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Britain and the European Union POLITICS STUDY GUIDES B r i t Series Editor: Duncan Watts a i Britain and the n This is a series of well-written, accessible introductions to key areas of Politics courses taught at both A-level/Highers and first-year undergraduate level. a n European Union Each book is structured in the same way, with each chapter consisting of the following: d • A short boxed paragraph of introduction, setting out the broad area to be explored t h Alistair Jones • A brief conclusion summarising what you should have learnt • A glossary of key terms e • Sample examination questions E • Helpful websites u • Suggestions for further reading r o The emphasis is on responding to student needs by producing up-to-date material written in a user-friendly style. p e a Britain and the European Union n U Alistair Jones n i o This accessible introduction to the subject of Britain and the European Union pays equal attention to both institutions and their relationship with one another. It examines the n history and development of the EU, setting the framework for the current relationship; the institutions of the EU and how they affect Britain; and some of the common policies. Subjects covered include: • British applications and the referendum • Expansion versus integration on membership • Public opinion on the EU • Institutions of the EU • Political parties and the EU • Common policies of the EU • The influence of the EU on Britain • Intergovernmentalism versus supranationalism A l i Throughout, the impact of the powers of the EU, and of EU membership on Britain are s evaluated from a range of perspectives. t a i Alistair Jones is a Senior Lecturer in Public Policy at De Montfort University. He is co-author r (with Phil Cocker) of Contemporary British Politics and Government (2001) and Essential J Topics in British Politics and Government (2005). o n e s Cover design by: River Design, Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press 22 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9LF barcode E www.eup.ed.ac.uk d i ISBN 978 0 7486 2428 7 n b u r g h POLITICS STUDY GUIDES M706 JONES PRE M/UP.qxd 20/2/07 12:00 PM Page i Gary Gary's G4:Users:Gary:Public Britain and the European Union M706 JONES PRE M/UP.qxd 23/2/07 1:25 PM Page ii Gary Gary's G4:Users:Gary:Public Books in the Politics Study Guides series British Government and Politics: A Comparative Guide Duncan Watts International Politics: An Introductory Guide Alasdair Blair, Steven Curtis and Sean McGough US Government and Politics William Storey Britain and the European Union Alistair Jones The Changing Constitution Kevin Harrison and Tony Boyd Democracy in Britain Matt Cole Devolution in the United Kingdom Russell Deacon and Alan Sandry Elections and Voting in Britain Chris Robinson The Judiciary, Civil Liberties and Human Rights Steven Foster Political Communication Steven Foster Political Parties in Britain Matt Cole The Politics of Northern Ireland Joanne McEvoy Pressure Groups Duncan Watts The Prime Minister and Cabinet Stephen Buckley The UK Parliament Moyra Grant M706 JONES PRE M/UP.qxd 20/2/07 12:00 PM Page iii Gary Gary's G4:Users:Gary:Publ Britain and the European Union Alistair Jones Edinburgh University Press M706 JONES PRE M/UP.qxd 23/2/07 1:25 PM Page iv Gary Gary's G4:Users:Gary:Public © Alistair Jones, 2007 Edinburgh University Press Ltd 22 George Square, Edinburgh Typeset in 11/13pt Monotype Baskerville by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Manchester, and printed and bound in Spain by GraphyCems Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wilts A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 0 7486 2428 7 (paperback) The right of Alistair Jones to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. M706 JONES PRE M/UP.qxd 20/2/07 12:00 PM Page v Gary Gary's G4:Users:Gary:Public Contents List of boxes viii List of tables ix Acknowledgements x 1 Introduction 1 Introduction 2 Content of the book 4 2 History and Development of the European Union 10 The origins of the European Coal and Steel Community 11 From ECSC to EEC 13 The first enlargement – Britain joins 14 Enlargement to the south 17 The European Union 17 The northern enlargement 20 The European Union grows to the east 21 Who is the ‘reluctant European’? 23 3 Institutions of the European Union 28 The Commission 29 The European Council 34 The Council of Ministers 35 COREPER 40 The European Parliament 41 The Court of Justice 46 The Committee of Regions 47 The Economic and Social Committee 49 The European Ombudsman 50 The ‘democratic deficit’ 51 4 Common Policies of the European Union 57 Why have common policies? 58 The Common Agricultural Policy 58 M706 JONES PRE M/UP.qxd 20/2/07 12:00 PM Page vi Gary Gary's G4:Users:Gary:Public vi Britain and the European Union The Common Fisheries Policy 64 Competition Policy and Trade Policy 67 The Common Foreign and Security Policy 70 The development of the single currency 73 5The Influence of the European Union on Britain 81 The constitutional relationship between Britain and the European Union 82 The European Union and the United Kingdom parliament 83 The European Union and regional government in the United Kingdom 86 Local government and the European Union 93 Conclusion 94 6 Intergovernmentalism versus Supranationalism 99 What is supranationalism? 100 Supranationalism and the European Union 101 Supranationalism and the United Kingdom – a troubled relationship? 102 What is intergovernmentalism? 106 Intergovernmentalism and the European Union 107 Intergovernmentalism and the United Kingdom 108 Conclusion 109 7 Expansion versus Integration 113 What is integration? 114 How is the European Union promoting integration? 114 The United Kingdom and integration 118 The expansion of the European Union – what are the limits? 120 The United Kingdom and enlargement 124 8Political Parties and the European Union 129 Conservative Party 130 Labour Party 134 M706 JONES PRE M/UP.qxd 20/2/07 12:00 PM Page vii Gary Gary's G4:Users:Gary:Publ Contents vii Liberal Democratic Party 137 The minor parties 139 9Reluctant Europeans – Public Opinion on the European Union 146 British public opinion on the European Union 147 Pressure groups and the European Union 151 How do pressure groups lobby the European Union? 155 Public opinion across the European Union 157 Turnout for European parliamentary elections 162 Conclusion 166 10 Conclusion – Is Britain Still the ‘Reluctant European’? 169 What is a ‘reluctant European’? 170 The case for Britain being a ‘reluctant European’ 171 The case against Britain being a ‘reluctant European’ 175 Are any other EU members ‘reluctant Europeans’? 177 Conclusion – if Britain is not reluctant, then how can the relationship be labelled? 178 References 182 Index 185 M706 JONES PRE M/UP.qxd 20/2/07 12:00 PM Page viii Gary Gary's G4:Users:Gary:Pub Boxes 1.1 A perspective on UK–EU relations 3 3.1 The laws of the European Union 30 3.2 Complaining to the Ombudsman 50 4.1 The principles and instruments of the Common Agricultural Policy 59 4.2 The policy areas of the Common Fisheries Policy 65 4.3 Key points from the Common Fisheries Policy Review (2003) 66 4.4 The timetable to the single currency 74 4.5 Brown’s five ‘economic tests’ for British membership of the euro 76 5.1 Components of the British Constitution 83 5.2 Membership of the House of Commons Select Committee on Europe (as of January 2006) 84 5.3 House of Lords committees on Europe 85 5.4 The British legislative process 86 5.5 Regional development agencies in England 92 7.1 The chapters of the acquis communautaire for the 2004 enlargement 116 8.1 Vote on EEC membership in the House of Commons (1971–2) 131 10.1 What is a ‘reluctant European’? 171 10.2 Europe or America? 173 10.3 Is Britain really reluctant? 179 M706 JONES PRE M/UP.qxd 20/2/07 12:00 PM Page ix Gary Gary's G4:Users:Gary:Public Tables 2.1 Summary of the enlargements of the European Economic Community/European Union 22 3.1 The Barroso Commission (appointed November 2004) 32 3.2 Planned rotation of the presidency of the Council of Ministers 37 3.3 Weights of votes in the Council of Ministers (2005) 39 3.4 The number of MEPs for each member state 42 3.5 Make-up of the European Parliament (October 2005) 44 3.6 Membership of the Committee of Regions 48 4.1 Budgetary expenditure on the Common Agricultural Policy 61 6.1 Breakdown of an ideological transnational grouping of the European Parliament 103 9.1 Survey of members of the Common Market (1971) 148 9.2 British referendum on EEC membership (6 June 1975) 148 9.3 Is Britain’s membership of the European Union a good thing? 150 9.4 Has the United Kingdom benefited from EU membership? 151 9.5 Pro- and anti-EU pressure groups in Britain 152 9.6 British pressure group delegates in the Economic and Social Committee 156 9.7 Membership of the European Union is a good thing (EU-15) 158 9.8 My country benefits from EU membership (EU-15) 159 9.9 New member states responses (2005) 160 9.10 Referendum results on EU issues 161 9.11 Turnout for elections to the European Parliament 163 9.12 Referendums on EU membership 2003 165 M706 JONES PRE M/UP.qxd 20/2/07 12:00 PM Page x Gary Gary's G4:Users:Gary:Public Acknowledgements There is a number of people to whom I must extend my thanks for their support while writing this book.
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