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Informe Final FIP Reineta N 2013-21 22-12-2015

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Informe Final FIP Reineta N 2013-21 22-12-2015 1 UNIVERSIDAD DE CONCEPCION FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS NATURALES Y OCEANOGRAFICAS DEPARTAMENTO DE OCEANOGRAFIA INFORME FINAL PROYECTO DEL FONDO DE INVESTIGACION PESQUERA “ORIGEN NATAL Y DISTRIBUCION GEOGRAFICA DE REINETA EN CHILE” FIP N° 2013-21 PROPONENTE: DEPARTAMENTO DE OCEANOGRAFIA UNIVERSIDAD DE CONCEPCION REQUIRENTE: FONDO DE INVESTIGACIÓN PESQUERA CONCEPCION, DICIEMBRE 2015 2 JEFE DE PROYECTO Ricardo Galleguillos González AUTORES Sandra Ferrada Fuentes Cristian B. Canales-Aguirre Victoria Herrera Yáñez Marcelo E. Oliva M. Edwin J. Niklitschek Pamela Toledo C. Elson Leal F. Claudio Carrasco Milton J. Pedraza COLABORADORES Daniela Lazo Felix P. Leiva Yessica Robles Luis A. Ñacari E. Cristóbal Garcés Alicia Gallardo G. Christian Ibieta F. Cristian Vargas A. Jessica Gonzalez A. Jorge Sáteler G. Julio Uribe A. Patricio Galvez G. CONCEPCION, DICIEMBRE 2015 3 Índice Resumen ejecutivo ............................................................................................................................................. 9 1. Antecedentes generales ............................................................................................................................... 15 2. Objetivos ....................................................................................................................................................... 19 2.1 Objetivo general .................................................................................................................................... 19 2.2 Objetivos específicos ............................................................................................................................ 19 3. Resultados por objetivos ............................................................................................................................. 20 3.1 Realizar una revisión bibliográfica del estado del arte referente a la identificación de unidades evolutivas y demográficas relevantes para el manejo pesquero. ........................................................... 20 3.2 Diseñar, aplicar y evaluar un plan de muestreo, temporal y geográficamente adecuado para alcanzar los restantes objetivos del proyecto. .......................................................................................... 30 3.3 Identificar y caracterizar genéticamente la(s) principal(es) unidad(es) evolutiva(s) de reineta en la costa chilena. ............................................................................................................................................. 33 3.4 Identificar y caracterizar la(s) principal(es) unidad(es) demográfica(s) presentes en la costa chilena. ........................................................................................................................................................... 61 3.4.1 Marcadores biológicos: Parásitos. ............................................................................................... 61 3.4.2 Marcadores biológicos: Microquímica de otolitos .................................................................... 82 3.4.3 Marcadores biológicos: Morfometría Corporal ....................................................................... 102 3.4.4 Marcadores biológicos: Análisis patrones de historia de vida ............................................... 120 3.5 Estimar el número de orígenes (zonas de desove y/o crianza) y su contribución relativa a cada unidad demográfica identificada y zona principal de captura. ................................................................. 160 5. Referencias .................................................................................................................................................. 170 4 Listado de Figuras Figura 1: Procedencia de las muestras en el presente estudio ......................................................... 31 Figura 2. Densidad de probabilidades de K en microsatélites ................................................................... 56 Figura 3. Densidad de probabilidades de K en COI ................................................................................... 56 Figura 4. Talla media de los peces para cada zona de pesca. ..................................................................... 65 Figura 5. Intensidad de infección de H. conifera en B. australis en tres zonas de pesca. .......................... 71 Figura 6. Intensidad de Infección de C. filiferum en B. australis en tres zonas de pesca. ......................... 72 Figura 7. Intensidad de Infección de H. trichiuri en B. australis en tres zonas de pesca. ......................... 72 Figura 8. Intensidad de Infección de Anisakis sp. en B. australis en tres zonas de pesca. ...................... 73 Figura 9. Asociación entre talla de B. australis e intensidad de infección por H. conífera ........................ 74 Figura 10. Asociación entre talla de B. australis e intensidad de infección por C. filiferum ..................... 74 Figura 11. Asociación entre talla de B. australis e intensidad de infección por Anisakis sp. ................... 74 Figura 12. Asociación entre talla de B. australis e intensidad de infección por Nybelinia sp. .................. 75 Figura 13. Asociación entre talla de B. australis e intensidad de infección por H. trichiuri ..................... 75 Figura 14. Análisis de Correspondencia para prevalencia de infección. ................................................... 76 Figura 15. Análisis de Correspondencia para intensidad media de infección. ......................................... 76 Figura 16. Representación gráfica del Análisis de Discriminación. ........................................................ 77 Figura 17. Representación gráfica del Análisis de Discriminación. .......................................................... 79 Figura 18. Distribución geográfica lances de pesca y estratificación por zonas de pesca y ecoregiones .................................................................................................................................................................... 86 Figura 19. Otolito de reineta y sección transversal de una hembra. ......................................................... 88 Figura 20. Concentraciones relativas de δ18 O y δ 13 C por zona de pesca y ecoregiones. ........................ 93 Figura 21. Concentraciones relativas de Ba, Mg, Mn y Sr por zona de pesca. ........................................ 94 Figura 22. Concentraciones relativas de Ba, Mg, Mn y Sr por ecoregión. ............................................... 94 Figura 23. Diagrama bivariado de la concentración relativa de los isótopos 13C y 18O ...................... 96 Figura 24. Diagrama de componentes principales de las razones Ba:Ca, Sr:Ca, Mn:Ca y Mg:Ca ........ 96 Figura 25. Imagen reineta, Brama australis ................................................................................................... 105 Figura 26. Análisis general de Procrustes.................................................................................................... 107 Figura 27. Análisis de Componentes Principales (ACP) .......................................................................... 108 Figura 28. Análisis de Variable Canónica (AVC). ...................................................................................... 110 Figura 29. Gráfico de alambre de Análisis de Función Discriminante (AFD). ..................................... 112 Figura 30. Análisis de Variable Canónica (AVC) ....................................................................................... 115 5 Figura 31. Gráfico de alambre de Análisis de Función Discriminante (AFD). ..................................... 117 Figura 32. A. Desembarque total de reineta para el periodo 1994 – 2015 (Junio). B. Escala temporal del desembarque para el periodo 1994 – 2012. ................................................................................. 124 Figura 33. Desembarque total de reineta a nivel regional para el periodo 1994 – 2014. ..................... 125 Figura 34. Análisis de temporalidad de las capturas y rendimiento de pesca. ....................................... 125 Figura 35. Lances georeferenciados con captura de reineta. .................................................................... 129 Figura 36. Diagramas BoxPlot para los registros de captura por lance total y a nivel temporal desde la pesquería demersal zona centro-sur. .................................................................................................. 130 Figura 37. Distribución latitudinal de lances y focos de densidad. ......................................................... 131 Figura 38. Distribución latitudinal de CPUE y focos de densidad. ........................................................ 131 Figura 39. Distribución latitudinal de lances con captura efectiva y focos de densidad. ..................... 132 Figura 40. Diagramas BoxPlot para los registros de captura por lance total y a nivel temporal desde la pesquería demersal de la zona Sur-Austral. ....................................................................................... 133 Figura 41. Distribución latitudinal de lances con captura y focos de densidad..................................... 134 Figura 42. Distribución latitudinal de CPUE y focos de densidad. ........................................................ 134 Figura 43. Distribución latitudinal de lances con captura efectiva y focos de densidad. ..................... 135 Figura 44. Diagramas BoxPlot para los registros desde cruceros de
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