[Entered at the Post Office of New York, N. Y., flS Second Class Matter. Copyrighted. lA88. by Munn & Co.J A WEEKLY JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION, ART, SCIENCE, MECHANICS, CHEMISTRY, AND MANUFACTURES.

A YEAR. [,3.00WEEKLY.

THE NEBRASKA CITY PONTOON BRIDGE. bridge begins, and reaches across the main river, with increase the strength of the steel anchoring cables. The We illustrate in the present issue a new bridge re- a length of 1,074 feet. As will be seen from the cut,thE' bows of the boats are to be sheathed with iron and cently completed, which crosses the Missouri River at bridge is angular or V-shaped. The point or apex of the bottoms are to receive an extra planking of oak. Nebraska City, Neb. The bridge is of a type that has the angle points down stream. When it is necessary It is considered certain that the rapid current will but little d for military th draw, the connections under p ed to been use , except purposes. It to open e at the apex are loos­ sweep all obstacles the boats. It is pro os consists of a flooring carried by a !lubstructure which ened and the current at once swings the two members remove the bridge when ice forms on the river. floats upon the river. A similar bridge across the Rhine, apart, leaving an unobstructed channel of 528 feet in The object of arranging the draw in the peculiar between Coblentz and Ehrenbreitstein, will be rernem- width. In this feature it is the largest drawbridge in shape shown was to facilitate closing. The govern­ bered by our readers, where the floor is carried by a the world. When it is desired to close it, the ends of ment, in granting the charter, had stipulated for so series of boats or pontoons. A pontoon bridge is also the draw members are brought together, the current wide an opening that it seemed doubtful if a pontoon

THE GREAT PONTOON DRAW BRIDGE OVER THE mISSOURI RIVER, AT NEBRASKA CITY.

in. use across the MiSSissippi River at Prairie du Chien. being made to do most of the work. The eutire opera­ could be closed at right angles to the axis of the In military operations pontoon bridges,from their port­ tion can be managed by one man. stream. ability, and on account of the rapidity with which This is in strong contrast to other structures of the Both the pontoon and crib bridges were built within can be ut tog t have acquired much they p e her, import­ same character. The draw in the Prairie du Chien the short space of twenty-eight days, at a cost of about e rly all the important structure alluded to above requires Col. S. ance, and have figured in n a a powerful en­ $18,000. N. Stewart, of Philadelphia, was the wars of modern times. gine to close it. constructing engineer. franchise for tw lv The bridge is divided into dw v c In the ckgr u d is shown a second bridge, built Nebraska City had held a e e years a roa ay for ehi les ba o n for the construction of a pontoon bridge. All move­ and two side paths for foot travelers. The roadway is for the use of the railroads. This also is a recently ments in the direction of carrying on the work met sixteen feet wide. On one side is a three-foot sidewalk. completed structure. It was built by the Union Bridge with the inevitable objections of those interested in and on the other side one of five and one-half feet Works. It is of steel throughout. Thecaissons were steamboats in T i ot l width of twenty-four and sunk in ec nd January nd of ply g on the river. Many predicted that width. h s giyes a t a D ember, 1887, a a February it would be impossible to construct it. The Missouri one-half feet. this year. The first piece of metal was put in position River, noted for its swift current, at this point at­ The floats . are anchored by a very perfect system, February 13, and on June 8 the last piece was in place. The river and one which, it is believed, will stand every condi­ et 325 feet tains about its highest velocity. carries The through spans are 400 fe . the deck span with it n and trees, tion the ·structure is likely to t long. length t ma y floatinglogs which alone would be exposed o. When it The entire of the bridge is 1,128 fee Iwd seem to make the maintenance of snch ­ in uild n the water was within two its g tons. The stone piers are 85 feet a structure im was process of b i g, wei ht is 1,489 possible. feet of high water mark, and the river swept dowp high and are 18 by 46 feet area at their bases. The river l g and at this point has two arms. Over one of many o s trees of great size. Numbers were car­ The pontoon bridge has proved so successful that it having by the current under boats wit t p them a permanent cribwork bridge passes, a ried the hou any bad has been proposed to form a com any for the construc­ of feet. it on is of ntoo the toW length 1.050 Where stops the p toon effects. For t4e spripg tl99<1/1 it proposed to greatly tic;m po n bridges across Missouri River,

© 1888 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. JCltutific �mtri.cau. ("NOVEMBER 10, 1888.

considerations of cheapness and prac­ TO. LONG LIFE. Certainly, from FACTS AS ticability, they would seem to leave little to be desired. What tends to long life is a study with more profit The multiplication of bridges across the great rivers of as facts are used for data. The editor of a Boston the West is a movement in the direction of advanced paper, unread in theory, sent blanks ESTABLISHED 1845. through Massa· civilization. The sim ple and cheap pontoon bridges, chusetts to men and women of eighty years and more, by their number, may be made to do better work in inquiring as to habits, stat.e of eyes, teeth, hearing, facilit.ating intercourse than would be effected by a MUNN & CO., Editors and Proprietors. and the like, getting over 3,500 replies, and if in these slllaller number of more pretentiQus structures. For PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT there is nothing to refute the assertions of the theorists, some years their service may be all that will be desired, there is yet not anything to sustain them. aOll, as they prove inadequate, one by one they can be No. 361 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. They ate meat, save in a few cases, ad lib., and replaced by more permanent works. though none of them, if we take their own word for it, .. ,e,. O. D. MUNN. A. E. BEACH. have drunk freely of spirits, all, or nearly all, have Solidification oC PoW'dered Me tals. taken of them on occasion. These old people are from Professor Chandler Roberts Austen dealt with the 'rERMS POR 'rHE SCIEN'rIPIC AMEIUCAN. cities, towns, agricultural and maritime districts, in formation of solid metals by compressing strongly the une copy. one year. for the V. S. or Canada ...... S3 00 nearly all cases leading active lives, eating three meals copy, for V. or Canada ...... 1 :iO powders of the constituent metals. Since 1878, the One .lx mooths. the S...... a day, the dinner being, as is the custom in New Eng· One copy, one year, to any foreig-ncountry belonging to Postal Union, 4 00 labors of Professor Walthere Spring, of the University ltemitby postal or express money order. land, in the middle of the day, of meat and vegetable8, of Liege, have been mainly devoted to the study of A u8tralia. and New Zealand.-Those who desire to receive the and pie, and very hearty. Curiously enough, though the effect of compression on various bodies. Tbe par­ SCIENTIFJC AMERICAN, for a little over one year. may remit.£1in current the women are of medium height, Colonial bank notes. Address the men are mostly lic powder left to itself at the ordinary tall, above the average; ticles of a metal MUNN & CO., 3til Broadwuy. corner of Franklin Street. New York. and so greatly do blue and atmospheric pressure will not unite, but by augmenting gray eyes prevail that other shades 'rile Sclelltlfic Amerlcall SnpI'iemell' are notable excep­ the points of contact in a powder, the result may he is a distinct paper from the SCIENTIFIC AMItRICAN.THE SV PPLII:�lIl:N'l' tions. Baldness is rare, the hair being usually brown very different. Professor Austen's experiments were is issued weekly. Every number contains 16 octavo pages.uniform in size and thick, but the teeth are very poor or entirely gone. with SCIEN'rIFIC AMERICAN. 'l'erms of subscription for SUPPLEMENT, The made with the aid of a compression apparatus, in $6.00 report says : M.OOa year, for V. S. and Canada. a year to foreign countries belong­ which the metallic powder is placed under a short cyl- Inll( to the Postal Vnion. Sinll(le copies,lU cents. Sold by all newsdealers " These old people, men and women alike, are early inder of steel in a cavity in a steel block divided ver- throughcut tbe country. risers almost without exception, and fully nineteen out SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN and SUPPLEMENT tically, held together by a co ar. T e pressure is ap- (: .. mblo"d ltates.-'l'he of every twenty have observed this custom th II b will be sent for one year, to any address in V. S. or Canada, on receipt of rough plied to a cylindrical rod. Under It pressure of 2,000 at- •• ven dollars. life, except, perhaps, in some short period of youth. mospheres on the piston, or 13 tons on the square inch, 'l'be safest way to remit Is by draft, postal order, express money order. or Exercise has been hard up to sixty-five or lead, in the form of filings, becomes compressed into a reJdstered letter. seventy years, and after that period has consi�ted Australia and New Zealaud.-The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN and solid block, in which it, is impossible to detect the SUPPLEMENT will beseot for a little over one year on receipt of £2 cur­ (when the regular occupations have been given up) rent Colonial bank notes. slightest vestige of the original grains; while, under & of walking or gardening, or both. Except in cases of Addl'e158l\lUNN CO., 361 Broadway. corner of Franklin Street, New York. a pressure of 5,000 atmospheres, lead no longer resists sickness, these old people are as active and as fond of the pressure, but flows as if it were liquid through all constant occupation of some sort to-day as most men NEW YORK, SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 10, 1888. the cracks of the apparatus, and the piston of the com­ and women are at thirty-five. One of the most signifi­ pressor descends to the base of the cylindrical hole, cant facts gathered in this canvass is that regarding Conte .. driving the lead before it. The more interesting re- ,•• occupation. Out of 1,000 men, throughout life, 461 suIts were obtained by Spring with crystalline metals. (Illustrated articles are marked with an asterisk.) have been farmers ; 92 have been carpenters ; 70, mer­ Art. murder culture 7,000,000 . . . 2\l.1 chants Bismuth, as is well known, is crystalline and brittle, r pictorial, ...... •.by.. 298 Lill(ht of . candles ...... •. ; 61, mariners; 49, laborers ; 42, shoemakers ; 41, BeH, car,patent 296 Ltgbtmg, artltlClal,the 0bleru 292 yet powder and bismuth unite under a. pressure g! man ufacturers ; clergymen ; 23, masons ; 16, black­ fine lliCk�.:',S�,.'!tl� �e �t,� �,. 29 �t s o 297 23, I �.� . .� . I 7 �: ��:;. ���':,�;�s�� eni l of 6,000 atmospheres into a block ve y similar to that �? �� f i ;;ii�g: smiths ; 16, bankers; 12 each iron workers, mill hands, . : �re��r�;,�i.��.����.?L:.::: 290 Me�I��I1(��;:�·er;'d:·soiiditic;;iion. . . . obtained by fusion, havmg Ii. crystallme fracture. Tin, H��1�:Book. and publications. new ..... �2lJ9 of ...... 288 physicians, and lawyers; and the rest are divided . ..• • Bridge, pontoon, Nebruska City. 287 Motton, dabbing, Unwin's, for when compressed In powder, uDltes, and If It IS made Brldl

© 1888 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. NOVEMBER 10, 1888.] J titlltifit )mttitau.

In this way a rapid service could be had, and a relia­ work began, the .,construction train was transferred to wood stands close to an equally big swamp oa.k, and & ble one. the siding, to make room for the track-laying train, typical hettirophylla about six feet high is growing up Like many another rule observed in public depart­ which was pushed to the extreme front of the line. within two or three yards of their trunks. Thill lit­ meuts and" circumlocution " offices, that which pro­ The track laying train consisted usually of nine plat· tle tree is several hundred feet a.way from the others vides for all letters collected downtown going first form cars loaded with rails, eight loaded with ties, of its kind:" through the general office, or uptown only through four with spikes, flsh plates, and other accessories, and The leaves of these trees present an interesting di­ certain specified H distribution " offices, is a long way a dozen or so with material for stations and bridges versity of shapes, and reveal their composite origin. around without, by any means, being the shortest way a,nd provisions and water for the workmen, the whole Whereas the leaves of the willow oak are simple, entire to securit.y. At present., the collector and the dis­ being just sufficient for .a mile and a quarter of track. margined, and of the willow leaf shape, the lea.ves of tributing clerk in the post office to whom he hands his These trains were loaded at supply stations on the fln· the other strains of oak, a.s the scarlet, swam p, or mail pouch are held responsible for letters dropped in ished part of the line, and sent forward at regular in­ quercitron, which may presumably be intermingled in the boxes of a certain district. Would there be any tervals, and three of them were often required in a day. the Q. heterophyUa, are lobed and pinnatifid. Thele less responsibility, any lells security, in handing the In ord er to unload them quickly, and with the least diverse tendencies in the offspring produce an enter­ same letters to a similar clerk on a moving train? The loss of time in handling and transferring materials, taining assortment of various forms, and are intrinsi· system of receipts now in vogue in the post office is General Annenkoff, after some experience with the cally valuable as a contribution to vegetable heredity. good enough for the system here suggested. The col­ usual method, of taking the rails and ties from the .... ., sideFl of the cars, loading them on carts, or on the backs lecting carrier, on tnrning;over his letters to the mail Street HrlcJKe•• of cdomels, and transporting them to where they were agent, migh.t get a receipt for them, with the time of A Frenchman who was awkward enongh to anow wanted, equipped all the cars carrying ties and rails day appended ; the receiver, one of the messenger from himself to be run over in the boulevards, left by will with runways on each side, fitted with rollers, and the sub-station, and so on. Thus the claimant for a 100,000 francs to the city of Paris for the purpose of nearly meeting at the ends of the cars, so that the lost letter need only have a record of the position of the building bridges over the streets at the most frequented rails and sleepers, instead of being thrown overboard, lamp-post box he dropped it in, and the time, in order and dangerons points. As no measure had ever been and then picked up and carried where they were that a .. tracer " might be started after it. taken, the legitimate heirs of the deceased philan­ wanted, were simply shifted to the runways, and rolled The business messenger boy system grew directly thropist sued the city recently to recover the money. ·rapidly forward to the front of the train, where they out of a public need of quick delivery, and the local This woke up the sleepers, and the common council were immediately laid, or taken on �rucks, if required, telegraph system as well. Both are too costly for the have decided on building a specimen bridge over the and carried to some point in advance.-American use of the general public, not to say too slow and un· boulevard at the breakneck corner of the Boulevard Architect. certain. The allurements of duck-on·a·rock, mumble­ Montmartre. If fivehundr ed people do not interfere the· peg, and street ball are likely always to prove too with flve thousand conflicting opinions, Paris will be An Intere.Unl( DI.covery. strong for the averl\.geme ssenger boy, as well as the in­ converted into a modern bridged Venice for the ex­ clination to walk and save his fare; and telegraph A botanical allnouncement of interest and scientific hibition. offices are too few and far between to venture compe­ importance has recently been made in the Proceedings This plan of bridging a crowded thorougllfare was tition with a public messenger service supplied with of the Natural Science Association of Staten Island. thorou�hly tried in New York several years ago, by the well trained, well tested, well watched servants of It is the discovery of a peculiar and rare hybrid oak, erection of a foot bridge over Broadway at the junction mature years. whose alfinities and exact parentage and status have of Fulton Street. But it proved a failure. The time At present, the time required to collect anll deliver a puzzled botanists and led to very different opinions as and labor of climbing the stairs and the danger in Quercus heterophylla letter varies from about two hours, under the most to its character. It is the of descending proved to be greater difficulties to the dear favorable conditions, to about four-under the least. Michaux, commonly known as Bartram's oak, and so people than the direct method with all its risks. So Under the plan suggested it seems not unreasonable to designated because the typical example grew on the the bridge was taken down. It cost the ·cit.y about estimate two hours as the longest period required, and farm of .John Bartram near Philadelphia, where it had '100,000. If such a bridge were provided with com­ the average time as much less. There are, of course, been recognized as early as 1750 as a singular and fortable cars and cable to carry people up, over, and even quicker means of letter distribution than aberrant form. down, it would doubtless be popular. that outlined. There's the pneumatic, which, in Eu­ Mr. Wm. T. Davis has made the IItriking observa­ rope, has proved so efficient, and here in America has tion of its presence in considerable numbers and in a 04'e'" DanKer oC Fire Iron StealD Pipe been improved on. It is proposed you put your letter variety of stages near Richmond Valley Station, Staten fioolD •• The nature of the fire danger of all heating appara­ in a lamp· post box. and, whisp ! it is in the post office Island, "in a low, wet piece of woodland," where, he before you are gone. At the post office it is put into remarks, .. nineteen oaks have so far been discovered, tus where fluesor pipes are laid through or near wood­ work seems to be misapprehended by many who might another pneumatic tube, whence it flies to the uptown each tree having a sort of hidividuality." sub-station. T!lus, when you drop your letter in the The point of interest is this : The oaks are addicted be supposed to be well informed upon such a subject. box, you as good as put it into the hands of the letter­ to hybridization, and a glance among the oaks in Gray's One editorial writer, addressing an audience df arti­ sans, compares the methods by which wood is set on carrier in the far off sub·station. near its Hestination; Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States its di�patch depending on him. discloses a section wherein are grouped a number of fire by steam or hot water pipes or hot air flues to No doubt we shall have such a system in the future .. anomalous or occasional, probably some or all of "the drip of water falling always upon the same for letters, and, indeed, for small parcels as well. Till them hybrid forms." Here will be found the Qu.ercus place," gradually wearing the hardest rock. .. Thus," • heterophylla, • Q. Phellas he adds, ., a comparatively low degree of heat acting then we might reasonably expect to have a system at enumerated as a state of (the least as rapid as the conditions already existing will willow oak) with dilated and toothed or cut leaves." for years upon wood is able to first char, and then, supply, and in seeking for such a system we ought not In the same paragr.,\ph its reference to a variety of the under certain external influences, to set it aglow, and to overlook the opportunities for quick letter transit water oak lQ. aquatica) by De Candolle is quoted, while finally in flames." If his premise that ., the tempera­ offered by the horse cars, as well as the elevated roads. in a summary of the conflicting views of botanists rela· ture to which pipes and flues are raised is never high •. e ... tive to this perplexing tree, by Mr. A. Hollick, we find enough to set wood afire" is true-and it doubtless ill The Ru •• lan A..latle Railway. this assortment of guesses : .. Pursh considered it as not far away from verity-then the steadiness of tlle The opening of the great Asiatic railway has just probably a hybrid. Nuttnll thought it might be an dripping would insure safety, no matter how long con­ been celebrated at Samarkand, in Bokhara, about anomaloU!. variety of coccinea (scarlet oak). Barton tinued. Now, the manner in which a temperature too three hundred miles from the Chinese frontier and says • supposed to be a hyhrid.' Torrey also considered low to start rapid combustion in wood operates in three hundred and forty froln the boundary of British it a hybird. Noll says • dou btless a hybrid.' Meehan originating a fire is by first reducing the oxide of iron India. This is the present terminus, but an extension says that it partakes of the character of Q. Phellas (rust) to a metallic condition. This is possible only to Tashkend, two hundred miles further north, has (wil!ow oak) and Q. imbricaria (laurel oak). Buckley under certain external conditions, among them a dry already been surveyed. Although constructed for says that the tree at Mt. Holly is • in a thicket near atmosphere. .Just as soon as the air is recharged with military purposes, the rail way will probably be utilized several willow oaks, of which it is plainly one.' Leidy moisture, the reduced iron is liable to regatn, at a to develop the country commercially, and under the thought that a spll('imen wh�h he had obtained from bound, its lost oxygen, and in doing so to become red military administration some experiments have been Burlington County, New Jersey, indicated a hybrid be­ hot. That is the heat that sets the already tindered made in irrigation, which show portions, at least, of the tween Q. Phellas and Q. palustris. Englemann con­ wood or paper ablaze. Where there is no rllst there is arid country through which the road p'lsses to be ca· tended for its specific rauk at. first, hut flnally came to no danger from fire with a less than scorching tempf'ra­ pable of extraordinary fertility. Near some of the the conclusion that it was a hybr:'d between Q. Phellas ture in the pipe or flue. Hence the necessity of keep­ rivers, where systematic irrigation has been carried on, and Q_ tincto1·ia." ing . steam or hot water fittings in goon order. �Th(J Rine crops of clover are obtained annually, and cereals The value of Mr. Davis' discovery appears from this Sanitary News. produce a. hundredfold. Although the ties, as well as review of previous opinions, as the accessibility of the ... I. the rails, tools, rolling stock, and a part of th� pro­ locality and the number of the specimens may lead to IUeeelcal Fire EOl(lne. visions consumed by the workmen, were brought from definite conclusions as to the precise place of this tree A recent invention is Prof. S. S. Wheeler's electrical Russia, the construction was pushed with great econo­ in. botanical nomenclature. fire engine. It is intended to be worked by the current my, as well as rapidity, nearly four miles of track hav­ The weight of evidence as furnished by Mr. Davis is of an electric light wire, which can be tapped for ing often been laid in one day, while the total average that the Bartram's oak is a hybrid, from the great temporary service anywhere that it is wanted. Each. cost of the line, including land damages, track, stations, variation of the forms of the leaves, as oscillating from engine will carryon a reel some 500 feet of insulated rolling stock and other eqnipment, and telegraph line, entire margined elliptical exam ples to wedge·shaped fine copper wires, bound together, cable fashion, 10 having been only about twenty-six thousand dollars a pinnatifid states, between which are a series, gradu­ as to equal a No. 3 wire. for transmission of the cur­ mile. One of the most serious items of expense was for ated, and connecting the extremes, of leaves irregu­ rent. As" it is a. good deal easier to squirt electricity the provitlion of a regular and sufficient wat.er supply larly sinuous in outline and asymmetrically lobed on than to squirt water," the engine, it is Intended, shall in that desert region, for all the stations, repair shops, opposite sides. He also regards the willow oak (Q. be placed near the fire and the electric connection and workmen's settlements, but everything was done Phellas) as certainly one parent, sinca a reversion to made as is convenient. The powerful current of an in the most thorough manner, all the stations, as well its characteristic willow leaf type is always obvious arc light wire will not be required, that of the as the barracks for the military guard, which were ne· among the foliage of the Bartram oak. The other ordinary incandescent light circuit, which is much cessarily attached to the stations, being built of stone. parent is doubtful, but in Mr. Davis' note on the 10' lower in intensity. being amply sufficient to run the The method of laying the track was de\'ised with great cality and its occupants. he says: .. There are eight ad· motor of the engine. The great advan tages claimed ingenmty, and carried out with military precision. A ditional trees greatly like those just described, and for the electric flre engine are that it can be in­ permanent construction train was arranged, conveying each one, as has been remarked, shows individual char­ stantaneously started up at full speed; th at it ill two crews, each consisting of four or flvehund red na­ acter, but a. general resemblance in branching, foliage, lUuch lie:hter than a stea.m fire engine of equal power ; tive laborers, with a hundred and flfty soldiers to act and acorns runs through them all. The lea\"es are not that it costs one·third le!!8; that it is safer and easier ' as guards and overseers, and fltted with sleeping gloslIY on the upper surface. but in a few trees are of control; that it is norseless in· its operations; and berths, kitchen and hospital cars. traveling blacksmith slightly downy on their under side, along the mid-ribs. that it is economical. Where there are no electric light and machine shops. and provision cars, and attended The character and posit.ion of these oaks would indi­ wires in the street to be ta.pped, it will not be bn­ by a private train of five or lIix cars, which served as cate that Q. Phellas (willow oak), with Q. palustris practicable to run it by meanll of lltorage batteriel the dwelling of General Annenkoff and hilll!llite. Every (l'Iwamp oak). are the pa.rents, and thill latter tree charged from a dynamo at the engine honse or at an7 five or six miles a siding was built, and when the day's abounds in the locality. The larlrest willow oak in the other convenient establillhed point.

© 1888 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 2QO Jeitutific �tutti,au. [NOVEMBER 10, 1888.

CAR COUPLING. per minute, while the dabber makes but four hundren. AN IMPROVED CAR WHEEL AND AXLE. An improved car coutller is repre!

and the noils are less than with a brush motioll. The actual percentage of increase of top over that made on same comb by brush motion is at least three per cent. For further information, address Paul Unwin, super­ intendent Manhattan Worsted Mills, 130th Street and 11th Avenue, New York .

. ,.,. Another Flour DU8t Expl081on. At Cleveland, Ohio, September 15, at 3 o'clock A.M., an explosion of flour dust fired theNational Flouring Mills, owned by M. B. Clark & Son, caused a loss of $125,000, killed two men, and severely burned four others. Nobody knows how the explosion originated. It shook the earth for a mile, making buildings trem­ ble and doors and windows rattle. When the first fire chicf arrived on the ground, he found seven men prostrate in the street. Some of them were on the outside of the building when the explosion occurred, and had been thrown violently down, while others had been blown out of the mill windows. Most of them were only stunned, and FOSTER'S CAR COUPLING. SMITH'S CAR WHEEL AND AXLE. gradually recovered. The building burned very ra­ pidly, and with it 1,200 barrels of flour and pin is pivoted to the center of a transverse lever, 40,000 tubular hub, with an annular groove adapted to be bushels of wheat. whose ends, extending outward, can be maqipulated journaled in any suitable form of hanger, while a from either side of the platform. When the lever is ...I. sleeve is cast integral with the inner face of the wheel, inclined so as to hold the pin up and out of engage­ AN IMPROVED CHAIR, FISH PLATE, AND RAIL of such length that when the opposing wheels are ment as shown in Fig. 1, it is held in that position by COUPLER. upon the track the contiguous ends of the sleeves will a rack pawl, pivoted at the same point as the coupling A railway rail chair and fish plate designed to hold nearly abut, as shown in the sectional view. An outer pin, Fig. Ii, whose teeth catch in a hole in a small plate the rail more firmly than is ordinarily effected, and sleeve, of a length equal to that of the usual length of carried 6,y a counterweighted piece swinging longi­ prevent the rails from getting away irom a perfect ad­ the axle between the wheels, is made to cover the tudinally. When the cars come together the lower end justment in line with each other, is illustrated here­ inner sleeves of the wheels, upon which the outer of this piece is struck and the catch is tripped, releasing with, and has been patented by Mr. Willarn. Wilt, of sleeye turns loosely, and a rod is passed through the the pawl. At once the main cross bar resumes the New York City, P. O. Box 3,526. The combined chair hubs and sleeves of the wheels, one end of the rod horizontal position and the pin drops into place through and fish plate coupling is shown in full and sectional having a cap or head, and its other end a nut or the link. As the main cross bar does this it also raises views in Figs. 1 and 2, being made in a single piece, equivalent fastening device, or the rod may be a small cross piece whose lower member ex- threaded at both ends, and have the usual tends across and underneath the opening' in lock nuts. the drawhead. This picks up the end of the .,.,. link and guides it with certainty to its place. IMPROVED VENTILATING MAN HOLES FOR In Fig. 2 is shown the method of applying SEWERS. this invention to an ordinary drawhead, A construction of man holes for sewers where two bolts hold the whole in working designed to provide a free escape of the position. This coupling is the invention of sewer gases, and, if desired, a means of puri­ Mr. A. G. W. Foster. Inquiries relative to fying them before their escape, is illustrated the same may be addressed to J. H. Shel­ herewith, and has been patented by Mr. muth, Esq., Jasper, Ala. Thomas W. Morgan, of Oakland, Cal. The .., .. � . vertical chimney or Illan hole, extending UNWIN'S DABBING MOTION FOR NOBLE from the street surface down to the sewer, COMBS has its upper part finished off by a circular Has been in actual use in Belgium, France, iron curb with a perforated cover, while a England, and America from one to two supplemental vertical flue is built at one years. and is, therefore, no experiment. This side of the man hole, the lower end connect· motion dispenses entirely with the brush so ing therewith as shown in the sectional far as the large circle is concerned, and uses view, the opening being covered by a side only a small brush, 1 by 3 inches, for dabbing lattice or grating. The cover for the man into the small circle. This small brush will hole has an extension at one side, which wear for months before requiring repairs, WILT'S COMBINED CHAIR, FISH PLATE, AND RAIL COUPLER. forms a cover for the supplemental flue, and the item of brush repairs, so costly on and a hole or opening is made in the side the old styles of brush motions, is, therefore, nominal with vertical branches forming the fish plates, these of the cylindrical cnrb, which communicates with the on the Unwin motion. The saving in brush repairs yielding laterally to embrace the web of rails of various upper end of the su pplemental flue. Around the lower alone will pay for this motion in a Iilhort time. sizes. The rail is made with spike recesses or notches, inner edge of the main curb is a projecting lip, upon The dabbing is effected in the large circle by tneans which are sufficiently elongated to allow for all con­ which rest the edges of a metal pan or cover having a of a rocking arm, to which are fastened curved steel traction and expansion, while the spike holes in the central eye bolt or handle, for lifting it out when the blan.es, which press the wool gradually into the pins. chair and couplmg fitexactly to the spike, preventing perforated cover is removed, the pan serving to pre­ The blades and arm are so cOllstrncted that a portion the rail from be"m g drawn apart more at one point vent dirt from faIling into the man hole. The supple­ of the blades never rises above the pins. The wool is, than another. mental flueor passage may be filled with charcoal or therefore, pressed well down into the circle, and can­ . I.I. other disinfectant, whereby the gases arising from the Electrical Boata. not possibly rise above the pins. After passing the sewer by this channel will be purified, the gases enter­ The first public pleasure boat to be driven by elec· dabber, the motion of t.he dabber is so easy and posi­ ing this fluereturn ing into the cylindrical curb above trical power on the river Thameswas recently launched. tive that it can be run much slower than a brush, and the pan, and from thence escaping into the open air. the circle can safely be s�eeded up to three revolutions It is 65� feet long, 10 fe9t beam, and designed to carry eighty passengers, with a mean draught of 22 inches, 12� tons displacement, at six miles an hour, as regulated by the conservancy by-law. The electrical machinery and storage being placed below the deck fore and aft leaves a clear run the whole length of the boat for p8.SSengers. The electricity is stored in 200 Electrical Power Storage Company's accumulators, and is converted into power by two motors of 7� horse power each, driving twin tbree-bladed propellers by Thornycroft & Co. The whole has been deSigned and built by Mr. W. Sargeant, Cbiswick. •.e .•

The Population .. t' India. The statistical abstractof India which has just been issued contains an estimate of the population of India in March, 1887, namely: British territory, 207.754,578 ; the native states, 60,382,466 ; Jriving a total popUlation for all IndIa of 268,137,044. Both in BI'itish territory and the native states the number of males is mucb larger tban that of females. In 1881 in British terri­ tory there were 101 '2 males to 97'4 females, and in thl? native states28'7 males to 26'4 females,and in all India there \vere "fn " that year 3ust 6,013,419 more males than V1fWI1f'S DADING NOlIt'E COMBS. females. MAN J[OTION FOR J[OBGAN'S VJNTILATING HOLES FOR SEWEBS.

© 1888 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. NOVEMBER 10, 1888.] Jtitufifit �mtritau.

A DESK SIGNAL FOR SCHOOLS. toes are attached threads which are held under tension AN IMPROVED GIG SADDLE. ' A simple and effective signal, to be used by scholars by ordinary pins stuck into the cork. The foot is A construction of gig saddle, with the attachment in schools, for attracting the attention of the teacher, moistened to render the web more transparent, and the of the tug straps thereto, whereby the sadole is kept is illustrated herewith, and has been patented by Mr. circulation is observed with a three-fourth or «llDe inch from material movement on the back of the horse, and James C. Parker, of Woodston, Kansas. A signal objective. there is less wear and tear upon the saodle, is illustrat· arm is pivoted in a plate doubled on itself, and having The president of the section exhibited the circulation ed herewith, and has been patented by Mr. Marcellus of blood in the tail of a goldfish. 'l' his exhibit required more complicated apparatus, which consisted of a me­ tallic tank provided with a thin extension, having in 2 its upper and lower sides glass windows, formed of cover glasses set in recesses and secured by marine glue. The fish was wrapped in a strip of thin muslin, to deprive it of the use of its fins. It was laid upon J its side in the tank, as shown in Fig. 2, with its tail be­ tween the two windows, allowing the light to pass up­ ward through the tissues from the mirror of the instru­ ment. The tank is filled with water, and, to prevent the fish from jumping, small wooden cross bars are placed in different positions in the tank. Arranged in this way, ths fish may be observed for about twenty minutes. The blood is seen flowingin crimson streams in various directions through the tissues of the tail. I An inch or three-quarter inch objective is ample for this purpose. The blood of the frog is white, and the corpuscles are larger than those of the fish, but, as compared with the corpuscles of human blood, those of the fish are larger. G. M. H . ••••• PARKER'S DESK SIGNAL. AN IMPROVED BED STAY, HITT 'S GIG SADDLE. A simple and inexpensive stay for bedsteads, to brace M. Hitt, of Luray, Va. The pad, skirts, and saddle flanges for attachment to the desk top, a part of the them against racking strains, is illustrated herewith, tree are of the usual construction, the tug straps being plate being cut away to admit the arm between its and has been patented by Mr. Cade Bethea, of Mobile, fastened at their upper ends by the terrets, while the folds, and to form a shoulder for stopping the arm Texas. Two mainstay wires are doubled at their cen­ lower end of each tug strap is securely fastened to the after it has passed a vertical position, the arm turning ter parts, and twisted a turn or two to form a long skirt to hold a buckle or ring, the end of the strap on a pivotal pin. Fig. 2 shows a form of signal to be loop on one and a shorter loop on the other, the ends being folded under and secured to the skirt by rivAts. placed against the front or end of the desk, the sup­ from one loop diverging toward the head board and The thill loop has at its upper end a snap hook by porting plate being L-shaped in setltion. To give a side rails, while those from the other loop diverge to­ which it is connected to the ring held on the lower end signal, the scholar lifts the arm from the position ward the foot board and side rails. Each wire passes of the tug strap, permitting the thill loop to be readily shown in dotted lines into the position shown in full through eyes or staples fixed in the side rails, and its lines. attached and detached from the harness, so that the ...... lopp may remain on the thills. This obviates the MICROSCOPICAL NOTES. necessity of slipping the thills through the loop!! in At the meeting of the Microscopical Section of the hitching up, or when the thill is through the loop on Brooklyn Institute, which occurred on the 15th of Oc­ one side, the other side can be detached and slipped tober, "Circulation in Animal and Vegetable Tissues " on the thill without moving the horse or vehicle. was the subject for the evening. It will be impossible With this construction the saddle is held in perpen­ within the limit of an ordinary article to minutely de­ dicular position while the horse is in motion, the only scribe all the objects exhibited. Among vegetable or­ movement being from the snap hook to the thill, as ganisms, the circulation of the sap in the nitella was shown in dotted lines. shown, also the circulation in the beautiful desmid ...... colosterium. AN IMPROVED JACK. Among animal organisms was shown the circulation in A simple form of jack, by meaIlS of which a hold or the daphnia, or water flea,·the minute heart being made purchase may be obtained on a log where but limited clearly visible by the transparency of the shell of this space is available, is illustrated herewith, and has been little creature. The circulation of blood in a frog's foot patented by Mr. Leroy O. Lander, of Tacoma, Wash­ was shown by Mr. Stephen Helm, by stretching the ington Ter. The body of the jack has a concaved base, foot so as to distend the web, as shown in Fig. 1. Mr. and a guide groove for the lifting bar, which is held Helm's apparatus consisted of a thin, apertured piece to the body by a strap or casing, one of the bolts by of wood, provided with a glass slide upon which to rest BETHEA'S BED which this casing is held to the body affording a pivot the frog's foot. Mr. Caleph suggested the use of a piece for the two links which carry the operating lever of of cork for this purpose, omitting the glass slioe. extremity is connected to hooks, eyes, or staples in the the jack, a bolt connecting the links and lever, the bolt We illustrate this frog plate, as it is the simplest head or foot board. A locking device, shown in the working in guide slots formed in the casing. The toe that has as yet come to our notice. The plate con­ small figure, is fulcrumed on the end of the long loop of the operating lever engages the teeth of the lifting sists of a slice of cork, with a hole near one end corre­ of one of the stay wires, this device having a laterally bar as shown in the sectional view, Fig. 2. The spring sponding with the hole in the stage of the microscope. bent hook or lip at one end to catch under one side of dog engaging the lifting bar is pivoted to the outer The frog is wrapped in It wet cloth and held' in place the stay loop, and having one or more notches in one face of the casing, the spring acting to normally main­ upon the cork by means of a small rubber band. One edge, whereby the mainstay wires may be drawn or tain an inwardly projecting stud or pin of the dog in of the frog's legs is extended. To two or three of the strained up tightly, in the manner indicated by the engagement with one of the teeth of the lifting har. dotted lines. By this means the corner posts are held The foot of the lifting bar is so pivoted that the foot firmlyto the head and foot boards and'the opposite side may be swung or turned at any angle to the longi­ rails, and the latter are also drawn tightly to the ends tudinal axis of the bar, whereby the foot may be made of the bed slats. to engage the end of the log frolll either side or from the ... ,., . Dr. Schllemann's ExcavaUons at Mycenre. front of the jack. The head of the bar flaresoutward The excavations commenced by Dr. Schliemann at Mycenre are still being energetically carried on, and continue every day to bring to light fresh objects of great archreological and ant.hropological interest. The · entire terrain aropnd the town is full of tombs belong­ ing to an epoch antecedent to Homer. These pre­ Homeric sepulchers are cut in the solid rock and care­ Fig. l.-SIMPLE FROG PLATE. fully formed in regular compartments, with an area of from thirty-five to forty square meters. In these cham­ bers the dead were laid 'without being covered with earth, nor were they cremated, as at the time of Homer. Among the numerous objects discovered at I!II III IMI I1I1 II 1,,1 Mycenre in the course of the latest diggings are articles of glass, crystal, and ivory, besides precious stones with engravings of animals Charmingly executed, the whole treatment being Oriental in character. . I ...... Delivery 0" Pipes. A cylindrical pipe, flowing full, discharges less than the same pipe when only filled through a segment whose arc is 281 deg. 30 min. by 2'5 per cent, while the velocity is less by 9·5 per cent, the hydraulic inclina- .2 tion being the same. The full section discharges less, LANDER'S JACK FOR LOGGING, ETC. and also with less velocity, in other forms of pipes as  well as in cylindrical. The sCDuring power of circular from near the center, to afford a firm seat against the I pipes flowing full is therefore less by nearly 10 per side of a log. The arrangement of the operating lever - cent than that of the same pIpes filled through an arc and links, with the connecting bolt, allows of the rig. 2.-KENT 'S TROUGH FOR SHOWING THE CIRCULA. of 281 deg. 30 min.-:a new element to be considered in ready engagement and disengagement of the operating TION OF IN FISH'S TAIL. I the arguments for and against circular pipe sewers. and ratcheted liftinllltar. BLOOD A I lever

© 1888 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. J(itutifit Imtritau. [NOVEMBER 10, 1888.

Vacclna'lon. Tile Problem oC Ar'Ulelal LIKhUOK. tion, composed of thirty parts eaustie potash and sev- In the course of a series of articles setting forth the enty parts water. At least five hundred measurements That smallpox has greatly declined in England during modern view of electricity, Professor Oliver J. Lodge should be made in order to establish the average diame­ the past fifty years.is apparent from figures which have to arrives at the conclusion that "light is an electrical tel' of the cells. been published by Dr. Henry Thorne. From 1838 land amounted tG disturbance, and that light waves are excited by elec- If the corpuscles are spheroidal from absorption of 1842 the deaths frolll smallpox in Eng trical oscillations;" which conclusion he believes must moisture, or crenated from drying, they may still be 57·2 per 100,000 ; in 1880-84 the death rate was 6·5 per ultimately have practical import. Professor Lodge diagnosed, because such changes are the same in the 100,OUO. He thinks that vaccination has not only a di­ remarks that our present systems of making light corpuscles of all animals, and have really their propor­ rect influence in causing this reduction in the number artificially are wasteful and ineffective. Vve want, he tionate and corresponding ratio of alteration in form of victims to smallpox, but tbat it has also a tendency says, a certain range of oscillation-between 7,000 and and diminution in size, the range or scale of diminution to decrease the liability to the disease of children of 4,000 billion vibrations per second ; no other is useful being always alike in the same animal. vaccinated parents. In this connection it is interest­ to us, because no other has any effect upon our retina. The red blood corpuscles that have become spherical ing to note the Medical Press states that out of the But we do not know how to produce vibrations at this from imbibition of liquid have thus presented in Dr. fivethousand children born every month in Paris only rate. We can cause strings to vibrate one or two Formad's experiments the following average diameters a t.housand are vaccinated by the medical officers ap­ 2. ose. The remaining four thous'1nd hundred or a thousand times per second, with the in the various animals : 1. Man, n'trr inch. Guinea pointed for that purp result of emitting a pure tone of definite pitch ; but to pig, � inch. 3. Wolf, "4';00 inch. 4. Dog, -dr;r; inch. infants are, therefore, either vaccinated by private ers or not at all. Seeing, however, that more get much faster rates of vibration, we have to fall back 5. Rabbit, -;n/or; inch. 6. Ox, r;o'oo- inch. 7. Sheep, ..tor; practition 8. lf the population apply for and receive gratui­ upon atoms. We can make atoms vibrate by what we inch. Goat, lrnm inch. than ha call heating the substance ; but the vibrations are These figures show that the diameter of the arti fici­ tous medical attendance, and that half the burials are then infinite in number and mode, and only a few of ally spherical corpuscles in eacll animal is just about gratuitous, it is very unlikely that all of the four thou­ them are of use to us. As we do not yet know how to one-third less than that of the normal biconcave or sand are vaccinated at the cost of the parents. It Ill ay separate the vibrations that are useful to us from the disk-like corpuscles of the same animals. fairly be assullled that a large proportion are not vac­ great majority, we are obliged to excite them all to- The question has long been a mooted one as to cinated at all, and that is why smallpox exists as an gether, at an obviously unnecessary expense. We take a whether the microscope can be depended on to de­ endemic disease at Pari!', and does not disappear, as it lump of matter-say, a carbon filament or a piece of termine TJ ositively or not that a given specimen of has done, to a great extent, in Germany. quicklime-and by raising its temperature, we impress blood is that of a human being. Dr. Formad believes . , ... upon its atoms higher and higher modes of vibration ; that this can be done, w}1ile other microscopists of Ela.Uc ''' race •• not transmuting the lower into the higher, but super- equal eminence deny the possibility. Attention has been called from time to time to the as posEible the shock posing the higher upon the lower, until at length we .. , • , • advisability of lessening as much get such rates of vibration as our retina is constructed One-year Clock •• and strain which horses usually sustain in setting for, and we are satisfied. The process is evidently W. H. Douglas, the author, pointed out that the heavy loads in motion. There have been a number of wasteful and indirect and empiric. We want a small great majority of clocks of the present day were de­ methods suggested for obviating this, but there has range of rapid vibrations ; and we know no better than pendent for accuracy of time on the isochronous beats, been no general introduction of any of the systems to make the whole series leading up to them. It is, in a vertical plane, of a simple suspended oscillating proposed. Th.'ear and tear on horses in our street says Dr. Lodge, "as though, in order to sound some pendulum, governing the motion of the wheel work by car lines and heavy transport trucks is very great, and little shrill octave of pipes in an organ, we were an escapement which allows one tooth of the escape in ail large stables of this class there are to be found a obliged to depress every key and every pedal, and to wheel to pass at each swing, the length of the pendu­ number of horsf's on the retired list, who are suffering blow a young hurricane." If this remark applies to lum regulating the rate of escape. Galileo discov­ from sore necks and strains occasioned by the sudden the incandescent electric lamp and to lime light, it also ered the isochronous property of an oscillating pen­ shocks and jerks of starting a heavy load. One of the applies with even greater force to lights of combustion, dulum and its use to regulate clocks. Isochronous simplest of contrivances we saw at the recent New in which a great amount of radiation is produced, but beats in a horizontal plane can also be obtained by a Jersey State fair, used in plowing. It consisted of a is not wanted ; the only result really desired being the pendulum or weight suspended by a torsion spring spring at the pOInt where the traces join the whiffie· minute, almost infinitesimal, fraction of the wh�le and made to rotate backward and forward, allowing tree. At the Eastern Railway station, at Paris, ellect which enables us to see. In short, the produc- one tooth of- the escape wheel to pass at each swing or the horses used for shifting the cars from point to tion of light waves, without any others, is held out by turn of the pendulum, and thus to regulate the rate of point have been provided with chain traces terminat­ Professor Lodge as the problem of artificial lighting escape. Coulomb, 100 years ago, found by experiment ing in spiral springs. Since this system was intro­ our a of Gas Lighting. duced, about six years ago, there has been a marked for the future.-J n l that the torsion pendulum within certain limits is also .. , • I .. isochronous, and is affected by change of temperature improvement in the condition of the horses, and there Dla�no.l. oC "OInan Blood. , exactly in the same proportion as the oscillating pen- has been much saving in the breaking of chains and The diagnosis of human blood is discussed by Dr. dulum of Ga\ileo. The torsion pendulum has a very harness. The horses have learned that a steady, even Henry Formad in the Jo urnal of Compm·ative Me di- much slower rate, and by its use escape of the energy strain serves better than the quondam jerk at starting, cine. Especial attention is given to the methods of ex· of the main spring is reduced, so that it is possible by and there bas been found to be fewer sore necks, and amining blood stains and measuring the blood corpus- the use of the oscillating pendulum and a detached the animals experience less fatigue, and are generally cles. lever to apply the torsion pendulum to eight-day in sounder condition. The experiment has proved so For testing the question whether a certain substance clocks, by this means converting them to clocks requir­ far successful that this method has been extended is blood or not, the spectroscope and chemical reagents ing to be wound only once a year. There is no change through all the other departments of the extensive come into play ; but for the recognition of human whatever in the wheelwork or main spring of an eight­ railway system under the control this company. blood the microscope alone is of any value, and the day lever clock, except in the balance. The balance is sole method yet found available with this instrument removed, and in its place a lever is fixed to the staff car­ Low Bridge., is that of measurement of the corpuscular elements. rying the roller pin which unlocks the lever escape­ A brakeman, on so dark a night that he could not 'She differentiation of mammalian blood from that of ment., and receives an impulse at each beat in the see around him, at the request of the engineer in charge lower orders of animals is m,aueeasy by the fact that in usual way, the additional lever imparting impulse to of the train went to the top of a car to set ,the brakes, mammals alone is thecel l round and non-nucleated. a tooth attached to the pendulum, thus inducing tor­ as was his duty, and without any fault of his own ",ali The differentiation between the blood of man and that sion at each beat of the clock. The regulation is knocked off the car, and seriously injured, by his head of lower mammals depends entirely upon the micro- effected by increasing the weight of the pendulum to coming in contact with a bridge, built by the defend­ meter. make it lose, or decreasing the weight to make it gain. ant company so low as not to allow a man on the top Only the following animals have corpuscles larger It is also regulated by means of a French sliding curb, of a car to walk and stand erect. The brakeman had than man, i. e., larger than .-:1trr; of an inch, viz., the moved by a screw to the right or left, which lengthens no knowledge or express notice of the dangerous nature elephant, great ant eater, walrus, sloth, platypus, the spring as desired, either to make it go faster or slow­ of the bridge, or any opportunity of finding out its whale, capibara, and (according to Wormley) opossum. er without stopping the clock. The advan tage gained dangerous character. Animals the corpuscles of which are slightly below man by using the torsion pendulum with this escapement Held, that he was entitled to damages against the de­ i. in !lize, e., havingcorpllscles from s-hoto TfJrrr,of aninc h is that the preeent form of an eight·day lever timepiece fendants. There are cases which held '.hat in such a average diameter, are the seal, beaver, musk rat, por- may be at once transformed into a clock that will con­ case railway companies are not bound to erect the cupine, monkey, kangaroo, wolf, and guinea pig. None tinue to go accurately without rewinding for twelve overhead bridges constructed by them of such a height of these are domestic animals. All other animals, in-. months. The escapement may be described as a fric­ that brakemen can stand or walk eJ:ectup on the tops cluding all domestic animals, have blood corpuscles of tionless pendulum ; the impulse given direct across the of the cars without coming in collision with them. As a mean diameter less than n/r;r;of an inch ; and, in fact, line of center, as in the chronometer, is independent of applied to this case especially, we cannot approve of these animals which, as a rule, are blamed for blood oil and becomes detached at each beat ; the isochro­ those rulings. Here the bridge was but 4 feet 9 inches stains found on the clothing and apparel of criminals nous property of the pendulum is not deranged by above the top of the cars. 'l' he brakes were on the (ox, pig, horse, sheep, and goat) have corpuscles with friction of any kind whatever. The cost of manufac­ tops of the cars, and to get to them the brakemen were an average diameter less than n'trrof an inch. He sum- ture is precisely the same as in prod ucing an eight· day required to pass over the tops of the cars, not only in marizes the facts as fol lows : timepiece. the day time, but also in the night time, and often 1. The blood corpuscles of birds, fishes, and reptiles, The above is from a paper read before the British doubtless, as in this case, when the night was dark, being oval and nucleated, can never be mistaken for Association. It is to be hoped some of our ingenious raining, and foggy, and when it would be almost, if not human blood. clock makers will produce these year clocks. There quite, impossible for them to know of the proximity �. Fresh human blood cannot be mistaken, under the would be a great demand for them. of such bridges when called to brakes llpon moving microscope, for the blood of any animal the corpuscles _ •• , • trains, even if they had knowledge that such bridges of which have a mean diameter of less than �, or ..ow 'he EngU.h llIaln'aln Foreign Commerce. were maintained. To erect and maintain such bridges even lfttrr;of an inch. The Canadian Pacific Railway Company has signed under such circumstances is negligence. Further reo 3. (a) If the average diameter of blood corpuscles in a Pacific mail contract with the English government, flection has strengthened the convi'.ltion on our part fresh bl ood is less than TIhnr, then it cannot possibly be says a Montreal dispatch. The service is to commence that this conclusion is fully sustained, both by reason human blood ; (b) if the diameter is more than �, then in 18 months, and the company will receive $221'i.000 and the better authority. it may be human blood ; (c) if the blood corpuscles, annually from the Imperial government and $75,000 The danger from such a bridge is not a hazard ordi· after exhaustive measurement, give a mean diameter of from the Dominion government, for ten years, for a narily and naturally connected with the service. It i5 more than 'II"ffi, then it is human blood (provided it is monthly service to Yokohama, Hong Kong, and not shown that he was informed of the danger, northat not the blood of one of the wild beasts referred 18 to). Shanghai. If an knots average can be made on the he had knowledge of it when he engaged in the service. The foregoing applies especially to the diagnosis of Atlantic end, the Canadian route to Hong Kong can As to his duty to exercise care for his own safety, both fresh blood. With regard to dried blood, it is claimed easily compete with the Suez line. The necessity for in discovering the danger and in avoiding the injury, that this can be recognized just as readily, provided it fast ships is thus indicated, and the dispatches hint the jury were fully instructed, and as we have &aid, hILS dried quickly. Blood that has dried slowly under- that Australia, with only 4,000,000 population, pays and without being more !lpecific, the rule was pushed goes decomposition, and its morphology cannot be 1$1,575,000 'for purely ocean service, instead of the beyond what reason and the law will sanction. (Ind. made out.. good liquid for remoistening blood I 20, 1888. A is small amount appropriated by the Dominion as above Snp. Ct., June Louisville, N. A. & C. R. Muller's fluid ; but perhaps the best is Virchow's ' J.) solu- given. Co. vs. Wright, Opinion by Zollars,

© 1888 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. NOVEMBER 10, 1888. J Jtitufifit �mtri'llU.

the owner is awakened by a terrificuproar in the sta- which piston is attached to the upper end of the bles. Hastening thither, the teamster is astounded to plunger rods, descends vertically, compressing the clay see his horse or horses in a perfect frenzy of madness, in the mould below. The Pnrlficatlon oC Salt. rearing, striking, biting, and kicking. Nothing, how- After the clay is thoroughly compressed in the mould, the Editor of the ScientificAmerican : 1'0 ever, can be done until the effects of the weed pass off, an iron table under the mould, attached to the upper Allow me to call your attention to an errol' in the and morning finds the horse, if he has not inj ured him- end of a piston passing below the second floor, and article concerning the purification of salt in your self, but little the worse for his night's antics. What forming, as it were, the bottom for the mould, issue of October 13. The purpose is to clear the weed this is I do not know, nor have I ever found any descends with the pipe standing upon it. The alter­ salt of the chlorides of calcium and magnesium, and one that could positively say that they knew, but it nate upward and downward motions of the piston not of the sulphates. The first named chloride being is certain that there is something in the new cut bot- which moves the plunger, and the piston which 1lI0ves deliquescent causes the salt to attract moisture, and tom hay that will cause temporary insanity in horses. the table, are controlled by the operator on the second the latt.er gives it a bit.ter taste. Neither should be It is no uncommon thing to see a man driving a horse floor, where the pipes are removed from the mould. found in a good article of dairy salt. with a bruised and swollen head, and, upon inquiring Pipes under five inches in diameter are, when taken SAMUEL S. GARRIGUES, the cause, he will answer, "Oh, I was down on the frolll the mould. immediately removed to another part Late State Salt Inspector of Michigan. bottoms last night, and my horse got a dose of crazy of the second floor, where they have placed in them a Ann Arbor, Mich. weed." Whether this is the famous "loco weed," or ' wooden frame of the proper length, to which their •••• • whether it is confinedto this locality, is beyond my ends are trimmed off and then smoothed with leather. The Ne'W Iron WharC at Fortre!ls Monroe, Va. " ken." I should like to hear from others. As those over five inches in diameter come from the The new wharf or pier at Fortress Monroe, Va., for H. C. COE. mould, they immediately have their �pigot ends which there has been made an appropriation of Hood River, Oregon, October 23, 1888. trimmed off, and are then taken by an plevator to the $175,000, is now in process of construction. flrst floor, where their ends are finished up. These, The parties to whom the contract was awarded are / America Ahead In Astronomical In!ltrnments. with the smaller pipes from the second floor, are placed the Groton Bridge and Manufacturing Company, of Professor John A. Brashear, who has just returned on end on the drying floor of the fir!

shores beginning say at three fathoms and rising .. I •• • equal to about 730 candles. At the present moment gently at an inclined plane until above low water. [PROCEEDINGS OF ENGINEERS' CLUB OF an electric light is being shown at St. Catherine's, the THE PHILADELPHIA.) The consequence is that the outside piles, numbering The MannCaetnre oC Se'Wer Pipe by the Dela'Ware full power intensity of which was recently stated by about 500, have not sufficient sand under them for a 'r erra Cotta Company. Captain Sydney Webb, the deputy master of the bearing. BY FREDERIC ROBINSON. H. Trinity House, to be equal in illuminating power to The upper sections will be filled with beton. The works are situated on Brandywine Creek, be­ rather more than 7,000,000 candles. Every half minute, The deck beams and upper bracing will be 8 inch tween Heald and Eleventh Streets, and close to the in fact·-for the light now revolves-a mighty flash of and 12 inClh I beams, with 7 inch beams for cross brac­ Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore Railroad. five seconds' duration sweeps around the sea, and is ing. These will be of steel. They are equipped for the manufacture of all the visible at distances that seem incredible. To effect The wharf will have seven landings, four 140 feet, standard sizes and shapes of sewer pipe, as well as of this improvement a cOlllmodious engine room has been one 150 feet, and two 60 feet in length, and will ac­ other work in terra cotta, and of fire brick. added to the establishment, containing three steam commodate all the bay line and river steamers. The material of which the pipes are made is com­ engines of .12 horse power each and two magneto·elec· HAINS, T. J. posed of three ingredients-two kinds of clay and a tric machines of the De Meritens type. Two of the Formerly Inspector in Charge. sand and clay mixed. The first is a very strong clay engines are intended to work for lighting purposes, 1824 Jefferson Place, Washington, D. C. obt.ained from brick yards in the northeastern part of the third being meant to work the fog signal. As a ... � .. the city. It underlies the clay of which bricks are precaution against break-down, everything is in du­ Eft"eet oC the Loco Weed In Oregon. made. The second is a strong clay containing a red plicate at least, with an oil light in reserve as well. To the Editor of the Scientific American : coloring matt.er, and is obtained from the south eide of The only other ligh thouses on the coast of England at In the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAllT of October 13, under the Christiana River in :New Castle Hundred, near the which the light is produced Ly means of electricity heading of "Natural History Notes," you speak of the bridge on which the Delaware Railroad crosses the are Souter Point, on the coast of Durham, between " loco " or "crazy weed" of 'r exas and that its reputed Christiana. The third ingredient is a material com­ the mouths of the Tyne and the Wear; the South power of producing insanity and death has been pOied of fire clay and sand, and is obtained on the Foreland; and at the Lizard, on the Cornish coast. proved unfounded. This assertion of the innocence of Christiana River in New Castle Hundred. These in­ But the St. Catherine's light is ten times more power· the "loco weed " I cannot contradict ; but the fact gredients are mixed in the proportion by measurement ful than the best of them, the one on Souter Point. of a certain weed (by some called the "loco ") that of two parts of the strong clay first mentioned, one It is, in fact, one of, if not, as is believed, actually the grows on the Columbia River bottoms, between the part of the clay containing the red coloring matter, most intensely brilliant light in existence, and one " Cascades " and " The Dalles," that will cause tem­ and one part of th9 fire clay and sand. Made in these which the country as a maritime nation may certainly porary insanity in horses not accustomed to feed on proportions, the mixture is placed in the wet pan, where feel proud to see on its shores. the bottom lands, is too well known to doubt. water is added. The wet pan is a shallow circular ... .. �. Is Cheap qulllille DleMslllg 1 Although I have never seen an animal directly under iron pan, in which the clays are crushed and mixed by a the influenceof the weed, yet I have seen them imme­ two iron wheels, following each other on edge around The Me dical Record is not so sure t.hatcheap quinine diately Il.fterward, and the signs were unmi!o;takable the pan, driven by a horizontal axle attached to a is such an unalloyed bleseing. It has come about that -the animal with his head and fore legs bruised and vertical shaft. This pan is placed on the ground nearly every family now has its quinine bottle, that it bleeding, the stall, manger, and feed boxes totally de­ floor. is sold at Ulany general stores, and t.hat the doctor molished, and eVllrything denoting a terrible struggle. After the materials are properly mixed, this clay is rarely meets an invalid who has not been thoroughly

Almost every fll.rmer occupying bottom lands will tell turned by a suspended shovel into the buckets of the dosed with quinine. you the sallie story, not among his own stock, as they elevat.or, which are attached to an endless band, in The drug, when taken continuously or excessively, is are accust.omedto it, but of neighbors' teams from the which it is raised to the third floorof the building. an injurious one ; and its therapeutic value is greatly uplands, that occasionally put up over night and feed Projecting from the third floor toward the second is exaggerated in the popular mind. The value of qui­ of new lowland hay. The teams are watered and secure­ the casting which contains the iron mould for the pipe. nine in .. colds," bronchitis, ephemeral fevers, ano­ ly tied in their staHs and bountifully fed on the bright Into this the clay from the wet pan is thrown, and an rexia, general malaise, and various other minor iIl�, soft hay ve flow midnight iron l n by the m the thinks, is most problematical. from 'he o r ed lands. About p u ger, moved piston of a. stea cylindel', editor

© 1888 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 1titutifit �tutritau. [NOVEMBER 10, 1888.

R E C E NT ASTRONOlllICAL detail which would have re­ WORK AT THE LICK quired a llluch longer time OBSERVATORY. to r e cor d �atisfactorily BY JAMES E. KEELBR. than it was possible to give. The Lick Observatory A number of observations was transferred to the Re­ were made of curious ap­ gents of the University of pearances presented by the California on June 1, 1888, shadows of satellites in and has, therefore, been in transit. The satellites active operation as a State themselves appear as large institution for about four and well defined disks. months. Much of this time Saturn has not been ob­ has been devoted by the served since the telescope astronomers to studying was firstmoulilt ed in Jauu­ the instruments u n d e r ary. It was then a splen­ their charge and determin­ did object, all the wonder­ ing the constants neces­ ful details of the system sary for future work, the shining with a brilliancy great telescope naturally and distinctness probably claiming the largest share never before equaled. Tile of attention ; but many outlines of the rings were observations of important sharp and clear, and a fine phenomena have been dark line was !Jeen close to made, and the objects of the outer edge of the outer greatest interest in the sky ring, with a dark shading have been carefully exam­ extending inward toward ined with a view to th e dis­ the great black division. covery of new features, as The gauze ring was very well as for the purpose of conspicuous. testing the performance of Neptune has been ob­ the lens. seved by Prof. Holden APPEARANCE OF SATURN AS OBSERVED IN JANUARY, 1888. The sun has not yet been and Mr. Schaeberle, and observed with the great (with its satellite) has telescope, but it is doubtful whether any ad vantage can lIIean motions of the satellites with greater accuracy been photographed several times. be gained here in the study of his surface by the use of than is obtainable by micrometer observations. Many double stars have been discovered and meas­ a large instrument. The seeing on Mt. Hamilton is ured by Mr. Burnham with t-tle ai inch and 12 inch usually poor in the daytime, owing probably to the equatorials. Perhaps the most interesting of this class heated air of t.he surrounding valleys, which is rapidly of objects discovered with the aid of the large telescope cooled at night by radiation or shut in by the fogs is the star pv (Gamma) y Cassiopere, which is found to which then pour in from the ocean. Mercury and have a minute companion distant 2'2", in position angle Venus have been seen in the daytime only, and, there­ 256°. It has been frequently observed lately with the fore, under the same disadvantageous circumstances. 12 inch equatorial. Difficult stars previously known There are, however, days of good seeing, when the have also been measured by Mr. Burnham. features of these planets can be profitably studied. The planetary nebulre have been studied by Prof. The moon is a most beautiful and interesting object Holden and Mr. Schaeberle, who have observed in seve­ with the great telescope. It was photographed ral of these objects curious helical forms, which do not throughout an entire lunation in August, and the pic­ appear in earlier drawings with smaller instruments. tures then obtained are a distinct advance on all previ­ The ring nebula in Lyra is a wonderful object in the ous work in this direction. The diameter of the lunar great telescope. The central star discovered by Von image on the negatives is fiveand a quarter inches, and Hahn is very conspicuous, and four other stars of ex­ with the plates used the exposure required was a little ceeding minuteness appear within the limits of the in­ less than half a second. Observations were made with ner ellipse, while a star almost as bright as the one in ELECTRIC CONTROL OF THE GREAT TELESCOPE. the various instruments during the total lunar eclipse the center is seen exactly at the preceding extremity of of July 22, and will be published in the memoirs of the the major axis of the ring. Many other slllall stars not National Academy of Sciences. Jupiter was frequently examined on fine nights in so critically situated, and therefore less interesting, al'e Mars had become too low in the west after the trans- June and July. His surface showed a wealth of delicate seen in proximity to the nebula. These minute stars are fer of the observatory to I beyond the range of all but be well seen. Numerous the most powerful tele­ drawings were, neverthe­ scopes, although it Illay be less, made by Prof. Holden, noted that there is a class Mr. Schaeberle, and my­ of observers with very self, and published in the small telescopes prepared Astronomical n a l J 0 1£ l' . to immediately "verify " The principal canals of all discoveries mad e b y Schiaparelli were seen, not powerful instruments, even as double, but as single, when, as has sometimes ill-defined lines ; and the been the case, the su pposed continent of Libya, which, discoveries are afterward according to M. Perrotin, found to be purely ficti­ had been submerged or did tious. There is no way of not exist during April and disproving that a difficult May, appears on the draw­ object can be seen by such ings in its usual shape and an observer with an appa­ position. The micrometer rently inadequate instru­ observations of the satel­ ment, or of showing that lites made by myself when excess of zeal is made to the planet was in opposi­ take the place of sufficient tion have been published optical power. Mere size, in the Ast1'onomical Jo m'­ it is true, unaccompanied nal. The satellites, which by other qualities, counts appear to have been seen for but little, and the with �reat difficulty else­ greater part of astronomic­ where, were bright and al work has been done by easy objects with the 36 skilled observers with in­ inch equatorial-a fac t struments of moderate di­ which affords gratifying mensions. To many per­ testimony as to the superi­ sons the cost and difficulty ority of the instrumen t and of construction of great the excellence of the atmo­ telescopes seellls out of spheric conditions. Pho­ proportion to the optical bos was seen on July 18, advantage gained, but the when its brightness was sallle thing is seen in other only 0'22 of that at mean departments of astronomy, opposition and one-eighth as well as outside of the of that at the time of diE­ science. A sextant, with covery by Prof. Hall. From which the places of the the ease with which this stars can be determined to satellite W8,S seen in close within a fraction of a min­ proximity to the planet, it ute of arc, costs less than seems to me probable that a hundred dollars, while we can obsel've eclipses thousands must, be expend­ during favorable opposi­ ed if fractions of seconds PHOTOGRAPH OF THE MOON, TAKEN WITH THE INCH REFRACTOR. tions, and detel'mine the 36 are to be taken into ac·

© 1888 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. NOVEMBER 10, 1888.] ,citutific �mtritau�

count, the error of position in either case being be­ a switch. With this control no shock is communicated November, but after that fog and rain will almost pat yond detection with the unassisted eye. to the telescope, and the image of a star is steady. an end to ob)!ervation until the succeeding spring. ­ The 12 inch telescope has been used by Mr. Barnard Since, however, changes of refraction and slight ir for the observation of comets and nebulre. It hat! been regularities in thll clockwork prodnce small. displace- CENTENARIANS. found by him to be capable of giving pbotograpnic ments of the image in a telescope, it has always been has recently presented to the images of exquisite sharpness, and in this capacity necessary in photographing with long exposures to Mr. Emile Levasseur forms an important addition to the outfit of the ob­ keep the .telescope pointed by hand, correcting any Academy 01 Sciences a very interesting communica­ servatory. Twentv..fi\"e new nebnlre have been dis ­ displacement which may occur by the slow motions tion ap1'opU8 of the"Centena rlans in France, accord­ covered by Mr. Barnard with this telescope, and a co­ of the instrument. It was found impracticable to ing to the Census of 1886." The number of such met (comet e 1888) was discovered by the same observer move the immense mass of the Lick telescope with the persons is much less than is generally supposed. with the 4 inch comet seeker on September 2. It is quickness and delicacy required in this operation, and Young women have the affectation to remain young-, probable that the 12 inch telescope while the old men that are cited for will be fitted with a new driving their great age have the vanity to clock, in ordel' to better fit it for srow old in order to be admired. photographic work. In Bavaria, according to the cen­ No chang-ehas been made in the sus of 1871, there were 37 centenari­ dome and hydraulic elevating floor lions ; but, . when the fact came to of the large telescope. The (lOn­ be verified, only one authentic case venience and, indeed, necessity - of was found. the elevating floor is every day In Canada, 421 were cited. Out more apparent. The rapid motion of this number, the social state of of the eye end of the telescope (a 82 was ascertained by the aid of bona fide foot in eight minutes for an equa­ documents, and there re­ torial star) would alone make the mained after the examination but 9 use of an observing ladder propor­ genuine centenarians-5 llIen and 4 tioned to the Eize of the instrument women. extremely troublesome. The pier, In France, the same delusion ex­ whell finally placpd exactly in posi­ ists in regard to centenarians, as is tion, will probably be filled with proved by the reports emanating brick and sand. from the bureau of statistics. The driving clock of the large After the reception of documents telescope was provided by the mak­ relative to 1l:!4 centenarians, it was ers with an electric control, for found by reference to authentic keeping its rate in exact coinci­ records, such as registrations of dence with that of a standard astro­ baptism, half-pay lists, etc., that nomical clock. The vertical shaft the number dwindled down consid­ of the governor rotates in one sec­ erably, say to about sixty. Among Fig. l,-JEAN CAUSEUR AT THE AGE AT T E ond, and has nea,r the bottom a Fill. 2.-NOEL DES QUERSONNIERES H these there was a person named AG OF small projecting pin. A stud on OF 130. E 117. Joseph RiQas, who was born at San the end of the armature lever of Estevan de Litera, in Spain, on an electromagnet is struck by the pin as the governor after various experiments Mr. Schaeberle suggested August 20, 1770, and who lived at, Tarbes. shaft rotates, when a current is passing through that the photographic plate should be mounted upon We add to these details two little known documents the magnet ; but when the current is broken once a double slides, one moving in right ascension and the on examples of extraordinary human 10ngeYity. The second by a standard clock, the stud is withdrawn at other in declination, and should be kept upon a star first of these consists of an engraving, which we repro­ the proper instant to allow the pin to pass. There is by means of a diagonal microscope attached to the duce in Fig. 1. It was made by Chas. Levesque, in also an ingenious and beautifuUy constructed attach­ plate. A rough experimental model was constructed 1772, and is very well executed. It is accompanied with ment for breaking the circuit in case the stanrlard on this plan by the observatory machinist, anrl per­ the following legend : " Jean Causeur, butchel' by clock should, either by accident or design, omit one formed so satisfactorily that a plate holder of more ac­ trade, aged 130 years, born ill the village of Ploumo­ or more seconds ill a minute. The driving clock is ad­ curate workmanship will be made on the same prin­ guer, in Lower Brittany. Painted in August, 1771, by justed to run a little fast, and is continually checked ciple. Chas. Caffieri, sculptor, by COllllllissioD, to the king, by the control, the governor being allowed to rotate by The public receptions on Saturday evenings inter­ for the navy, at Brest." turning in a friction collar. It was found, however, fere greatly with these experiments, as all apparatus 'rhe second document is relative to Mr. Noel des that the impact of the pill on the governor shaft must then be removed to fitthe telescope for visual ob­ Quersonnieres, whose portrait is published in Fig. 2, against the stud of the armature causetia shock which servation. Probably few visitors are aware of the from a lithograph made in 1845. At this epoch, Mr. was transmitted to the telescope and produced a dis­ hindrance to astronomical work caused by their enter­ Des Quersonnieres was 117 years of age. He was still turbance of the image fatal to photographic work. tainment, although, as a duty to the public, the sacri­ living the following year, as is proved by a hiographi­ The control was therefore removed, and another, fice is always cheerfully made. Many fine nights cal sketch published on his account. Francois Marie which I devised for the purpose of giving a perfectly are to be expected during the months of October and Joseph Noel des Quersonnieres was born on February smooth motion, was substituted for it. The 28, 1728, at Valenciennes, where his father new control answers its purpose so well, and was king's counselor. He became commis­ is of such extreme simplicity, that I shall sary-general of military supplies in 1789, give a description of it here, as it can be and was in disgrace under the empire. He applied to any clockwork having a shaft went to live at London, where he married. which rotates in an integral part of a second. At the age of 117 he was still vigorous. His A soft iron sector subtending an angle of face is pleasant, says his biography, his 36°, and having a rarlius of six inches, is hearing and sight have preserved an aston­ clamped to the vertical axis of the governor, ishing delicacy of perception, and his head and rotates in a horizontal plane. The sec­ is not entirely devoid of hail·.-La NatU1·e. tor passes very close to the poles of an elec­ tromagnet (part of the old control) which A CONNECTICUT CENTENARIAN. is mounted on a slightly elastic standard of It is not often that one sees a hale and steel. At every second a strong current is hearty hundred-years-old man or woman, in sent through the coils of this magnet by the full possession of the normal faculties, means of a standard clock, the circuit being and filling responsible positions in life, but closed, as in the case of the old control, by such an opportunity was afforded in the the relay points of the chronograph at­ case of the late 001. Perkins, who died at tached to the driving clock. The dri\"iilg Norwich, Conn., September 5, and whose clock is set so as to run a little too fast, and portrait we give herewith. Col. Perkins when the governor is started the sector celebrated his lOOth birthday on August 5, gradually gains upon the click of the chro­ just one month preceding tha date of his nograph until it reaches the magnet of the death, and at that time the New York Tri­ control, when the friction produced by the bune and other papers, in noticing his long attraction of the latter prevents any further life, bore particular testimony to the re­ acceleration, and the governOl' will rotate in markable preservation of his faculties. exactly one second by the standard clock as Col. Perkins was a native of Norwich, but long as the control is in operation. as a lad was rather wealdy, although he was The elasticit.y of the support on which the able, in his nineteenth year, to walk to electromagnet is mounted plays an import­ Poughkeepsie to embark on the Clermont, ant part in the proper working of the con­ the pioneer Hudson River steamer, when trol. When the sector passes at the exact she made her first trip to New York. Dur­ instant of the passage of the current, the ing the war of 1812-14 he was paymaster for magnet springs in toward the sector and Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Massachu­ comes into actual contact with it, very setts. He was present at the battle of greatly increasing the friction, while the Stonington, and was aboard Commodore passage of the sector at· any other instant Decatur's fleet when it was blockaded at meets with no resistance, the magnet being New London. He was one of the incorpo­ slightly withdrawn by its support. rators of the Norwich and Worcester Rail­ The current used with the control is ob­ road, the second or third road of the kind tained from the battery of twenty gravity built in the Uniterl States, and from 1838 cells, employed during the daytime in trans­ until his death was its treasurer, continuing mitting time signals to San Jose. As the active in the performance of his duties until signals are not sent at night, the battery is three or four weeks before his death, when COL. GEORGE H. PERKINS, OF NORWICH CONN: then connected with the control by turning THE LATE he left town for a vaeation. He had not

© 1888 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. missed an election in his e m town for seventy-six years marked (sometimes very great) delay in the develop­ string and struck with a piec of etal, the vibrations Instead of being robbed of half his faculties in his old ment of colonies in the gelatine as compared with that lasted from thirty to forty-five seconds. The castings age, and so helpless from physical infirmity as to be a of organiRms dealt with similarly, but without expos­ were of white fracture, and free from blow holes. The burden to his friends-as is often the case with those ure to tobacco smoke. Indeed, the development of silicon and some other impurities of cast iron a.re who are spared for so lon� a life-he engaged actively some was entirely prevented. For example, in the thrown out in the form of slag. The aluminum has in business up to the last, a conspicuous flgurein the third series of experiments cited, where large Virginia thus a twofold function in this process. It forms defi­ streets, a regular attendant at church, and as well cigars were used, the development of Bacillus prod i­ nite alloys with the iron, and aids in clearing out its preserved and alert as many a man of sixty. It was giosus was delayed for seventy-two hours, that of impurities. his hahit until recently to walk from his home to the Staphylococcus pyrogenes aureus for seventy-three In another experiment the ready manner in which company's office, over half a mile, four times daily, and hours, of Bacillus anthracis for ninety-seven hours ; aluminum can be reduced by the process was illustrat­ he carried himself with an erect bearing, wrote a while of the others, mentioned above, no development ed. A piece of thin, soft scrap iron was coated with beautifully legible hand, and attended to his duties of colonies took place after from a hundred and twenty­ the clay and flux, and inserted in a blowpipe flame. At with an assiduity which many young men might copy eight to a hundred and sixty-eight hours. Dr. Tassi­ a bright yellow heat the clay was reduced, and metallic with profit. His sight and hearing were excellent, and nari attributes these results to the chemical action of aluminum became occluded in the whole thickness of his only hobby is said to have been the art of preserv­ the ingredients of tobacco smoke. He proposes to the iron, giving the latter a white surface. The re­ ing the health, a subject which he had carefully extend his researches more fully, both as regards the sulting metal. instead of being soft and pliable, became studied, with a benefit of which his great age affords effect of different kinds of tobacco upon these and tough and springy, and it was claimed had acquired all the best attebtation. other micro ·organisms, especially th61 tubercle bacillus; the properties of first class steel. Some of the alloy

... ., . and to determine the time of exposure as well as the thus made was put into strong, pure nitric acid, and Thunder Storlns. amount of tobacco necessary to produce the full effect. wa.snotacted upon thereby; while a piece of the original Thunder storms at Brussels were much more com- He hopes also to ascertain what substance or sub­ scrap iron was rapidly attacked under the same cir�um­ I mon last .Tune than for many years past. There is stances are responsible for the germicidal action.­ stances_ The proportion of al uminum in the stllel pro­ some evidence that since the erection of Melsen's com­ Lancet. duced depends, within certain limits, upon the propor­ plex and effective lightning conductor on the tower of tions employed of the original ingredients for charging Patent Car the Hotel de Ville, they have not had nearly so many Bell. the furnace. Alloys of copper and of some other metals D Y. , thunder storms in the city. But this tower commands U. S. Cir. Ct., S. . N. March 7, 1888. Mann's can be formed in the same way. Some copper alum­ the southwestern part of the city, and while thunder Boudoir Car Co. vs. Monarch Parlor Sleeping Car Co. inum bronze was exhibited ; also such a bronze alloyed storms usually come from that direction, these come Opinion by Coxe, .T. wit.h from 17 to 20 per cent of steel. This alloy can be from the east. A patent for an improvement in compartment rail made hard and with a fracture like finecast steel ; or by The lightning flashes in some of these storms were way cars, describing an arrangement of wire signal careful annealing and repeated rolling a fibrous texture extremely vivid. Several persons remarked in one of bells, or apparatus, to extend from each compartment can be produced. Mr. Frederick Varley, who has made to the porter's room, in view of the fact that such sig­ experiments with Messrs. Brin's aluminum steel, states them that the rain drops were shining, and one ob­ ' server saw the strokes followed by shining traces in the nals were in common use in hotels, on steamboats, and that it has all the properties of the best iron for con­ air, something like those which follow shooting stars. elsewhere prior to the grant of the letters patent, is ducting magnetism, while chilled castings will make An interesting fact is that. in one case, at the instant void for want of novelty, and is not patentable. The excellent permanent magnets. He suggests the use of of the stroke of wind which announced the advent of patentee appears to have been the firstto employ a the bronze containing 20 per centof aluminum as tele­ the storm, the flags which had been hanging loosely wire signal bell to summon a servant in a railway car ; phone and telegraph conductors, believing that the bi­ suddenly erected themselves toward the sky, thus but can it be that it required an exercise of the inven­ metallic character of the alloy will be found to be a cor­ showing in that case the presence of an ascending cur­ tive faculties to do this, in view of the fact that the rective of self-induction. The principle of producing rent in front of the storm. identical apparatus had previously been used for the alloys by applying aluminous vapor in its nascent state M. Lancaster thinks that the following principles are identical purpose in dwelling houses, hotels, and steam­ is found to work with a long range of metals besides true for Belgium thunder storms and, mutatis mutan­ boats ? The additional fact should also be remembered iron, and makes an exceedingly fine aluminum silver dis, for these storms generally : that similar signal appliances had been used in horse alloy, possessing valuable properties.-industries. 1. The storms appear in connection with areas of low cars and in railway cars. The only novel feature that ... ., . pressure, more generally when this area is from west can by the most liberal construction be discovered is American Frelgh& Cars In Ellgland. to northwest of the locality occupied by the thunder the location of the apparatus in railway cars. The With the object of inaugurating a new induRtry at storm. For Belgium, the electri'.l phenomena attain operation is the same. If it be invention to place a Barrow in the building of what are known as American jingle bell in a passenger car, then each successiye ap­ their maximum when the focus of the general storm is freight cars, two of Goodfellow & Cush man's freight over or near Ireland. plicant who finds a new sit,uation for such a bell is cars have been brought over from the United States in entitled to the rewards of an inventor. If this claim is sections, and, after being built up at London, were 2. Thunder storms are most likely to occur when the held to be valid, with what consistency could a patent taken barometer (reduced to sea level) stands at from 29·5 to to Barrow recently, where they were loaded 2 be refused to a person who, for the first time, should and severely tested. These wagons each 30 9 7 inches. In high pressures they are rare, local, and are ft. long connect in a similar manner a row of path hou.ses at 30 of little intensity. In Belgium they occur only in the and will carry tons. The frame is' built of steel mountainous part of the country. the seaside, or the boxes in a theater, or the tables in a tubes, bound. with steel struts. The car is supported 3. The storms travel generally from southwest to restaurant? To remove a bell from the stateroom of a at each end by a bogie, something similar to those seen northeast at a speed of 25 to 30 miles per hour. The passenger steamer and place it in the stateroom of a under the carriages of the Midland Railway Company. passenger car requires no more of the inventive faculty rainfall accompanying them decreases toward the east. The wheels, which are of Cf S- steel, and of which there 4. Their production depends on the state of two im­ than to take a steam whistle frolD a tug boat and place are four to each bogie, are cast in a block and with­ portant meteorological factors-pressure and tempera­ it on a woolen mill-no more than to place a doctor's out the usual tire. '.r he carrying capacity of an ordi­ t re. high temperature at the time of a barometric speaking tube at the front door of a lawyer. The nary English railway wagon is 10 tons though the u A has : depression is the most favorable condition. The hour Supreme Court over and over again decided that it length of the wagon is just half that of the Ameri­ when they are most common is that which falls near­ was not invention to finda new place for an old device can freight car. One of the cars was loaded with 30 without change in the result or in the manner of opera­ est to the thermometric maximum and barometric tons of steel rails and the other with about 27 tons of tion. See cases cited in Electric Co. vs. Alarm Co., minimum. coal. Several trips were made to the steel works and t 33 Fed. Rep. , 254. But even if the foregoing views are in the goods yard, 5. A feeble gradien favors their production.-Am. and the cars were found to answer Me t. inconect, it is quite clear, in view of the state of the dmirably Jo ur. a . art and the minute description of the specification, It is claimed for the Goodfellow & Cushman steel Tobacco and Bacteria. that the claim must be confined, to some extent at tube light-weight freight cars that a larger amount of The popular belief jn the germicidal virtues of to­ least, to the mechanism and arrangement disclosed. It goods could be carried than with the present wagons, bacco smoke (which we note has been revived in con­ would be a most unwa.rranted expansion of the claim and that there would be a saving of time, labor, and nection with the allilged immunity enjoyed by the to give it the broad construction contended for by the money, and it is urged by many who have studied the complainant, which would bring within its scope every question that the English- ra cigar makers of Florida during the recent yellow fever ilways will before long be epidemic) has received some confirmation in the scien­ mechanical contrivance by which the porter in a rail­ compelled to adopt some such wagon. One objection Dr. way car is summoned by the passengers. tific researches of Vincenzo Tassinari, first assistant to these cars is that, although ao ft. in length and of the Hygienic Institute of Pisa University. In a pre­ .. . . , .. capable of carrying 30 tons, their weight is only 10 A New Aluminum Proce 10 liminary note on his experiments (Centralbl. j: Bakte­ ••• tons, whereas an English wagon carrying a load of Messrs. riologie, Bd. iv., No. 15) he describes the simple appa­ Brin Brothers, the inventors of the industrial tons weighs on an average about 6 tons. It is urged, ratus he designed to test the effect on pathogenic process of separating the oxygen from the nitrogen of the on the other hand, that the car by its mode of construc'

organisms of exposure to the fumes of tobacco. The atmosphere, recently showed some experiments in con­ tion is really a stronger wagon, though it is COJBpara' apparatus consists in a chamber formed by two glass nection with a new process of making aluminum alloys, tively much lighter. Mr. H. Roberts, of the carriage and wagon department fUllnels placed horizontally, and 'connected together at at their laboratory, 9 College Street, Belvedere Road, of the Midland Railway, at their mouths by paraffin. In this chamber is suspended London. An ordinary, but rich, clay was mixed with Bristol, is an advocate for the adoption of cars similar from a loop of platinulll a small piece of linen, with a reducing agent called by the experimenters " a flux," to those under notice. He says he does not advocate the threads of its lower extremity immersed in a cul­ and made into a paste with water. Some pig iron the destruction of existing stock if good, but thinks ture fluid containillg the microbes. The chamber is which had been run into bars three-eighths inch thick that all renewals of worn-out stock should be on the principle of greater length and r connected at one end by a tube with a cigar or cigar­ and two inches broltd was broken into pieces. These g eater carrying p Cl C lliery Guardian. ette, and at the other by a tube containing a plug of pieces were charged with the paste and alternate layers ca a ty.- o cotton wool (to serve as a filter) with the mouth of the of coke into a small cupola. A further quantity of coke .. I •• • Veneering Frame Houeee. experimenter. The smoke as it is exhaled; t.herefore, to fill the furnace was put upon the top of the charge, thoroughly surrounds the linen soaked in the culture and the blast from a fan turned on. In about twenty­ A construction detail that is gaining much popu­ fluid, and after the experiment, which lasts from thirty five minutes the pig iron had melted. According to larity in some W estern cities is the bricking in of to thirty-five minutes, involving the consumption of the inventors, na!

© 1888 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. NOVEMBER 10, 1888.] "j,uiifi, J,m,ri£an.

](ACmn overlaid. Thill Do.lnK Tr... with M.dlclne. CUT.()!'F SA WIliG . core, good yarns are fraud way, how­ Referring to the popular idea that sulphur placed in We illustrate in the cut accompanying this article an ever, be detected by unlaying a portion of the rope ; It holes bored in the trunks of trees will be dlsl!lolved and ingenious mounting for a circular saw. has been a and it generally betrays itself in use, if not otherwise carried by the S'l.p to the foliage in such quantities allto ullual practice when such saws are used for cutting off discover�d. Another variety of inferior rope is that render it offensive to insects, a recent Bulletin of the ends of timber or of boards, and for similar work, to made of short fiberI', or the strands may be of unequal Massachusetts Agricultural College Experiment Sta­ mount. them Oil an arbor at the lower end of a frame, length or unevenly spun. In the first case the rope tion says that it has been found upon cutting down swinging pendulum fashion from the beams of the has a woolly or rough appearance, on acc ount of the trees which have been plugged with sulphur that the ceiling of the shop. By the present invention all up­ number of projectiug ends of fibers ; and in the latter material remains unchanged for many years. It is add­ per framework is dipensed with. The saw works on an case the irregularity in laying is easily perceived upon rden and Fo rest, ed, says (]a that while we are spending inspection by any one who knows what a good ro� so much effort to prevent injury to our trees from bor­ should look like. The combustion test for ascertaining ers we certainly ought not to make holes in them many the purity of JDanila rope has been published, but times larger than those made by any known species of may be usefully repeated here. It consiBts in unravel­ insect. In order to ascertain whether sulphur in solu­ ing some of the fiber of the rope to be tested, and ble form can be introduced into a tree so as to affect forming it into a loose ball, which is to be cOlDpletely the fungus growths causing rusts, blights, and mil­ burnt upon a clean surface, such as an iron plate. dews, some large ro�e bushelil, badly mildewed, were Pure manila hemp burns to a dull grayish black ash ; treated with saturated solutions of potassium sulphide, sisal leaves a whitish gray ash ; combinations of hydrogen sulphide, and ammonium sulphide. The manila and sisal show themselves by gradations of the liquid was forced into holes bored into the main stem grays. with a small gimlet, and the orifice was plugged with grafting wax. At first a slight improvement in the Foreunes In Paeents. alllount of mildew upon the leaves was . noticed, but in 'f he Commissioner of Patents estimates that .. from September all the bushes but one were dead, presum­ six to seven eighths of the entire manufacturing capital ably from the effect of the holes. Until further trials of the United States, or six hundred millions of dollars, are made, this experiment indicates that while there is directly or indirectly based upon patents." A calcu­ may be some promise that antiseptics introduced into lation of the same kind in England, according to our the sap circulation may prevent the growth of fungi, English contemporary, the London Inventor, reveals some safer means of introducing the solutions must be a still more surprising result, the capital invested being found. From the nature of the case it is hardly possi­ enormous. It has been computed that Siemens' in­ ble that any substance can be introduced into the cir­ ventions have produced more than five millions ster­ culation in sufficient quant.ities to affect insect life. ling. Professor Maynard, who prepared the Bulletin, sug­ .. There is," says an eminent authority, "scarcely an gests that an inspection be made next season of the article of human convenience or necessity in the mar­ elms in Boston which were bored and filled with chemi­ ket to-day that has not been the subject of a patent in cals last spring to make the leaves distasteful to beetles. whole or in part. The sale of every such article yields Careful weighing would determine how much of the its inventor a profit. If we purchase a box of paper powder had escaped from the hole, and analysis could collars, a portion of the price goes to the inventor ; if detect the presence of any excess of sulphur in the we buy a sewing machine, the chances are that we pay leavell. a royalty to as many as a dozen or fifteen inventors CUT·OFF SAWING MACHINE. at once." ....nclene ROlDan Plank Road •• Lord Brougham often said t.hat he would gladly have The Prus!

© 1888 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 1titutifit �mtritJu. [NOV!:llBER 10, 1888 .

.Murder CnUure by 'he Plc'orlal Arl. friends and neighbors would think they have positive able for raising water for the supply of villages and iso- No fact is more patent to science:than the direct effect proof of a sure antidote in whisky. Here is the fallacy lated houses. of influencE's exerted through the medium of the which science alone can demonstrate. If, when whis- 37. The best combined system of warming, ventilat­ senses upon the brain-that particular part of the or- ky is mixed with the poison directly, it is 110 antidote, ing, and lighting large buildings. ganism whose functioning we call " mind." Darwin, how can it become so when taken into the system 38. The transmission of ste llm underground in the Ruskin, and all the great students of development remotely, the whisky in the stomach and the poison United States, with the results obtained. have labored to bring this fact within the cognizance in the goat ? Physiologically, whisky is antidotal so 39. The plant used in the execution of important en­ of the general thinking public. That they have failed far as it will sustain the flagging powers during the gineering works. is only too painfully evidenced by the persistence and. time the poison is being elimjnated by the excretory 40. Tools used in the building of iron and steel ships, surprising ingenuity of the practice of cultivating organs. In the light of the above scientific demonstra- and in the construction of boilers. homicidal propensities, and collaterally murder, by a tions, how a doctor (',an gravely or frantically proceed 41. The construction and working of friction brake refined use of the art of mural decoration. to treat a rattlesnake bite • by injecting around the dynamometers. While we em power the police to put down with a wound permanganate of potassa, or any supposed anti- 42. Steam cultivation by digging and by plowing. strong hand the exhibition in shop windows, and the dotes, or order a chicken split open and applied to the 43. The generation of alternating currents in dynamo censor of stage plays and spectacles to interdict the wound, or the anus of the chicken applied over the electric machines, and their utilization for lighting and parade in theaters, of pictures and scenes of an .. im- wound, using a number of different fowls for. the pur- power purposes. moral " character, because it is recognized that these pose,' is a problem hard to understand in this age of 44. Electric meters for recording the consumption of have a tendency to corrupt the mind of youth-and reason."-Me dical Reco1'd. electrical energy. age too-nothing whatever is done to restrain the .. I • • .. 45. The construction and maintenance of secondary daily increasing evil of pictorial placards displayed on The Inatltutlon or CIvil Englneer_Subjecta Cor batteries. every hoarding, and of highly wrought scenes produced Papera, Seaalon 1888-89. 46. Central station electric lighting. at nearly all the theaters, which not only direct the The Council of the Institution of Civil Engineers, I 47. The application of electricity to the working of thoughts, but actively stir the passions, of the people London, invites original communications on the sub- street tramways and of railways. in such way as to familiarize the average mind with jects included in the following list, as well as on any 48. The application of electricity to the working of murder in all its forms, and to break down that pro- other questions of professional interest : cranes, pumps, tools, etc. 49. electricity to smelting and tective sense of .. horror " which nature has given us, 1. The utilization of unused sources of power in Th-e application of with the express purpose, doubtless, of opposing an nature-such as the tides, the radiant heat of the sun, metallurgical operations. obstac1e to the evil influence of the exemplification of etc. 50. The application of electricity to the purification homiClide. It cannot be disguised that even .the most 2. Standard specifications for the materials used in of water and of sewage. sensitive na.ture is to some extent brutalized by the the construction of engineering works. 51. The purification of copper, and the reduction of display of these pictures. 3. The influence of sea water upon Portland cement copper ores by electrolytic processes. We are none of us as shocked at the spectacle of a mortar and concrete. 52. Contributions to the bibliography of special knife driven into the chest of a young woman, and do 4. The construction, ventilation, and working of branches of engineering.

not recoil as violently from the idea of this form of railway tunnels of great length. .. I •• .. murder, as before the display on all sides of an elabo- 5. Description of any new or peculiar type of moun- Electrical Notea. rate, nearly life size, picture of the deed. Nor do two tain railway for very steep gradients. Incandescence electrical lights are to take the place men grappling together and stabbing each other, or 6. Recent improvements in cable tramways. of the arc' lights which have been used in the great one man shooting another with a revolver, strike us as 7. The value, with respect to the safety and durabil- Stampede tunnel on the Northern Pacific Railroad­ presenting spectacles of such hideous enormity as they ity of metallic bridges, of (a) increase in the weight of the second largest in this country. The reasons for ' would have done had we not been familiarized with the structure, by the choice of other than the lightest this change are interesting. The space to be lighted (b) these scenes by impressive placards staring us in the design ; increase in the dead load, by the adoption of is, of course, in linear distance rather than in area, face at every turn. It does seem strange-passing a heavy description of flooring, with or without the and the result, as might have been expected, was the strange-that this murder culture by the educationary addition of concrete or ballast. intense illumination of some parts and the deep shade use of the pictorial art has not been checked by public 8. The painting and preservation of metals, woods, of others. Frequent readjustment was necessary be­ authority. etc. cause of the effect of the gases and smoke from the en- 9. docks. We have no wish to make wild affirmations, but Recent examples of hydraulic lift graving gines, .the arc light apparatus corroded quickly, and for knowing what we do, as observers of development, 10. Forms and construction of masonry dams the strong draughts ate the carbons voraciously. we can have no hesitation in saying that the increas- reservoirs. The incandescence lights, being inclosed in bulbs, do 11. The g and deepe ing of drainage and i ri- ing frequency of horribly brutal outrages is by no cleanin n r not feel these draughts, and theme tal bearings can be means ut:\accountable. The viciously inclined are, in a I gation canals by mechanical means. protected with gutta percha. The new system com- sense, always weak-minded-that is to say, they are 12. Oh the sale of water by measure. prises a 300 light machine, running at a pressure of 200 especially susceptible of influences moving them in the 13. Descriptions of mining machinery of improved de- volts, the lights being of the 30 candle power variety. direction their passions incline them to take ; and sign. The dynamo is worked by water power. when the (or brain) is impressed through the 14. quartz reduction and amalgamation de mind Gold - - There was, as usual, much interesting discussion at senses, and particularly the sense of sight, in such scription of the various machines, and of their method the recent meeting of the American Institute of Elec- manner as to produce mental pictures, either in wak- of working. trical Engineers, but what was said as to electromo- 15. ing thought or dreams, of homicide, the impulsive or- The physical properties of metals under test. tors may safely be put down as the most important. were, prepared perfo 16. strength teel as ganism is, as it for the rmance The working of iron and s affected A practical motor man described the parts least perfect, (b) of the deeds which form the subjects of the conscious- by (a) the amplitude, the frequency, and (c) the time explained where experimentation is most needed, and ness. We are, of course, writing technically, but the rate of the stress variations. how necessary is careful work in construction, espe­ 17. facts are indisputable, and we trust they will be suffi- The present position of the manufacture of steel cially at the present stage of development. Mr. ciently plain. It is high time that this ingenious and -its defects, and suggestions for its improvement. Sprague, projector of an overhead system of electri- (b) persistent murder culture should cease.-Lancet. 18. The effect upon basic steel of (a) chromium, cal railway, frankly described its drawbacks. "The aluminum, and tungsten. .. I • • .. (0) trolley," he says, "is a clear source of trouble, and diffi- 19. The properties of bronzes and other alloys. cult to manage properl . " Some time ago, when a Whl8ky not an Antidote 10 Haltlesnake Polson. 20. Researches on the actual working limits of stress y telephone wire fell across the overhead main of the in machinery or structures under �nown conditions of DI·. A. T. Hudson, of Stockton, Cal., writes : .. Hav­ Richmond electrical railway, every wire touching it variation of loading. ing often seen the statement made in the public press, was melted, and if the current had not been cut off, 21. The corrosion of metal structures, and the best and sometimes in medical journals, that whisky and "the destruction of the telephone exchange, and pos- means of preserving them. ammonia were the acknowledged antidotes to rattle­ sibly the firing of the subscribers' instruments and 22. The effect of wind upon structures, as influenced snake bite, I feel it a duty to administer a corrective to houses," would have resulted. Mr. Sprague also by (a) their superficial area, (b) the forma or position of the above fallacious teaching. About thirty years ago enumerated the merits of this system, and it has many. the exposed surfaces, the shelter of adjacent bodies, Professor Weir Mitchell, of Philadelphia, spent over (0) A TARDY AN ER A ARM AT SEA. two years in carefully experimenting with the virus of and (d) the dynamic action of sudden gnsts. � � � . Among rec nt curIOUS lDventIOns IS that of the auto- snake poisons. Taking a few drops of the pure virus 23 On forging by hydraulic pressure and casting , e matic electrical sounding lead, coming from Mexico, from the sac of the snake, he mixed it consecutively und r the same 'I � and being one of the contrivances ma e by hose of the with alcohol, ammonia, iodine, bromine, mercury, and 24. The cons ruction of the working parts of steam � � t land for the use f them at ea. t IS deslgne to be other reputed antidotes, then injected the solution of engines, in relation to the high pressures and tempera- ? � � � put upon the ShIP, s hul , lth . Wlr� to electrIcal bell each into birds, rabbits, dogs, goats, and other animals tures now becoming general. � � aboard. When the ShIP IS shoabng her water, the -when he found that the poison was not altered in its 25. The practical limit to the working pressure of bell rings. power, but would produce ite specific toxic effect just steam in marine boilers. ------the same as when it was undiluted. Be found also 26. The various systems of forced draught in boilers, _. _I -4.H.�.. _ that the virus was fatal only to a certain extent, that with the economical results obtained. New Swiss Patent Law. is. if it took half a drop to kill an animal of thirty 27. The most recent types of (a) mail steamers, (b) The new patent law in Switzerland will come into pounds weight, it would require one to two drops to cargo steamers, and (0) war ships. force on the 15th of November. kill one of sixty to eighty pounds. Its action is hnme­ 28. On modern experience in screw propulsion, com- Patents are granted for inventions not known in diate, and it kills only when the animal is too small prising the comparative efticiency of propellers of large Switzerland, but citizens of those countries living be­ and weak in resistive vitality. It is rare that an adult diameter, and of smaller ones deeply immersed, and of yond the sea which have joined the international person dies from the bite of a rattlesnake. The virus the influenceof form. union, of which the United States is one, can get pat- of the cobra is more intense and fatal. Several years 29. On the highest speeds attained and attainable on ents there even if the invention is known in Switzer­ ago a prominent minister in Philadelphia died from railways. having reference to gradients, curves, and land or patented in the home country, provided they the bite of a young cobra. As a given quantity of the the locomotives employed. make application within seven months from the time rattlesnake virus is necessary to overcome a certain 30. The application of the compound principle to 10- of filing the appl ication in the home country. Citi- amount of physical force, it is seldom that such quan­ comotive and to portable engines. zens of those countries not living beyond the sea have tity is ever deposited by the snake bite upon an adult 31. Mechanical traction on common roads. six months.

person. If a large snake should bite a goat of fifty 32. The petroleum engine and its applications. The patent is granted for 15 years, commencing from pounds weight, and soon after bite two children of 33. The distribution of power by com pressed air or date of application. A small tax is payable annually about the saIDe weight, the goat might die, but the by vacuum, and the construction of machines to be during the life of the patent. The patent must be children would not, for the reason that the goat would worked by compressed air or by vacuum. worked in three years. The law is somewhat similar receive the largest aIDount of the virus, when there 34. Hydraulic rotative motors for high pressures. to the French law. would be but little left to poison the children. In 35. The means of governing and economizing high We shall be pleased to furnish any of our readers such a case, whisky being used on the children, their pressure fluid in hydraulic cranes, engines, etc. . who desire to take patents there, such additional in· recovery would be attributed to the whisky ; so the 36. The construction and working of windmills, suit- I formation as they may desire.

© 1888 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 10, 1888.J Jeitutific !mtricau� NOVEMBER 299 ENGINEERING INVlilNTIONS. tilting and swinging gates, desi�ned to be cheap, NEW BOOKS AND PUBLICATIONS. durable. and efficient. for farm use, the gate being one RA LR D TELEGRAPH AND STEAMSHIP A station indicator has been patented I OA , which can be conveniently held in raised position or BUILDERS' DIRECTORY. New Yo k: by Messrs. Hans Helland and Franz Ma tzow. of j e chargef()1' u head LJOtlar r ust suffici nt to permit the passage of small stock, or The In sertion nder thlll is One hi ng Houston, Texas. This invention covers a nove] con- , i i : bo ig ine. Railway D irectory Publis swung on its hinges. a l nef()1' each nsertion a ut e ht words to a l Com�he pany. struction and combination of parts in an apparatns to ' i ence post be by Advertisements must be received at pulJl cafion office Indicate to tbe passengers of railway or street CWl when A f has en patented u . ! Th s is a volume of nearly closely printed pages as arly as Thursday morni1'/.(/ appear i iss e i 400 Messrs. Silas J. Saxon and William H. James, of Col­ e to n next a car is approaching. standing at. or leaving a station, of alphabetically arranged lisls of U. S. manufacturers giving also the distances, and other desired data. fax, Washington Ter. This invention relates to posts of railroad materials and supplies, locon,'otive and car having a metallic foot piece to enter the ground, with a Oar Adopts the Sewall He ater. b lders, telegraph and electrical materials and plan t , The Sewall Safety Car HeRter has been gammg Ul A car coupling has been patented by socket to receive and support. the post, a thin metal gronnd rapidly of late, and has now been adopted by and is calculated to be especially useful to those .eek­ Ml\ Samuel I. Fields, of Cherokee Nation, Indian Ter. tube beiug driven iuto the lower end of the woodeu the Pullman Car Company, of Illinois. The following ing trade in these lines. Combined with the drawhe.. d is a longitudinal pivoted body f . and o the post forming a light but strong exten. letter. �iviDg this information, was received here locking bar having an outer hooked extremity. n MODERN SHOT GUNS. W u sion thereof, making a durable attachment. Wednesday ; By W. .Greener. angle lever being pivoted to the locking bar, and a New York : Cassell Co. Pp. 192. combined clod crusher and roller Chas. B. Strout. Secretary and Treasnrer Sewall Safety & @pring-actuated link pivoted to the drawhead at one A Car Heatin� Co. : Price $1. has been patented by Oliver C. Look, of Collins­ side o and with the king bar, t conpling Mr. f parallel loc he Dear Sir-Yours of the 2d instant just to hand. and in This book gives a great variety of information such ville, III. It has two or more rollers. so arranged by being attachable to an ordinary link and pin drawhead. reply would Bay : Our general superintendent wrote to as sportsmen are generally asking of gUll makers-the means of a lIexible joint as to readily adapt themselves the Sewall Car Heating Co. some time since commending sweeper p t t- essential dill'erences between dill'erent kinds of barrels, A for rail ways has been a en to the irregular surfaces of the ground, and th� con. their ct)Upler fully ; and am authorized to say that the I coming from their methods of manufacture, explana· ed by Mr. George P. Campbell. of New York City. Its struction is such that the machine may be first nsed to company, after using the three different couplers order� tions of many kinds of lock mechanism and how constrnction is snch that, with mnch snow over the crush the clods in a section of ground and afterward edt have adopted the Sewall coupler and are using it they practically work, particulars of leading types of track, an advance hinged mould board is lowered, adapted to act as a roller to smooth and pack the on all Pullman cars heated by steam. where the bulk of the snow is thrown 011', while the same. GEO. H. GRAY. General Ticket Al(ent. modern shot gum, with numerous diagrams showing sweeper may be advanced from either end, the construc· resuits of practice under given eonditiQlls, and full II· A window screen fixture has been pa Pays Well on Small Investment.-Stereopticons, tion being strong and simple, and making a sweeper - lustrations under each heading. The book will well reo Magic Lanterns, and Views4illustratin2'every subject for tented by Mr. Edmnnd H. Ambler, of Beatrice, Neb. pay the careful considel'ation of the scientific sports· that can be conveniently and expeditiously handled. public exhibitions. Lanterns for colleges, Sunday schools It consists of a set of disconnected and rabbeted bnsh· man, and cannot fail to be of great value to the amateur • • • and home amusements. 152 p�e illustrated cataloa-ue ing strips adapted to fit in the grooves in which the at every step. from the purchase of his gun to the ac­ AGRICULTURAL INVENTION, free. McAllister, Mnfa-. OptiCian, 49 NassRu St., N. Y. sashes slide, to adapt any window to receive a screen of quirement of a good degree of skill. A churn has been patented by Mr. the usual construction. which shall not interfcre with Rotary veneer basket and fruit package machinery. E. Merritt Co., Lockport. N. Claua Duecker, of New Holst�in, Wis. It is made the raising 'Or lowering of the sash. bnt may be con· I. Y. with a rotary, barrel-shaped body, hung upon trunnions, veniently taken out and replaced for opening and c1os­ For Sale-Patent 341,175. Best dust pan made. OF the dasher being placed diagonally across the body, ing the blinds. INDEX INVENTIONS Small capital wanted to start good paying business. For _hick Letter. Patent of the whereby the agitation of the cream is very ell'ective, ticket printing apparatus has been A Address H. S. L .• P. O. box 773. New York. causing it to be chnmed to butter in a very short time. United State. _ere Granted patented by Mr. Gideon B. Massey, of Mamaroneck, • • • N. Y. This invention covers a novel construction and Wanted-Solid brass eagles for ornament. W. T. Y. S., No. 2'J.2 Market St., San FranCiSCO, Cah. lIUSCELLANEOUS INVENTIONS, arrangement of parts in an apparatus for the printing, October 23, 1888, dating, and consecutive numbering of tickets, and at Wanted-An experienced mining captain to superin­ A frying pan or similar utensil forms &ND EACH BEARING THAT DATE. the same time to preserve a record of the number of tend a quartz mine in Central America. Must unde� the subject of a patent issued to Emma L. Farrell, of stand mining contracts and an a-enera! business pertain­ tickets sold from the point of sale to any given point [See note at end of list about copies of these patents.) Brooklyn, N. Y. The invention consists of a frame in ing to mine work. One speaking Spanish preferred. upon the line, and aloo to preserve a record of each : Ad-­ which a pan is held to revolve as desired, the frame of dress, stating references and terms, Plata, care ticket as it is sold. D8iZ,1I Schnarrenberger ...... S!JJ.4:lO the pan being held stationary, and its body revolved Financial Sews. 31 and 33 Broad St., New York. Adding machine, J. H. over the lire. .  Adjustable bracket, W. Van Horn ...... 391,4:3.Q Canadian manufacturing firm want patented article to Alarm. See Burglar alarm . manufacture in Canada. One now being manufactured music holder has been patented by Axle box, car, G. F. Godley ...... 391,46.; A In United tltates preferred. Address G. H. A., P. O. box Mr. James E. Eastlack, of Philadelphia, Pa. It is in· Axle, railway car, S. Gi!$singer...... SiH.70a SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN 778, New York. dependent of the rack on the instrument or mu.ic Axles, machine for bending wallon, W. Schwin.. n ...... 391.649 stand, and has a divided, broad, firm hold on the music, BUILDING EDITION, Will sell or manufactnre in partnership wrought iron l(e Baling clamp, A. Kil(er ...... 391.622 being designed to be carried in the pocket and be es· grindstone hanger patent. D. O'IJeary, San Bernardino, OCTOBER NUMBER.-(No. Ballot box, registering and canceling, T. pecially useful to players who have to perform from 36.) Cal. }4\ Dodge ...... 391.518 home. All books, app., etc., cheap. School of Electricity, N.Y. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Banding macbine, G. Watters ...... 391.728 Barber's dressmg case, C. Brown ...... 1 [JOO A tail for kites has been patented by Elegant plate, in colors, of a suburban dwelling Published-Elements of Electric Lighting, in­ 39 , 1. Juat ...... Basins, supply fittings for, J. Reid . . 391,647 Messrs. Charles W. Burgess and William F. Fleharty, costing eight thousand five hundred dollars. Floor cluding electriC Ileneration, measurement, storage, Rnd Batteries, automatic circuit changer for sec- distribution. By Phillip Atkinson, A.M .• Ph.D., author of Norwalk, Ohio. The invention consists of a disk plans, sheet of details, etc. ondary, Griscom ...... 391,468 of Elements of Static ElectriCity. pages ; 104 iI us' W. W. held centrally on the tail rope and supported by guy 260 I Battery. See Galvanic battery. 2. Elegant plate, in colors, of two cottages costing trations. Price, $1.50. For sale by Munn & Co. 361B road, ropes fastened to- the tail rope and to the outer edge of , Battery plates, machine for making, A. twelve hundred and sixteon hundred dollars, re­ way. New York. F. Mad- the disk. making a tail which adjusts itself according den ...... 391,542 spectively. Sheet of details, 1I00r plans, etc. to the velocity or pressure of the wind. of Bedstead, cabinet folding. B. Poulson ...... •.. A Iron Planer, Lathe, Drill, and other machine tools '" 391,424 residence at Richmond Hill, N. Y., lately built, at Bell, alarm. Nichols & Rose ...... A screw-cutting die has been patented I 3. modern design. New Ha.venMfg. Co., New IIaven, Conn...... 391,483 a cost of ten thousand dollars. PerBp�ctive and Belt fastener. E. Eastwood. 2d ...... 391,695 by Mr. James Carpenter, of Pawtucket, R. I. It M. 1I00r plans. Pra.tt&: Letch'IIXJrth, BUffalo, N. Y., Bicycle, tandem, E. Smith ...... 39l,400 has a vertical split at one side, a tapering hole parallel solicit correspondence relative to manufacturinJlspec .. W. Bill of fare. chanl(eable. D. E. Terrill ...... 391,765 4. A dwelling for three thousand five hundred dollars. with the face of the die, with its walls in the meeting ialties requiring malleable gray iron, brass, or steel cast­ Board. See Dash boara. Floor plans and perspect.ive. ings. end formed by the split, and a tapering pin located in Boiler. See Steam boiler. the tapering hole, making a simple means for expand. 5. Villa at Fontainebleau-M. E. Brunnarius, architect. Supplement Catalogue.-Pe.. ons in pursuit of infor­ Bolting reel, J. B. Dobson ...... 391,406 Books, binding for, T. Gregg ...... 391,001 ing a screw·cuttmg die which requires only slight Cost, eight thousand six hundred dollars. Floor mation of any special enJ,tineerinJ,t, mechanical. or scien­ �'. plans and perspective. tific subject, can have catalogue of content. of tbe S I Books. corner cutter for, Braidwood. .. manipulation in making the adjustment. C · W...... 391,681 AMERICAN SUPPLEMl!:NT sent to them free. Boot or shoe, G. A. Macker ...... " ...... 391,4'18 6. View of the new Protestant church at Lyons, .NTIl!'lC An inhaling ap aratus has been patent­ The SUPPLEMENT contains lengthy articles embraCing Bottle stopper, B. Hel(ele...... 391,709 France. Cost, eighty thousand dollars. ed by Mr. Henrik C. F.p Stormer, of Christiana, Nor­ the whole range of engineering, mechaniCS, and physical Box. See Axle box. Ballot box. File box. J{nockdown box. box. Match box. way. This invention combines a spray tnbe, with a 7. Page of engravings showing the house at Stratford­ science. Addres. Munn & Co .. Publishers. New York. Letter on-Avon in which Shakespeare was born-Anne Music box. Paper box. lamp for causing a current of heated air. a receptacle For the latest improved diamond prospecting drills, Hathaway's cottage, near Strat.ford.on-Avon­ Brake. See Car brake. I�ocomotive brake. Ve- for a medical solution, and an atomizer, whereby the the M. Bullock Mf�. address C. Co., Chicago, 111. hicle brake. solution, as sprayed, will have its liqUld evaporllted, Trinity Church, Stratford-on-Avon, where Shake­ Breast strap. A Stewart ...... 391,722 speare is buried-The residence of Mary Arden, Nickel Plating.-)Ianufacturers of pnre nickel an· J. and the dry particles only wili be conveyed onward. Brick and tile machine, �'. E. �' rey ...... 391.007. 391,698 the mothe r of Shakespeare-Old Elizabethan odes, pure nickel salts, polishing compOSitions, etc. $100 Bridle, arch. J. B. Ellis ...... 391,41>3 nasal respirator has been patented by house, Stratford, showing' the domestic architec­ "1tittleWonder ." A perfect Electro Plating Machine. . A Broom holder or support, B. Schad ...... 3:n.429 Mr. Joseph C. Locke, of Point St. Charles, Montreal, Agents of tbe new Dip Lacquer J{ristaline. Complete . tnre of the time of Shakespeare...... Hanson, , Brush, R. Cahill ...... 3fl1,1;S7 Canada. It consists of . tapering tubular per orated outfit for plating, etc. Van Winkle Co. New· . f & Brush, blacklnl(, Spaldinl( ...... 391 .4�1 8. The chancel, Holy Trinity Church, Stratford·on ark. N. .. and 92 and 94 Liberty St.. New York. .1. L. . shells, to conform to one's nostrils, ..nd filled with J ...... a91 .;� Avon, showing the Shakespeare memorial bust and Buckle. A. J. Stewart ...... , ...... IIbrous air-filtering material. and is provided with Perforated metals of all kinds for all purposes. The Buckle. tUl(, ...... tablet, and the stained glass window, the gift of J. T. Merrrtt . a91."J6 Robert Aitchison Perforated Metal Co., ChlcSl(o, Ill. .. fastening devices whereby it may be easily and Buggies, dust cover for, Barth ...... American visitors. A. ;391;39ti Bung retainer and stamp protector, D. Croake .... 391,455 securely applied and readily removed. Link Betting and Wheels. Link Belt M. Co., Chicago. 9. A suburban villa lately built at Sonnd View Hill, Burglar alarm. R. Teichmann ...... •. . 391.724 res es Dies. Ferracute Mach. Co., Bridgeton, N .• A postal date holder has been patent­ Long Island Sound, near New York. Perspective P s & l Burner. See Gas burner. Hay aDd straw burner. ed by Mr. Elias C. Walker, of Calmar. Iowa. The view and 1I00r plans. Cost, live thousand eight The Holly Manufacturing Co., of Lockport, N. Y., Paint burner. . casing has two circnlar concentric series of type spaces, hnndred dollars. will sE"nd their pamphlet, describing water works ma­ Bustle. D. V Miller ...... :191,757 and a revoluble cover having two apertures correspond. chinery. and containing reports of tests, on application. Button, W. Bourke ...... 391,398 Design for a cottage by S. Whittemore, archi­ ...... 391,656 ing with the type spaces, an auxiliary cover being 10. W. Button. adjusLable, C. G. Smith tect, Brick Church. N. J. Perspective and 1I00r Lockwood's Dictionary of Terms nsed in the practice Cable l(ripper and pick·up, Holmes & Charles...... 3.01,471 adapted to close either one of its apertures, the device of Mecbanical EngineerinJ,t, embracing those current in plans. Cost, three thousand five hundred dollars. Cable hanger, E. J. Hall ...... 391.006 making a cheap and efficient holder for interchange. the drawing office, pattern shop, foundry, flttinll, turn­ Calendar, H...... A Qneen Anne cottage in Rochelle Park, New S. Hack ...... 391.705 ble dates. 11. in2'. smith's and boiler shop, comprising over etc., 6.000 Car brake, Heston ...... 391,410 Rochelle, N. Y., costing five thousand six hun. definitions. Edited by a foreman patt make . 1888. W. . ern r ...... lock for bicycles has been patented Car coupling, S. P. Bentley ...... 891,732 A dred dollars. Plans and perspective, Price. $3.00. For sale by Munn & Co. , 361 Broadway, New Car coupling, S. I. Fields ...... 391,525 by Messrs. Turney H. Gongware and Edwin K. Hanley, York. 12. An English double house of moderate cost. Per. Car coupling, Lorraine ...... 391,.fl6 of Elmira, N. Y. It is a lock at all times attached to M. J. spective and 1I00r plans. an Recipe s-Compiled from the SC IEN' Car couplinJ/:. Moore & Edwards ...... 991,636 the bicycle in 'position for use, in such manner as to Wrinkles d collection practical suggestions. Car coupling, O. Niedlander ...... 391.719 Design for the Duquesne Club HOllse, by Beins TIFIC Al\IERICAN. A of A. . . .. and is constructed so tbat, when . constitute)m ornament, 13. & processes, and directions for the mechaniC, the engineer Car coupling. T. Settle ...... 891.651 La Farge, architects, New York. . the rider dismounts, he may apply a brake on the ru bber the farmer, and the housekeeper. Illustrated colored Car coupling, Sheffield & Jamison ...... 391.487 ...... 391.572 tire and turn a key, keeping the brake in contact with 14. Miscellaneous contents : A new regimental armory, frontispiece. Edited by Park Benjamin, Ph.D. Third Car coupling, P. L. Wood ...... New York City. - Ventilating pipes. - National & Car heating apparatus, C. H. Horton ...... • S91,·U3. the tire. edition. Price, $2.00. For sale by MUnn Co., 361 Broad­ Zoological Park.-Lime from oyster shells, show­ way. New York. Car marker, E. C. Blatt ...... 391.679 A toy race track has been patented by Car, stock, D. Burton ...... :191 ,579 inl: pit for burning shells.-Roman road construc· Billings' Patent Adjustable Tap and Reamer Wrench. G. Mr. William N. McManus, of New York City. This Myers ...... 391,159 tion .-Beauty of the larch.-Sewage disposal in es. Billings & Spencer Co . Hartford. Conn. Car, stock, W. W. invention provides a novel construction and mechanism . Car wheel, N. Wril(ht...... 391.729 Great Britain.-Orchids, iIIustrated.-Test of llre­ designed to all'ord a simulation of a real race. in which Hammers, Improved Hydraulic Jacks, and Tube Cars, head rest for slee ing, Kirby, Jr . . � ...... 391,748 proof wire lathing.-A clematis porch illustrated. Steam J. Thomp- a number of miniature figures will be carried about a KJ:pa ders. R. Dudgeon, Columbia St .. New York. Cards, etc., railway headp for cotton, J. P. -Some ways of using the Virginia creeper. iIIus· 24 '! son ...... 391,663 circular race course, and after a number of times round trated with 3 figures.-Feedlng coal to the IIre.­ Friction ClntchPulleys. The D. Frisbie Co., N.Y. city. Carrier. See Cash carrier. will be projected forward by an impnlse to the IInish Wood that will not blaze.-Fall of a stone church Case. See Barber's dressing case. File case. to Keep Boilers Clean." Send your address line. as a .. How nt tower.-A ruined city in Texas.-Loofah 120 Show case. Surgical or other instrume free page book. Jas. C. HotchkiSs, Liberty St., snbstitute for sponge. - A California tarm.­ for 8S A lifting jack has been patented by N. Y, C8.S"...... •...... 391,577 Messrs. Lawrence and Patrick Murphy, of St. Paul, Defects in plnmbin/I inthe Maine Insane Asylum.-· Cash co.rrier, A. B. Blackbnrn . E. The best roasters. coolers, stoner" separators, Caster, N. C. Merriam ...... i>91,H31 The device is light in construction, with few An improved reversible shaper, nrnstrated.-Im· (!qfJ'ee Minn. a miJlfDjiC Rnd polishers. scourers, J[losBin,lZ' ppam�. Cent... ing apparatus, E. Howard ...... 391.5,3 and simple working parts, permitting of its heing proved hand anit foot power saws, illustrated.­ J. ana acaroni machinery, ...... pooberry machines ; also rice m Chain. drive, F. Ecksteln� Jr ...... 39i.5m Practical hints on disfnfection. easily oiled, and is designed especially for railroad Cortlanat St., N. Y...... are built by The Hungerford Co., 69 Chair attachment, chi1d's, A. G. Morit;z.. . S9J,6S1 work, providing for an increased extent of movement The Scientific American Architects and Bnilders Chucks, means for operating revolving. Planinjf and Matching MachineB. Al l kinds Wood W. of the lifting bar in response to the movement of the Edition is issued monthly. a year. Single copies, Cooper ...... 391,585 $2.50 Machtnery. C. B. Rogers & Co.. Norwich, Conn. eperating lever. Churn, C. Duecker ...... 3Ijl,i20 25 cents. Forty lar ge qnarto pages. equal to about Working Clamp. See Baling clamp. A machaine for sharpening and gum­ two hnndred ordinary bOOK pages ; forming, practi· .. New Drill Chuck," holding straight taper or square Tool Co.. Cleveland, Clamp tor supporting tackle bloek straps while cally. a large and splendid MAGAZINE OF ARCH ' shanks. Address Standard 0., ming saws has been patented by Mr. John Mealey, of ITEC Ford ...... S!H.4t19 mfrs twist drills, reamers, and special tOOlS. rIveting the same, A. .... richly adorned with elegant plates in colors and . of G. Canada. is for nse on TURE, . Fairville, New Brunswick, I't Clarlonet, C. Mahillon with fine engravings, iIlnstrating the most Interesting ...... 391,4'1'9 circnlar saws of all sizes, the construction allowing the Split Pulleys at low prices, and of Bame strength and CIllsp. See Shoe clasp. examples of Modern Architectural Cons ruction and a ea Whole Sh ftin saw to be placed at any desired angle in relation to tile t pp rance as Pulleys. Yocom & Son's a g Cleaner. See Cotton·clean er. St.. allied snbjects, Work., Drinker Philadelphia, Pa. W. For ...... 1I91.526 grinding wheel, and readily moved forward or back­ Cleat, J. an Fullness, Richness, Cheapness, and Convenience synchronizer, G...... ward, while both the sharpening and gumming can be The Clock A. Wisem .. n . .. . 8111,446 D n e earn mps. 0 Ik er e ousen C 0.. R u- r of this work have won for it the LARGEST �I � St Pu V & F Ifh Closet. See Water closet. rapidly and ell'ectively performed. CIRCULATION falo, • . H. of any Architectural publication In the world. Sold by Coat. vest, etoe., J. Prince ...... 391.51i6 Coeoanut compound, Hennemeier. Jr...... A gate has been patented by Messrs. all newsdealers. prSendfor new and c&mple� cataloglle of ScientifiC L. 391.5dO De O t er ssle by Mu n Co. CotTee pot, 'I' B. Id e ...... S9I,RlT Andrew J. Powell and Marion G. Crow, of Newark, MUNN C " PUBLISHEBII, and o b Book. for n & , 361 Broadway, l ...... & h e combined. G. l'I vey ...... 391,108 New Y ork. Free on application. arn S. ar Ohio, This Invention CO\lel'll a novel construction of 361Broadway, New York. I Collar and ,

© 1888 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 300 Jtitutifit )tutritau. [N OVEMBER 10, 188R

Oombml(machine •• dabbing mechani.mfor wool. LIquids. apparatn. for concentrating. J. W. Stove door. B. A. Baxter ... •••• •••••.•••••....••.•. 391.674 F. Unwin ...... 391,li67 Dixon ...... 391.458 Stove. oil. ll"a or vapor. G. Gilbert ...... 391.411 . . . . . •• H. Compass corrector. H. B. Hunt ...... 391.534 Liquids. concentr.. tlng. J. W. DIxon ...... 391.459 Stove or furnace. C. I,. Rldgwa:r...... 391.559 . . Inside I'all'''' "Rch I n."rtioll ___ c,,"t8 Confectionel·Y. machine for manufacturing and I,ock. See Nut lock. Stove or furnace. heating, C. L. Rldgwa:r, ,.!) Illil.... Back i e . - _ l'nae, eRe" s ti o printinll ar ticles of. Z. T. Hartm .. ...n ...... 391.607 Locomotive brake. A. P. Masse:r...... 391.755 391.428 81.00 Il IiIiS. te The above are charlie.n r per nagate line-about eight . 391,126 Conveyer, D. M. Maxon ...... 991.7,,6 Looms, jacquard mechanism for, Wyman . .... 891.730 Stove pipe drum, M. Liddell ...... 391.541 . H. J. . words per line. This notice shows the width of the line, Corking m achine. G. Norton ...... Mast hoop. C. S. Mott ...... 391 .548 Strap. See Brea.t .trap. and is s�t in �ate type. Enilravings may head adver.. . 391.760 ...... tisement' at the same rate per agate line. by measure­ Corn cutting device. S. C. Cro ...... 391.738 Match box. �'. B. Smith ...... 391.489 Straps. keeper for the loo.e end. of. H. Sherman. 391.76:1 . ment, as the letter press. Advertisements must be Corn hu.kinl( ..nd crushing machine. E. A. Porter 391,646 Matrices and casting .tereotypes. apparatus for StrHow carriers, slat fast.ener for, D. W. Pratt .•. . . . 391,005 received at publication office as early as Thursday morn.. drying, E. H. Cot rell ...... - ...... 391,516 lng to appear in lJext issue. Corn or other grain, apparatus for cleanln�, I.l. t Street and station Indlcater. automatic. S. M. McM urray ...... • ...... 391.482 Measurinl( instrument. electric. A. H. Eddy ...... 391.592 �' riede ...... 391,700 . . Cotton cleaner .eed. R. Hopkin ...... 391,744 Mill. See Grindinllmill. Saw mill. Street or station Indicator, autematlc. S. M. J. . Coupling See Car coupling. Shaft coupling. Mi1ling machlDe. twist drill. M. C. Johnson...... 891.619 Friede ...... 391.699 Patent Foot P ..wer . Machi Thill coupllnll. Mining machine. coal. J. Harrison ...... 391.707 Surface I(auge. E. Smith ...... 391.488 N. . . Complete Outfits. Cowl. E. Betz ...... 391.503 Motor. See Electric motor. Surgical or other instrument case. W. R. T,eonard 391.MO Wood or Metal workers without steam ...... 391.412 power. can 8ucces�fulJy compete with Cue and ball rack and tip fastener. F. Becker. . 891,6;7 Motor. W. L. Haley ...... Supporter. See Garment .upporter. Pantaloons ...... CuD' holder. E. N. Dodge ...... 39I.7.l9 Mowing machine. A. P. Cook ...... 3m.514 supporter...... 3Ul.1i04 ...... latest and most improved for practica Cu ltivator. Peppler Carhart ...... 391.64,] Music box. E. Bornand ...... Suspender•• M. Rubin ...... 3PI .721 i�l 'ro�� ·�'th�(�U9\llgn c"h'{1l:re;l & . . . . . shop use, also for Industrial Schools, ...... Curling Iron. W. Lamb ...... SHl.476 Music holder. J. E. Eustlack ...... 391,521 Suspending device. S. U. Bran.tetter ...... 391.400 . . Home 'l.' raining. etc. C&.t Rlu�ufl! free...... 553 attachment for. P. M. Gibbons Cutting die. J. E. Richardson ...... 3Ul. Nail machine•• Switch. See Electric switch. Co...... 391.465 ...... _ . Seneca Falls Mfg. Dash hoard. L. E. McKinnon ...... 891.420 et aI...... Syringe. A. C. El(l(ers...... 391.696 695 Water Street, Seneca 1- nils, N. Ya ...... 391.727 Door check. J. M;Brohard ...... 391.682 Name or sign plate. H. Wark ...... Table. See Railway turntable. . E. .. 391.500 Door hanger support. H. T. Moody ...... 391.6:15 Needle and twine cutter. combined. F. Wood Tablets. detachable backing frame or cabe for THE DETAILED PHONOGRAPH.- -A t ...... 891.410 . . .. Door spring. F. Becker...... 391.7.1 1 Nut lock. R. Gamble ...... drawilU<. B. �·orbriger ...... 391.602 J,. E. o 8 ...... ut lock. S. I,ee ...... ••....•..••••...... "u gr f � Dress shield former. A. C. Squires ...... 391.432 N G. 391.624 Tack strip, lasting, If. Chase 391,688 ���g�iIng.. ContaIned���f ;� �In SC1��f>: ��,';'TrFlO�dr.�� AMERIO.AN.fOWltg SUPPLIDo� �� Dr ere See 'fobacco drier. Oiling rags, apparatutl for, C. Wilcock ...... 891,670 'rank. See Service tank. M�NT. No. Price 10 CentS. 1.'0 De had at thlS Office and from632. all newsdealers...... atJ . J.1 e sizer and separator, T. lIiatt ...... l 7 ...... ------Ea�el, extension, G. H. Hartwell ...... , ...... 391,608 Ora.ng Tap or die stock. B. F. Smith ...... 391.655 66 Oscillating engine. L. John.on ...... 391.618 ....•.• . Egg cases. adjustable lid for. G. W. Turner ...... 391.7 Telephone exchange .ystem. C. E. Scribner l!91 7� . . . . . Pad. See Harness pad. .• .... ••..•.• 391, Electric cable joint. J. E. Culf...... 391.617 Tennis courts, etc marking, W. Thayer 660 ...... 391,745 . currentSt c commutator for Paint burner. vapor, M. L. HUll ...... Thiil coupling. Drake W.. it ...... 391.519 HE Electric ti automa & . alternatinl(. A. H. Eddy...... 391.593 Pan. See Frying pan. Thill coupling. Fri.bie ...... 391.701 T KODAK CAMERA G. C. . . Electric lighting, system of, T. Edison ...... 391,500 Pantaloons supporter, C. Voorhis ...... 891,726 Thill coupliug. M. N. Loehr·...... 391.754 A. . . . . Paper box. C. J. Hasbrouck ...... 391.7'3 Eiectric motor. J. Duyle ...... 39 i.500 Tie. See Railway tie. . . . . P ..per cutting machine. C. KoegeL ...... 391.700 ...... E,ectric potential dilferentiator. E. Thomson...... 391.437 Timepiece holder. J. H. Hodgetts ...... 391.531 ...... a and cutter. roll. J. Henderson .. . 3:)1.609 '_ ..•0 ••••0 ••••••••••• Electric switch. IV. B. Cleveland ...... 391.512 P per holder G. Tobacco drier. D. B. Cooke ... S91.tiJO Chase ...... • •• . . 391,582 Electric switches or cut outs, arc extinguisher Paper, toilet, C. D...... Torch, R. Whitaker ...... 391,669 for. A. H. Eddy ...... 391.594 attern. See Gauntlet pattern. Torch yoke. J . VOllel ...... 391.665 P R. of 1,llbor . ... . 3 587 Pencil sharpener and ink eraser, combined, H. . Electric wires, conduit for, M. DaUas ...... 91, Train time ..nd speed indicator. J. A. Wilkin . .... 3Ul.671 •• ,--u'pera'.or Cull [email protected] ...... 3U 2 Elevator. A. C. Ii:lIithorpe...... 891.598 Edgarton ...... 1.52 Trap for sinks, etc., O. B. Evans ....••••.....•...•. , 391,fiOO own picture�. or . send them to the fac­ Elevator guard, W. House ...... 891.615 Pianos. damper for uprillht. W. Umland ...... 391.495 Trestle. folding. T. McGovern ...... 891.629 D. . tory to be finished...... •. 891,628 Elevator mechanism. valve controlling device Picket pointmg machine, J. J. Mcli..adden Trimmer. See Luwn trimmer. Morocco cove' ed Ca.. Pil T. . Shuttleworth ...... _ .... 091.652 mera, in hand som" ...... 391.597 e fabric. cut. ! Trou�h. See Feed trough. for. A. C. Ellithorpe ...... sole-Ieatber case...... Engine. See Gas engine. Oscillating engine. Pistol .tock. F. J. K ..lden berg ...... 391.473 Truck and weighlnll .cale. combined hand. E. G. loaded for 100 pictures, ...... 391.616 . see SCI. AM., Sept. Pumpinl( enll:ine. Planing machine, L. P. Hoyt ...... Collins ...... 391.4/iJ 15, '88. . .. J...... 891.749 .. . . ReIoadinll', Excavator. wheeled. S. M. Lockwood ...... 391.627 Planter. hand. C. Klinka ...... Truck. hand. J. G. Parker ...... 391.51» Price, S�l).OO. !!II:l.oo. . . . . Plaster. electriC. H. P. Pratt ...... 891.720 & ...... FabriC. See Pile fabriC. . Truck. hand. Sanders Ratfert:r ...... 391.5tJO The Eastman Dry Plate Film Co. .. . Plow, A. H. ·Bennett ...... 891 ,576 ...... •••••.. & FabriCS, machine for pressing Rod turning the Trunk, convertible, K. L. Karo 391.f'21 N. Y...... 15 J...... 391.718 ...... 39 .'!8 Plow. Newbill ...... S!Jl.480 Rochester,CO'JY1/ I OxfordSt., London. edges of woven. H. O. Nauen ...... 1.6 Truss. W Mllrsh ...... Prime,. Photograph...... Plow, garden , R. D. Snyder ...... Sendto'l' of Kodak with Kodak Fare re�ister. Fowler Lewis ...... 001,702 . atJl,654: Tuyere. H. B. Keiper ...... ;. 391.474 & vehicle, C...... 391,407 . Farm Kate. L. C. Hunter ...... 33] ,746 PoJe tip, W. Eunson ...... Type writer's erasing .hleld. B. B. McCulloch ..... 391.419 Po . See Co ee pot. Farm gate. W. A. WoIHnl(er...... 891.67;) t ft Umbrella. J. B. Seel...... : ...... 891.6IiO SEBASTIAN, MAY & CO' ...... Preservinll flsh. C. Thomson ...... : .. 391.436 . .. Feed trough. G. D. Burton ...... 391.530 . Umbrella sticks. machine for .Iotting. J. Ro.e . 391.648 ImprovedBore" CuttlD&' Feed water heater, W. M. Brown ...... 0391 .686 Pre8s� See Hu.y press. Valve, L. P. Luwrence ...... OOJ,716

...... 89 Press. D. Bromley ...... 391.683 . . Fence. D. Wilcoxson ...... 1.5b' 9 . . Valve for furnaces, water cooler, H. Aikin ...... 391,448 Q...... 3 '12 Pressure regulator. ftuid. Z. C. Phillips ...... 391.614 ... . Fence. portable. P. !.II. Mishler ...... 91.6 Valve mechanism. J. C. William ...... 3'Jl .445 ...... Printmll: appllratus. ticket. G. B. Massey ...... 391.541 ...... F·ence. wire reel. A. De Witt ...... 391.404 Valve ••afety. J. Hughes ...... 391.4'12 Presses. Chucks. Drills, . .. 0 2 Printing machines. gripper mechanism for, C. B. . . Drill Fences, barbed wire chain for, Benson .. .. 891, 0 Valve. slow-closing tank. S. G. Smith ...... 391.659 g , and machinists' and ama... J. J. . o s Cottrell ...... 891,515 D File box. W. R. Kinnear ...... 391.76\ Vehicle. Par.ons & Willcox ...... 3!l1.640 teurs' outfits. Lathes on trial. Cataloguesmail ed on File case, W. R. Kinnear ...... 391.752 Printing machines, means for securing printing Vehicle. II . C. Swan ...... 391.493

...... 9 5:l6 plates to beds or cylinders of. E. S. Boynton .. 391.733 . . .. . nre escape, H. M. Jones ...... 3 1. Vehicle brake. C. Fuller ...... 891.741 165 W. 2dSt., ves . 391.481 }4� ire escape, . P. Santy...... 391 .561 Propelling apparatus for sels, I . McMurray ... Vehicle chafe Iron. C. C. Larrabee ...... J .. d�I.623 - ...... 391.563 PURIFICATION OF. jOint...... 391.625 Pump. double ..ctin g force, W. S. Shahan ...... Fish plate G. S. 1.ee ...... Vehicle gear. J. N. Brown ...... 391.681 AIR,Prince . M.D. An experimental stud:rIn re "tlonBY to theD. Pump. lift. I. C. N. Sweet ...... 391.485 Frame. See Writing frame. .... Vehicles, runner for wheeled. R. E. Lee ...... 391.62G remova from the air of the dust or partlcu ate materIal...... Pump, plunger, W. O. Webber ...... 891.667 ...... t ce d }I'rying pan or similar utenElil, E. L. Farrell ...... 001 ,524 VelOCipede. A. H. Luca ...... 891.41? lc ...... •...... i 1 · s . engine. H. Dave am..457 urnace for recovering J. H. Bullard ...... 001,735 Pumping y F...... 391.489 r�f �r� � �� :. W �r ���� �� � :� � soda, . VelOCipede. M. Wolf ...... � � I� rfr 'b'::��:d6 i� ... Rack. See Hay rack. Gauge. See Surface �auge. Ventilator. Prichard & Millnsult...... 391.426 ew ?Te .• . . 00 Rack for exhibiting hose or other goods. W. C. . . . "!� Galvanic battery. H J. Brewer ...... 391. 5 Vest. D. W. Baker ...... 391.768 ����. 4��t<'�Nat ���:'F�� f�� �: �� 39 . 7 ...... 39 Barnardi ...... 1 6 5 . Game. B. F. Kellollg...... 1.715 I Vibrator. electrical cont.inuity. G. �'. Milliken .... 391.547 . .. �irder A. J. Moxham. 391.553 Garment supporter. S. Hohenstein ...... 3UI.71:j Rail and rail chair for rail •• Wagon box unloader. G. A. Stone ...... : 391.'l23 .treet - . Gas burner. J. A. Kloeb ...... 391.5:l7 Rail and rail Joint for railways. A. J. 1II0x wa t Wells,ARTES Oil andGas Wells IAN, drilled bam ...... W-Jl 5t Gas burner for heat.ing purposes, J. Hanek ...... , 9 ...... 391.689 . 391,606 A. . . � � �.�� ��� ���.� � .' �: �: . . 753 Rail. two-part girder. Moxham ...... 891.552 . . .. . Gas burners. globe for. Morley Hmchclltf.. . .. 891. J. . W'sshinll:::� machine, J. T,. MartIn.:�...... �...���...... 391.543 rl��:;:tt��::,.� :.::: & c m Gas engine. H. Harth�·...... •... 391,528 Railway carryina' pulley, cable, P. Crehore ..... 391,454 . .. O. Water closet. E. H. Israel ...... 391.714 able Horse ��Power nd.f Mounted�¥> . . �:i:ltr::J' �e � ...... Gas engille. W. S. Sharpneck ...... 391.186 Railwa:r. electric. P. Wright ...... 391.447 Water wheel. W. F. Enl(lebrlght...... :l91.523 Machines.. for 100 to . . . . 600BteamDrilling ft. Send 61"p-ntl'l fOJ' illn�trated Railway sweeper. P. Campbell ...... 391.509 . . Gate. See Farm gate. G. Water wheel. S. B. Lard ...... 391.60'9 Pierce A rte�laD ...... catalOgqe. Gate. A. H. Broad ...... 391.71U Railway tie. L. Haas ...... 391.704 Weil(hinl!'. lifting. lung te.ting. and heil(ht meas' Co., and on Well Supply ...... 418 Railway tie. metallic. W. J. Stifter ...... 391.492 •. 80 Beaver Street. New York. Gate. Marr. Peery ...... 391 uring, coin con�rolled machine for, E J. & . . . Gauntlet pattern. J. C. Delamater ...... 891.403 Railway train indicator. B. E. Waters ...... 391.568 Colby ...... 891.513

...... GearIn ... C. W. I.bell ...... 391.535 Railway turn table. A. J. Moxham ...... 391,551 Weighing machine. grain. D. Wilde ...... 891.570 HOW MAKE THE . InlluenceTO Machine.-Directions for WIMSHmaking a cheapUR STand Railways, a'rip for cable street, Clement Wat- . . . Generator. See Steam a'enerator. & Weldinl( machine. D. Warner ...... 391.441 m ie e. t n t i ...... riss ...... 891.511 !':. Gold .eparator. W. A. MerraUs ...... 891.�1 Wen boring apparatu •• B. Andrews...... 391.001 . Pricer� g � cents.i g To� �i:f be had at this� office:.. and �� ��ail Governor team engine. N. E. Nash ...... 391.422 Railways. switch joint chair for. C. Street ..... 891.565 and promoting the flow device for h 10m : � � 1iJ � =�. � from :t! . • F. wen. of 011. newsdealers...... 689 Rake. See Horse rake...... Grinding mill. P. T. Coffield ...... 391, cleaning 011. R. Shoff ...... 391.431 Guard. See Elevator lIuard. Keyhole �uard. Reel. See Bolting reel. Fence wire reel. Wheel. See Car wheel. Harvesterwheel. Water Uanl(er. See Cable hanger. Refrigerator. H. P. Judson ...... 891.620 wheel. OIL WELL SUPPLY CO. Ltd. JIarness pad. J. Thomas ...... 391 .661. 891 .662 Register. See �'are rellister. Whiffietree hook. spring. H. Foote...... 391.601 WATER STREET, . J. 91 de 92 Harrow. J. M. Utsh ...... 4U4 Rel(ulator. See Pressure regulator...... 391. Whip .ocket. W. E. Highfield...... 391.611 Plusbu "gh, 1.'1l., ...... ;40 Revolver. A. F. Hood ...... 391.612. 391.613 ....•••....•...... Harvester wheel. E. Engli.h ...... 891. Windmill. Burnham Miller 391.401 IIIanufactllrers of everytning needed or . .. 391.449 & Harvesters heaf carrier for belf-binding. W. W. Rock drilling machine. C. Bornet ...... Windmill. F. D. Winkle:r...... 391.571 __ •• . . .A.�"Z'EI!i:J:A1V ELLaf ...... olling girder rails. machine A. Moxham ... 391.550 Burson ...... 391.451 R for. J. . . . 391.400 either Ga.s. Oil, Water. or Mineral . Window ••torm. Dibbern Krul(er...... lor . & Tests. Boilers. Engines, PiPe. Ha:r and straw burner. H. A. FI.her ...... 391.461 Rollinl( mill •• duplex conductor for. W. �'. Thomp. WIre. In.,;ot for making .eamle.s plated. L. L. Cordage, lJrilling Tools, etc...... on ...... 391.664 Hay press. Bowen & Eaton ...... 391,680 .. Burdon ...... 8

Heatinl( •.. 391.399 Sawmill dog. Gordon I,ucla...... water by gas. device for. W. M. Brown ...... aUJ.603 C. S. De Witt ...... ;;Ul.588 & Wrench. . . ..• C. 391.753 Scarf tip and fastener. combined. L. Seibert 891.562 . . . . . Heel beading and millinl( tool. F. LeIghton ... . A. Wrench. J. G. Hotfman...... 391.53'l ...... 4 34 tip and fastener. combined. D. Smith .. aul.657 !'linge. sprinll:. D. C. Stover ...... 391. 33. 391.4 Scarf E. Writing frame. C. W. KIng ...... 391.747 Hoisting and conveying apparatus. Pleasance Scraper. road. J. H. Wiles ...... " 891.498 & ...... Screw cutting die. J. M. Carpenter ...... Patter.on ...... 391.423 . 3'Jl.510 Hoisting machine. P. Vonhof ...... 891.440 Separator. See Gold .eparator. DESIGNS. .. . Service tank...... 391.402 Holdback for vehicles. G. F. Barnum ...... 391.676 R. Clarke ...... ARD RUBBER, PLATINUM, ...... Holder. See Broom holder. Cuff holder. Line Sewing machine shuttle bobbin. C. E. Wilkinson .. .191.672 Collar. J. M. Ide ...... 18.699 H ... holder. MUsic holder. Paper holder. Tlme- SewIng machines. drivinl( apparatus and brake Dish. J. B. Hill...... 18.697 INSULATED COPPER WIRE, . .. . . pIece holder. for. W. F. D1al ...... 391.694 Flower stand. L. J. Murra:r ...... IS.702 beveled. O. Hawke ...... 18.006. IS Hook. See Whiffietree hook. Sewing machines. revolving hook for. S. W. Ward- Glass. C. 696 CASCatllIoTINISllne8 FOR DYNAMOS.addru8. F"ee to ...... IlIIY well. Jr ...... _ ... 391.666 Grinding mill babe for. Hobler ...... 18.698 Hoop. See Mast hoop. . •• P. GOO.D NOW WIGHTMAN, Mass. .• . . n"stoll. . Elli top motion mechanism Handle for .poon fork etc R. H. Klingel . . ... IS.701 & Hoop iron. machine for cutting. J. W. Cossler .. .. 391 ,586 Sewing machin •• for. IJ. •• •• ...... IIat rack. J. Behrend ...... IS.FIlI Hoops. m"chine for cutting locks in. J. Hiers . .... 391.610 H. Cummings...... 891.769 . .CAR ReducedPENTER ...... RUI(. W. T. Smith...... 18.70.l, IS,704 �- -; S' Horse rake. J. Palmer ...... 391.484 Shaft coupling. C . D. Burk ...... 891.508 prices. Send . . TOIlluOLstra·;fooB.S tron. E. B. Co.by ...... 18.694 sta.mps tor CatRl n� 1000 Hou.e. portable. Welburn ...... 391,4.2 Shield. E , Berkele:r...... Smoothing . •• D. . 891.397 uo. Wl1dWl80N co.. 56 .,ote8t Chi_ . . . . . Stove. heating. Keep Wipfler...... IS.700 Hub. wheel. E. Perkins ...... 391.642 S h ingle sawinl( machine. W. J. Perkins ...... 391.618 & ...... IS.692 Hydrant. irrigating. W. Lacy. Jr ...... 391.475 Shoe. J. Robb ...... 391.48., Type. font of prlntinl(, L. B. Benten ...... NAVAL ARCHITECTURE.-AN IN· ...... Wall paper. W. B. Burl(e...... 18.6113 tere.tlng review. b:r Mr. Duncan. of the progre.� Ice .havlnl!' machine. H. T. Claw.on ...... 391.452 Shoe cl ..sp. H. S. Pullman ...... 391.557 R. that has been made in thl. brllneh of science dul'inR Shoe sole buffinl( machme. J. W. Carver ...... 391.581 Indicator. See Railwa:r train indicator. Station the last IIft:r years. Contained in SCIE"Tt.FlO AMERI. Indicator. Street and .tation indicator. TraIn. Show ca.e. A. McNeill ...... 391.6'10 CAN SUPPLEMENT. No. 1i89. Price 10 cents. To be had at this office and from a.l new.dealers. time. and speed indicator. Show case for dl.playlng umbrellas. etc .• D. F. TRADE MARKS...... Inhaling apparatu•• H. C. F. Stormer...... 391.564 Hale ...... 391,469 . Beef juice. J. P. Buoh Mannfacturinl( CQmpan:r. . . . 16.964 Injector. medical. Mess ...... 391.546 Shutter operatinl( mechanism. G . Andreen ...... 391.573 A. . . �' ish line fish hook fI,hinjlreel and fI.hingflies. Iron. See Curling iron. Vehicle chafe iron. Shutter worker. W. Benner ...... 391.678 •• •• •• United States Net and Twine Company ...... 16.!J6.'l J ack. See Lifting jack. Sleil(h. F. Burlingham ...... 391.578 . Ga. burner C. S. Upton ...... JOlDt. See Electric cable joint. Fi.h plate joint. Sodawater apparatus. O. Zwletu.ch ...... ;191.674 •• 15.1167 Gloves. F. Maggloni ...... Key board for musicians. exerci.ing. A. K. Virgil. 391.439 Spark arrester. H. SmIth ...... 391.1i58 15.958 J. Perfumery soaps, cosmetics, hatr oils, perfumes, Keyhole guard. J. P. Dandurand ...... 391.693 Spinning rings. apparatus for burnishing. C. E. toothpaste, etc., Crown Perfumery Co ...... 15,965 Kiln or furnace for burning garb ..ge, Hoskin Trowhridge ...... 3,Ql.'125 J. Stereotype makinl( machines. J. R. Rogers ...... 15.959 . • . . . OTTO GAS�Ii,OOO ENGINE S. et aI...... 391.6U Spinning .pindles ••upport for. W. T. Carroll ...... 391.737 Over 1"10"'. Throat and Iunl( balsam. liver pill •• pain pla.ters. Kites. tail for. Burgess Fleharty ...... 391.507 Spinning spindles. support for. W. F. Draper. Horizontal ...... Otto .. 'Gao Engine•. & and nervaline. C. Haentze ...... 15.967 Vertical...... Otto ....Gas Engines. Knockdown box. C. G. Krikorian ...... 391.538 891.460 to 391.462 : Type writing machines. Standard T:rpe Writer Twin C:rlinder.. Otto ....Gas Engines. Lamp. arc. H. W. Ubbey ...... 391.477 Spool. F. Taylor ...... il91.566 Manufacturing Company ...... 16.960 to 15.962 Comhined ...... Otto .. Lamp. electric arc. S. E. Nutting ...... 391.761 Hpool or bobbin. I. Cros ...... 391.456 Umbrella Siegel. Cooper Co ...... 15.966 { �:J Lamp. Incandescent electriC. T. A. Edison ...... 391.596 Spring. See Door .prinl(. •• & Combined ...... O tto .. ����:."

J. A...... I,amp or burner for lighting or heating. spra:r.J. Stamp I(uide. Gowan ...... SJl.527 {�� }J���r;:;�s A prlnt"d Cop:r of the speClftcatlon and drawing of B. Hanna:r...... 391.706 Stand. See Wash .tand. OTTO GAS ENGINE WORKS, . patent in the foregoing list will be furni.hed from CHICAGO, PIIJLADELPHlA.. Lamps. extinguisher mech.nism for. J.�Hlnk. . ... 891.712 Starchlnll machine. H. Monk ...... 39 1.633. 391.634 an:r office for cents. In ordel'ing please .tate the . . . 391.467 .. . 891.6l5 this 26 Lasting machine. H. A. Gra:r ...... StarchIng machine. J. C. E. F. Poland ...... New or Allency, & name and number of the p ..tent desired. and remit te Y k Lathing. wire cloth. J. W. White ...... 391.«l! Station indicator. Helland & Matzow ...... 391.62\> V"!ley Stre"t...... Monn Co 361 Broadwa:r. New York. H! I,awn trimmer, H. H. Gridley ...... 391.742 Station Indicators. operating mechanism for, W. & .• 8 ...... Canadilln a entll Leather .klvlnl( machine. C. H. Ba:r1 :r...... 391.575 T. Snedden ...... 391.1i53 P l ma:r now be obtained b:r the ...... inventora tor any the InTentions In f r I,eech. artillcb.t. J. A. Howell ...... 391.414 Steam boiler. G. A. OOlby ...... 391.58.1 of named the o e­ ELlldcoECTR "ystemIC of ArcL1I andH TIncandescent AND Lightinl(.POWE R.DI...... $40 Letter box. E. G. Heller ...... 391,710 Steam generator. W. M. Brown ...... 391.400 goinll list. provided the:r are limple... t a COlt of rect or in connection with the Stora!l'e Batteries of thQ Electrical Accumulator Dynamos. Motora, ampI, Level and Inclinometer. spirit, C. . Miller ...... 891.71' Steam I(enerator. J. A. · Palmer ...... :191.6:19 each. If complicated the coat will be a little more. For Co. H Bat E p jack. J. Crecelius ...... 891.691 . 3\11.692 Steam lIenerator. Yokom ...... 391.767 Instrnctlons Monn •• Uft!ng T,. W. W. . full addre.,. '" Co 361 Broadwa:r. lt· : r �� �: PA NY also ��4 Carter iu: LIne holder lor brick.lalera, J. C. A. Vogeloollg . .. 391,496 Stopper. See Bottle stopper. New York. Other foreign patents :wa:r be obtained. ±"Ii ;;����'1��\ ' en"""�t:l lJ l'ltllaol�\ elpltia.Pa.

© 1888 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. NOVEMBER 10, 1888.] Jtituiifit �mtritau. got

HENRY CAREY BAIRD '" CO. Pnbll.her8, Indn8trial Boobellers, and Importers. RUBBER BELTI NC, PACKINC, HOSE. •• S. Oldest and I.al'll"ellt the United States. Walnut �t Philadelphia. A. Mannfacturers In 81[F'Ou0 r new and Revised C',atalogueP ofa ..PractloaJ U. and ScientificT!( }( )lt�, SO papes, Svo, and our other Catalogues VULCANIZED RUBBER FABRICS :��C!�C;A:d't�h rh�hxI:t�tO::� Dfre�V:� p�� tS:� For Mechanical Purposes• to any one In any part of the world who win2:::gr furnish his address. .A.:I.r BrakeSPECIALTY. EEose A RUBBER MATS, RUBBER MATTINC, HASWELL'S AND STAIR TREADS. BELTING & PACKING co., 16 PARK ROW, N. Y. ENGINEERS' CHEE E , .• JOHN H. V R Tress. Branches:-W. D. Allen & Co., 151 Lake St., ChlC$l(o; 308Chestnut St Phila.; 52 Summer St., Boston; Post & Co., Cin., O. European Branch,Plckhuben 5 Hambnrg (Freihafengeblet), Germany. POCKET-BOOK Engineers' Pocket-Book. Mechanics' and En· THE'l' lIe screwEUREKA illdr ivenPA'rENT by pushi SPI RAl. SCRR W DRIVER gineers' Pocket· Book of Tables, Rules, and roPoMnls Machine ToollI, Lumber, Made in two sizes. October 17, [0 1' etc.- Formulas pertai ng to Mechanics, Math­ p 1!<88. Sealed proposals, severalll endorsed n U Proposals for M.achine Tools," h Lumber.) etc.t will ematics, and Physi ics : including Areas, e r Squares, Cubes, and Roots, Logarithms No. $1.25, and No. 2 $1.00. [�� Ai.��!��� 3��£t���, &c. ; I �fl:e� n�' ;:,s n ���Y:fo'i!n ���J :::��r:e�:��v Hydraulics, Hydrodynamics, Steam and

© 1888 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 302 1titutifit .!tuttitau. [NOVEMBER 10, 1888. RUBBER BELTING, PACKING, HOSE, AllID ALL OTHER KINDS OF Inside Paae. each insertion ... __ .,.:icents a line. Hack l'Rlle, each iJl�el·( ioJl ___ a line. SY�AL�St MAllt��lt I��� W��KS 81.00 B.UElElEB.. G-OODS, W B BURNS PROP " The above are charge8 per agate lIlle-about eight -FOR-- words per line. 'rhis notice shows the width of the line, IUECHANICAL and MANUFACTURING and is set in R!{Rte type. �ngravings may head adver­ PURPOSES. tisements at the s.ame rate per agate line. by measure­ THE MODERN ICE YACHT. - BY Geo. Polk. new and valuable paper. containinK ment, as the letter press. Advertisements must be A The Larlrest and Most Extensive Manufacturers in America. full practicalW. directions and specifications for tlIe con­ received at publication office as early as Thursrlay morn .. struction of the fastest and best kinds of Ice Yaehts ing to appear in next issue. THE GUTTA PERCHA AND RUBBER MFG. CO. the latest, most approved forms. Illustrated with en­of New Chicago, San Francisco, Toronto. gravings drawn to scale, showing the form, pOSition, York, and arrangement of all the parts. Contained In SCIEN­ TIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, No. 6�4. Price 10 ICE-BOATS - THEIR cents. To be had at this office and of all newsdealers. and management. With workingCON drawings,STRUC details.TION and directions in full. Four engravings. 8howin� mode of construction. Views of the two fastest ice-salling boats used on the Hudsou river In winter, A. Horsfall, AUTOMATIC CUT OFF ENGINES.';.:t�\''¥:;:''i:6 By H. SCI[Nn�C AMD PRACTICAL PRINCIPLES . Contained in SCIENTIFIC Ai\lEHICAN SUPPLE­ Mention this paper. �ANUFACTUR£D UPON M.E BALL ItrENT, 1 . The same number also contains the rules and ENGINE CO ERIE PA regulations for the formation of ice-boat clubs. the sail. ing and management of ice-boats. Price 10 cents. VELOCITY OF ICE BOATS. A COLLEC- tion of interesting letters to the editor of the SCIENTIFIC HOME·MADE INC UHATOR.-PRACTI- AMERICAN on the question of the speed of Ice boats, de-. cal directions for the manuiact.ure of an eft'ective Incu­ monstrating how and why It is that these craft saU bator that bas been carefully tested and found to per· DELAFIELD'S PAT. SAW CLAMP faster than the wind which propels them. Illustrated form all that may be reasonably expected ; with direc· with 10 explanatory diagrams. Contained In SCIENTIFI� tlons for operating. With 4 figures. Contamed in SCI­ AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, No. 214. Price 10 cents. To EN'TIFIC AMlnnCAN SUPPLI�MIf,NT. No. 630. Price 10 \Iehad at this office and from all newsdealers. cents. To be had at this officeand from all newsdealers. And l1lxperimental BUSIIltelligenceandINE limitedSS capital wantedMEN as managers Of of State and city agencies our improved system of MachInery. metal for orWORKINI WOOd, made to order MO by MASONDELS & RAUCH, successors Sp ectacles, Barometer8, MicroscC?J!.f!8, Telescopes,H TFITS1i�l1"�'i::'�::: automatic gas control, now being universally adopted IC OU HOlOGRAP Lantern to J. Werner, Centre Street, New York. , Pa. in_all gas-burning cities. If. 62 Slides. W. H. W ALIUSLEY & CO. Philada The system secures to the consumer absolute and au­ Dlus. price list free. Send for Special Bargain Li8ts. tomatic control of his gas preHSUl'e, irrespective of the P . constantly changing conditions of supply or demand; reduces immrance risks and danger from fire, incident to whistling, blowing, an d smoking burners, and pre­ FELTING Hair- Felt venting t�e frequent breaking of costly globes. Secures perfect combustion of the gases. thereby in­ Cement FeltingWKS· CoveringsI creasing i1lumination and obviating the sooty deposits ASBESTOS of unconsumed carbon upon frescoed walls, paintings, 98 Malden L .."e.l'i.Y. I For Heater, Steam & Water Pipes or drapery. Insuring a pnre and healthful atmosphere and the ,Barnes' Foot-Power Machinery GUARANTEED AVERAGE SAVING Olj' THIRTY­ Complete outfits for Actual Worksnop THREE PER CENT. IN MONTHLY GAS BILLS. Business. A customer says : .. Consid­ Over ten thousand machines in Flervice. Indorsed by ering its capacity and the accuracy of ERIE ENGINE WO RKS highest mercantile, corporate and expert authorities. your No. 4 I.athe. I do not see how it CLEVELAND 8< HARDWICK , Address or call, can be produced at such low cost. The WA LNUT STREET ERIE PA THE UNION NA'I'IONAL GA S-S AVING CO.• velocipede foot-power is simply ele­ STAT I ONARY PORTABLE �EM\­ POR1ABLE COM9INEO,AGR >< ....""tu RAL 744 Broadway, New York. gant. I can turn steadily for a whole day. and at night feel as little tired ENGINES.STATIONARY PORT as if I had been walking around." ABLE VE RTICAL BOILER S Descriptive Price I.Jist Free. STEEL BALLS. W. F. & JOHN BARNES CO., For Anti.Friction Bearings, of 19'.)9 RUBY ST., ROCkford. III. Best ()nHt Steel. Hardened, TEl:E Gl'ound, nnd Burnished, from 3-16 In. to 2 in. diameter. In quality and density of metal, � titutifit �mttitau in uniformity of temper, and in ac­ Scientific B� Catalogue curacy and nicety of finish warrant­ THE COPYING PAD.-HOW TO MAKE ESTA BLISHED ed unequaled, RECENTI,Y PUBI,ISHED. and how to use ; with an engraving. Practical directions IS46. Our new cataloglle containing over pages, includ­ r t d l e i Seleutlfle J]iF 100 ���h�t��g: :o��:l:�: �n:d �� h�:�g :g�l t�� ���t�: Samples and prices on applica­ ing works ou more than fiftydifferent subjects. 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Gun.-An exhaustive account this new weapon and teen pages of nseful iufolmation and a large number of of the experiments made with itof ; along with a descrip. p! n r o J'i e e lb. original engravings of new inventions and discoveries, tion and 11lustration of a proposed dynamite cruiser. 95 MILK with6 1igures. Contained in SCIE;.;'TIFIC AMEHICAN SuP. pressure.��� ��!Send for Lists.�� �Tt��� representing Engineering Works, Steam nchinery, ST., BOSTON, MASS. M PLEMENT, No. Price 10 cents. 'Po be had at this HAND, BURR & CO., 11 " New Inventions. Novelties in MechaniCS, MaDufnctures. oftice and-from all:i9::1. newsdeulerB. 614 and 616 Market �t., Philadelphia. Pa. This Company owns the Letters Patent ChemistrY, Electriclty, Telegraphy, Photography, Archi­ tecture. Agriculture. Horticulture, Nat�ral History, etc. granted to Alexander Graham March Bell, Complete List of Patents each week. 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ForOIL Printers, ENIINE Steam Yachts,S. treating of the different methods of determining the • CUSHMAN CHUCK Co., pumping water, sawingwood, limiting numbers of teeth In gear wheels when s"'all Hartford, Conn. making ice-cream, Carpen­ T::EI:E ters, Mechanics. 1 to 8 H. P. f���g���a't1� ��l�::�yst��� �'uel, Kerosene. :N 0 dust. volute system. UnreversibleCf�I� teeth.��� _m��:iliWith a�����;;figures. Automatic in fnel and water LEAD SMELTING. -A FULL DESCRIP- Contained in the SCIEN'l'IFIC AMEHICAN SUPPLEMI!11 ;NT. Scientific American Supplement. supply. Illustrated Cata­ tion of the Lewis Bartlett process, by William Ramsay ; No. Price 10 cents. To be bad at this ollice and 9 1)9�. logue free. See ill ustrated il1ustrated with engravings. Contained in SCIENTIFIC from all new.dealers. This Is a separate and distinct publication from notice in Sci. Am. Aug. AMEHICAN SUPPLEMENT, No. :;93. Price 10 cents. 4.1888. To be had at this office and from all neWSdealers. TH. 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