�CIG AR BOXES, PAYNE'S ENGINES. By their use a crooked lIlemay be utilized as well as a ...... S50 00 S"took., E"to., E'to. AUTOMATIC stratght one, and both are made to do better execution In ...... 44D 00 :: O. IIl1ngbroad surfaces than has bltherto been possible. Put:: on cars at Bprlnglleld, Mills and Wat'erooms : 750. & No. 4 holds Illes12 to 14 In. long. Price each. JAME LEFFEL CO .• ClO No. 5 " .. .. $1.00 J S �.-t 14 to 16 In. Price each. o, s d on y ------or 110 Liberty �f.��e�o�� b!i[e �1�1rot�t�a:&'i3�6��o.:.r�::' 1� l 186 to 200 Lewis St., New York. GOOD MECI-IANICS AL NEWDESIGNS Of !lut- Of all classes. desiring to secure pleasant homes and ;:::l1 B EA. UTIFULterlly.L Dragon-lly. Robin Red_ steady employment. will do well to apply to the Manager �JAS MURD OCK JR. 0 brea.st.Pinks. Pansies. Violets. and Moss Rosebud of the Chicago Work., Pullman's Palace Car Company, STAMP cllTTER E SINKfR � Chromo5 Cards. name on, lOc. Card Mills. Northford. Ct. Pullman, Cook County, Illinois, In person or by letter. NG RAVER &DIE � � 165 RACE ST CINCINNATI. j:a:I 4tr� Arrester. !fJ!1r Reliable, .lul·nble, and economical,wiU.fu,i'nish har.e watert han othera C. J. GODFHUNION CITY,IGV CONN & SON. , aoo any CO MP LET E FISHINe OUTFIT.� power with one-third •• ewrine bwUt not IIttedwith .... an ;fuel automatiC cut-oil'. Send Manufacturers of Metallic HheUs.l<'errules. Cups. Blanks. U A" for Illustrated Catalw e E 2, for information aud and any and all kinds of small press and stamped workIn . 1A Y N N. Y. e i n a B A & ����';inK. ��� :e�r:: fO� �fie�C��BeY� a�� oth�� �goI lt:�d��t also Pocket Match Safes of various styles. are specialties. p'l1'�,;; 120"�' All kinds of notions, small wares, or Develties in .the d rd n J{�t"ed�� J'es��ed� 6�ITe��g��e:��S�;8cif�� a�� ��g:�estimates furnished. .AD enghle that works without Ot1l�e. S( lV. Eutaw St., Raltlmore, Md. , Boller. Always ready to be started The Best Boilpt· Feeder• OhTomotJ La .cap ... Wa terSC..... and er. Known Station. Are now ready to negotiate for the organl.ation of .. �tc.-notwoal!ke. s���N� 'f(%���l,('{I :v THE DUPLEX INJEfO l'CTO R x lla om an esln e States an Territor es. Lc?ty�,� �stAJ! �l�l�I��. CONVEN IENCE. ary, Marine, and AU le l')'ll c 'pIv ' l rkaJ�!� � i .Adverti8ingAgent's and uompleteBeveZ.Edge::J Sample Card8. Bo ok.2oc. Greatvanety otber Hoill'l's. · Ref rrf g On y to wo (.W...... as follOWS . 70 r .. AdvertiBLowest J!rioes... OaTa..to deal erS Bums common Gas and Air. No 100 SamEI Fa cy g c. • C . n -andpp nwra. •• O steam. no coal, no ashes, no fires, : nequaled for simplicity. �a�y' y ?I A··h:J� tJ:3r:;. AdcIress ,sTEVEN::; to . U C. E. I' BROS., Box 22,Northford, _.". -- ",,,.,•. � • no danger r no extra insurance. ' and always reliable. Will Navy Yard. Leagueisland, �Penn .• _ H. S. Craven. � te ce e ��;d .PI��r��\t -- �� Pi: �fI liI:��t���?{ {t.':s'h��:·D. .• THE NE '�;;:SIrEN�, G':\S ENGINE. well with high or low steam. Navy Yard, Pensacola. a C t!i.t. 1Il1� 1 Less liable to getft����::� out of r. 'tf Nj?%�� THE BAKER BLOWER.[FORCED BLAST.] seful for work of small stationarySCHI stea,EmIC engine.HER, �:�� i::3: i.:.HA. G 'Xo�.� ��'i,�g.!t8J l: U ... 4, P. a Built ln slzes of&;� ()O' . and3OOi,. H. by order than pump ; will feed The best 1n the World for l'iCHUllI M Chestnut Street. Phila., Pa. water through a heater; A. C. Mannin", il8 always delivers water HOT Charcoal Blast Furnaces. hey St .• New York. Agent. to the boiler. Manufactured Also for melting Iron in Cu­ c and polas forStove Foundries. etc. 8, 16 & t ast WILBRAHAM BROS, 1'1�:�f��il't� I"�:rENI.sil:r6iI�{ , No. 2320 Frankford Avenue, PHILADELPHIA, P.A.. �SEND FOR OUR CATALOGUE. �. I NI Dra,,:lng Paper for Maps, Plans. Me- fIU� �1fI£ :�Y'M�li;B�U �======;====����chamcal Draw- I 'bA l}; �n HpUJ ings, is ' the �fcuI';!"... VI:6'�ENKf�s;'Sh: �Oyg':'n . v?i�M8.��d. Paper.TH E endB EST for e & $5 S Saml�i} PA RAG 0 N. It week in your own town. Terms and ontflt FFEL ESSER. New York $ H. HALLETT Me. 66 free Address & Co., Portland, ------�._-_. --_._ --- -- Telegraph:Telephone. and ElectriC Llght SuPplies. ' ------THE WALLACE DIAMOND CARBONS The Oldest an Largest Manufacturerll of the Original THE NONETbe Latest-SUCH and Best.TURB INE. EW ORK BEL d THE TW IN nOTA RY I'IJ MP. N Y TINO AND PACK. NO COMP'Y . �! CIITheleI !lestn,A nFire Pump ade. SOLZ:O VULO.A.. N":J:TE I"'A\\' MILl,S, WithtlEA Ball'sIUNG Patent LeverSHAJ?'lSet. 'JNG. MII,L &; l e e guar- EMERAl otber kind. ImitationllYan d InferioWHEELSr. Our name Isstamp ed In :full upon all ou�. ns: IT�!!�J

© 1881 SCIENTIFIC AMERICIAN, INC �lUtritau. $ [JUNE citutific 25, 1881. THE ES'l'ABLISHED 1844. New York Machine CATALOGUED • Ice Company, Successor to THE FOLLOWING MANUFACTURERS ARE PRO­ 115 Broadway, New York, Room 78. "'OSEl?� C. TODD, MJNENT IN THEIR RESPECTIVE LINES; II'< SHORT. llEAD(�UAR'l' ERS : LOW P ES ABSORPTION SYSTEM ARE SU BINARY TODD &, RAFFERTY, PATERSON, N. J., R REIl lacl.ines Making Engineer and Machinist, -VV a h S E rks a I RE ROCPE: , "io� �?.&h����: �i'1ar.,�'i l,rg�e �i::.':n ����Se Wo l'� 1ie!lB"a�r,!,If;� S� :: N. Y. andB�\�;s Force���Pio Pumpy!e,;�i'!l combined. Also owner and exclusive manufacturer of HOISTING ��lYb��ENGINE'y S. LowICE Pressure AND when running. COLD No presiure atAIR rest. Ma­I The New Baxter Patent Portable Steam Engine, chines gnaranteed by C. H. Delamater & Co. These engines are admirably adapted to all kinds of light power for COPELANDLIBERTY ST., & NEW BAC YORKON.. HOLDS INK dnving Sli FOR A PRINTING PRESSES, WEEK'S USE. pumping water sawing wood, grinding coffee, ginning cotton, and all THE LUVALVESDLOW AND VALVEFillE HYDRANTS. M'F'G (JO., kinds of agricultural and mechanical pnrposes, and are furnished at the Troy. N. Y. folluwing low prices : ROCK DRILLS AIR COMPRESSORS. o e Power, Horse Po w r, 12 Horses er $150245 \12%% $190 & H r Pow , Horse Poweer, INGERSOLL ROCK DRILL CO., 275 Park Place, 'New York. Pow , 1 1-2 Send for3 Horsedescriptive Power, circular. 290 Address 4 Horse er 350 Establ'd A C N TODD� Paterson, J., Solid CASTE STEELLE Face andA Horn.YI Are LS. Fully 18 War­43. ranted. Retail Price, cts. per lb. Or No. J.Bar c. clay St., York.N. 10 10 New Double Screw, Parallel, Leg Vises. Made andWARRANTED stronger tban any other Vise by only, J. BOYLE ICE MACHINE CO., Columbia BicyclB. _FISHER & NORRIS 'J�l'enton, N.I: A permanent, practical road EXETER MA CHINE WORKS' vehicle, whose graceful model Manufacturers Ice Ma.ANDchines Steam Engines, l ners, and B o and clegant appearance excite Sttam lIeatillg Apparatlls.of universal admiration. is care· Federal St., Boston. IlIltss. Refrigerating Apparatus. It 1i0 JeJferson Street, Chicago, Ill. fully finished, and confidently The Greatest l3reaker on Earth. Estimntes and Circnlnrs npon Application. guaranteed as best value for . Capacity, ton a minute. All kinds of Minin No. IO N. the tt Rook t,Ma chin- money to be attained in a & l'iC VI LLE the f bicycle. Send 3c. stamp for 24 i{it"g,c�tl�ng�,A 1;� S i'i{oJet\1{)A R I L page catalogue with price lists S TESaw Mill Machines,NS Boilers, andMIL Enllines.S. and fnll lnformation. STEARNS 1IIANUFACTURINGSAW COllIPANl' I<: l'ie, Pa.

Howard Manufacturing The : Co. Wa shington Address, No. BROADWAY, NEW YORK, THE597 POPE MFG.St., CO ., 364 MANUFACT URE AND INTRODUCE NEW YORK BELTING AND PACKING BOSTON, MASS. \VB. A. HARRIS.(I'A RK g PROV!lix:IDminutesENCE,walk it. I.We st from staSTti9nREET),. Orlgmal and Only bUilder the . on the goodswhenever you buy 01 PATENTED roll l:!i O • NOVELTI ES. LO MACHNEW ANDI hlPROVED PATTERNS.T O LS BELTING,OK FO HOR SE,OUR or STAMP I Send new illustratedN I STS catalogue.' =Eo With Harris' I'atented Improvements, for BAlUtIS-CORLfl' om to ISSH. ENP. GINE ;"3 :::-"-&-;;---::-3S"'--PAtiii ROW. NEWPACKIN YORK.G. : 10 1.000 Parker's Pocket Scale. I � mail, 5Oc. to tra Lathes, Drills, 'i I880"Lace Cutter. Hy Discount the de. NEW HAVEN IUAN� FAC·.'URIN(;; co., Sterling Elliott, 262 Dover St., Boston, Mass. PlanersNew, Jlaven.&0. Co nn.

ELEVATOR BUCKET, � DUuse in C'SGrain Elevators, Flour Mi]Js, Sugar Uefinel'ies, and 00 == ForIl 's of every kind. They are made of Charcoal Stamping Iron, "' Cl;) !\'Iistrong and' durable. Have no corners to catch. use. extra = 300,00U lD Cl;) Z Sole Manufactnrer, Brooklyn, N. Y. ... The Semi·Centen11ial THOS. F. ROWLAND, Of the American Institute of the City of ew York will --- 00 open September Heavy machineryExhiN bitio will ben re...... S Q ceived as ea.rly 14,Au 1881gust. other goods, September I 0 Intending as 22 i 6. . Q,.. exhibitors mu-,;t make early application to � S d a n � '���U1�fJ:� ��[on ��C3re�� H�:'�8i.�� �'i.pe l'f:�fe���!� M'IIWIe m akeS toBurr es.M ill�t.ones. an dPortahle CDrn 1\1iI18, M'II SmI ut M : Amel'icull t a 00 Institute, New York City. n 'i� �o';iiHlimd.'UM���S f':,� t. cat.alogue. '..-1 J. T. NOYE SONS, Bullalo. N. = i;t PAT N QUICK ���';l�'gP����r:h�'�.f.:3�,;d& 1". 00 -= FOOT PRE�SES. AdjEust able T Stroke ,..ce STILES & PARKER PhESS CO" Middletown, Cona. Cl;),.. THE STRONG­ -= == est, most com­ Cl;) Q SHAPERS e i e Plastic Cement and Fel with or without the Can be Changed while in 1Ilotion. plete,and r a Hair t, == of En 'ines and IR � GOULD Boilers. Speciall bl PatBOIent ·ttR COVERS ING' S .. Q & , Method. .... E. NEWARK,EBERHAR N. DT, 8izes,4to40H. P. "A P AC E J. � Cl;) Made from pure Italian Asbestos. in fiber.mill board and Cl;) ...... jOintless 81 eam c '..-1 kettles and ma- A�nESTOS��ot MATE�l��Th�-t�r.RIAL��:YoS,':k. -= ��in�w:;��r� � r8(,;��f:i�'�fre� �n� ,.. f� d��.W�fI�t e for 00 Sons & Co.,Bulla· �Pr�[!���&?[ s"6�l86� lo�FJJ����� == Q NEW 10, N. Y. ,.. FOR CIRCULAR PrintsenvelopPR, �,.. FITCHBURG ACOUSTIC TEe Co /�:k� � COMPACT, STRONG, DURABLE. FITCHBURG MASS etc. [Self· ICE AT PEICE R CO., 'I'ON. mker�ards. Press ��1�r��NbSEND PICTET ARTIFICIAL81.00 I.imited, 53 $4]. CAN BE CARRIED IN T�E VEST _POCKET. P. O. Box . 14� Greenwich St., New YOl'I<. for circulars, etc., Guaranteed to be the most. and economical oj all 12 other sizes. Do your own print­ CENTS. ESSA INVENTION'�I�I.'S.-How to Make a Profitable existing Ice 3083and Cold Air Machineseffi Cient . $8.ing. Pleasurer e S or S m oney making; old PRICE 25 InYention.y- bN Cont ains information that will enable any in- P ve a ; ventor to invent a devic that win pay. 25c.cu rrency or Lat f�slr��rfc;ns� C���ltg:U: 6� stamps. N. 0"VENI 'ORT. Valparaiso, Indiana L t Bt l Type, Cards, etc., for two stamps 1c. e wo�t; tw;;'-\';:l}:� • T E 1R81CO., Mallet Creek, O. .M.a.nuracturers, Kelsey lIIeriden, Conn. per at Sam lesworth $5free. Circularsfree. HOLCOMB & � &; 1.:0., t:� �::£ day home. g, E P H 0 N E Address STINSON & 0., Portland, Me. � $5 to $20 -" -B --A-K- E- '---C-H -A-L-L --- E-"- ---C-K--B --R -A-K- E-R-.. L S E N C R O E Patented Novembel' 18, 181"9. T. :1\1.1:. NAGLE,PA., For MacrI.Iant Rond making, BalJastingof Itniironds, Crushing Ores, use of Iron FUl'nnces, ERIE, i e r s HARTFORD Manufaetwrer ��y.!')f ��:I�ri!�� �d��;:,d°I;l;��g����F�ll��� '::.i'� ��:;����gJr�:io"�,f. "6i?fe��r:��o'�� of li'irstClass Medals Swpenonty awarded by American Institute, 1879 and 1880. Portable, Stationary, Sole Makers, New Haven, Conn. STEAM BOILER BLAKEof CUUSHElt CO •• AND FRIEDMANN'S PATENT INJECTOR, Inspeotion & Insuranoe Agricultural THE BEST STE.A.:L'\I.I: EN"G:J:N"ES. COMPANY.

IN THE WORLD. W.B. FRANKLIN,V. Pres't. J. M. ALLEN. Pm't, Address JOHN A. ROFJBLING'S �ON�. Manufactur· BoSimpileler, Reliable. Fe aud Effedective. er ers, Trenton, or Liberty ::::.treet, New York. J. D, PIERCE, See'y Wheels and N.Rope J., for117 conveying power long distances. FOR BEST Send for circular. 40,000 IN ACTUAL US E. COLD Send for PricePENS. List to NArJ.1HAN .& DREYFUS. JOHIiHOLL AND, Mfr., 19 West 4th St., Cincinnati. Sole Manufacturers, Send for DescriptiveNEW Catalogue YOR K. Jenkins' Pat.f\nt Pack ing and Valves. "THE STANDARU." Jenkins' Packing has never failed to make a perfect where directions tollowed. Jenkins' Va Ives joint were e r{";ro'l:�dgt.�k�� y

For steep or fiatroofs. Applied by ordInary workmen :[::�:r:fd J"i�lflJt�R'8��, ���� at one-third the cost of tin. Circulars and samples free. PatentJarvis Setting for SteamFurn Boilers.ace Burns' Co. Screenings ROOFIT. NC. and Slack Coal without Blast. No. 7''liver St., Boston ; Agents Wanted. NEW, 32 John Street, New York. No. East St., New York : No. Market bt., St. Louis422; No. 1 23d ::5econd St ...Baltimore. 709 L. MOTT IRON WORKS, THE8S andJ. 90 Beekmnn St., New York. J)pmarest's Pat.ent Water Closets used almost ex�lusively in all fine work. J)" lIlnl'est'PiI Water atr d r i in ¥��:��res� t:i��tl}� !� 1pl�!�ge1�, l� f� Baths unequaled for beauty and cleanliness. �ani" o f_all k_ind_. FORSTER'S CRUSHER AND CRUSHER AND PULVERIZER _t ary_G _o d_"O t�7�h;�S -�� ---I��S The simplest machine et!pr.

© 1881 SCIENTIFIC AMERICIAN, INC