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THE VEOLIA INSTITUTE REVIEW FACTS REPORTS 2021 WATER, WASTE & ENERGY: PROSPECTS FOR ESSENTIAL SERVICES IN AFRICA In partnership with THE VEOLIA INSTITUTE REVIEW - FACTS REPORTS N° 22 - Water, Waste & Energy: Prospects for essential services in Africa 2021 THINKING TOGETHER TO ILLUMINATE THE FUTURE THE VEOLIA INSTITUTE Designed as a platform for discussion and collective thinking, the Veolia Institute has been exploring the future at the crossroads between society and the environment since it was set up in 2001. Its mission is to think together to illuminate the future. Working with the global academic community, it facilitates multi-stakeholder analysis to explore emerging trends, particularly the environmental and societal challenges of the coming decades. It focuses on a wide range of issues related to the future of urban living as well as sustainable production and consumption (cities, urban services, environment, energy, health, agriculture, etc.). Over the years, the Veolia Institute has built up a high-level international network of academic and scientifi c experts, universities and research bodies, policymakers, NGOs and international organizations. The Institute pursues its mission through publications and conferences, as well as foresight working groups. Internationally recognized as a legitimate platform for exploring global issues, the Veolia Institute has official NGO observer status under the terms of the United Nations Framework Convention on climate change. THE FORESIGHT COMMITTEE Drawing on the expertise and international reputation of its members, the Foresight Committee guides the work of the Veolia Institute and steers its development. The current members of the Foresight Committee are: Harvey Fineberg, President of the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and former President of the American Institute of Medicine; Pierre-Marc Johnson, international lawyer and former Premier of Quebec; Philippe Kourilsky, Honorary Director General of the Pasteur Institute; Amy Luers, Global Lead Sustainability Sciences at Microsoft; Mamphela Ramphele, former Managing Director of the World Bank and Amartya Sen, Nobel Prize-winning economist and Professor at Harvard University. THE REVIEW Issue coordinated by Mathilde Martin-Moreau The Veolia Institute Review - FACTS Reports is an international publication & David Ménascé, compiling diverse perspectives on topics at the crossroads between society and Archipel&Co. the environment. The review was launched in 2007 with the aim of sharing best practices from the fi eld, to help fi nd solutions to problems in the economy, development, healthcare, environment, agriculture and education, in both developing and developed countries. The interdisciplinary review is a vehicle for sharing the experiences and expertise of diff erent stakeholders (researchers, academic experts, policymakers, companies, NGOs, international organizations, etc.), with the aim of taking advantage of a diversity of perspectives on a given topic, by combining feedback on best practices from the fi eld and expert analysis. www.institut.veolia.org | THE VEOLIA INSTITUTE REVIEW - FACTS REPORTS N° 22 CONTENTS P. 2 P. 24 P. 52 Conditions The quest for effi cient Planning and managing 3. needed for scaling FOREWORD waste management Africa’s cities: what place up successfully Mamphela Ramphele architecture in Ghana for technology innovations? Reimagine SA, Club of Rome Martin Oteng-Ababio Guillaume Josse University of Ghana Groupe Huit, Wexity-Logiroad P. 84 P. 3 New models for fi nancing P. 30 P. 58 essential services INTRODUCTION The toilet: unmentionable Decentralized electricity Jean-Michel SEVERINO Nicolas Renard humanitarian object or solutions: innovation Investisseurs & Partenaires Veolia Institute luxury good? in essential services is Tatiana Thieme no substitute for policy P. 88 University College London Sylvy Jaglin Justin De Koszmovszky Université Gustave Eiff el Improving the user experience: a powerful P. 4 Archipel&Co Emmanuelle Guillou LATTS lever to improve sanitation Access to essential services: practices in low-income key fi gures and progress P. 34 communities P. 64 on the African continent Water governance in Bérangère Mathilde Martin-Moreau, a context of scarcity Wastewater reuse: Magarinos-Ruchat David Ménascé Pr. Houria Tazi Sadeq a solution with a future Firmenich Archipel&Co Coalition Marocaine pour l’Eau Christophe Maquet Maureen Ravily Veolia Archipel&Co P. 40 Heading towards African smart cities in 2030 P. 70 P. 96 1. 2030: outlook and rePATRN: experience with challenges for Sénamé Koffi Agbodjinou Consumer education can HubCité project informal waste pickers lead to behaviour change essential services in Ghana in Africa Gordon Achola Jeff rey Provencal EXP agency High-potential rePATRN Nana Asamoah-Manu 2. innovations for IFC P. 10 a fast-changing P.72 Younès Drici Tani continent Non-affi liated Brakes and levers for Unlocking the circular environmental activist the development of essential economy potential to tackle Andrea Weiss services in Africa the sanitation challenge WWF South Africa Dr. Ibrahim Assane Mayaki P. 46 Louise Couder, African Union Development Voicing the urban poor: Sheila Kibuthu P. 104 Agency experience from an energy Sanergy Why accelerating justice program for and partnerships in the P. 14 by slum dwellers P. 78 Sanitation Economy How can Africa’s water David Sheridan Smart meters: innovating really matters companies boost their Slum Dwellers International to improve water supply in Erin McCusker resilience when facing Mwaura Njogu a post-Covid context Toilet Board Coalition, SATO health crises? Consultant (Lixil) Andrew Maki Sam Drabble, Fadel Ndaw Rosemary Campbell, World Bank Justice & Empowerment Initiatives (JEI) Philip Oyamo, P. 108 Frederick Agyemang Rosie Renouf Measuring the impact of P. 18 EJP Ghana WSUP decentralized electricity Africapolis: understanding projects: a triangulation the dynamics approach of urbanization in Africa Jean-Claude Berthelemy Philipp Heinrigs University Paris 1, FERDI Sahel and West Africa Club Secretariat (SWAC), Organization for Economic P. 116 Co-operation and Development Digital solutions to improve (OECD) basic service provision to the urban poor George Kibala Bauer Mobile for Development Utilities programme, GSMA 1 THE VEOLIA INSTITUTE REVIEW - FACTS REPORTS N° 22 - Water, Waste & Energy: Prospects for essential services in Africa 2021 FOREWORD Mamphela Ramphele - Co-founder of the ReimagineSA initiative, Co-President of the Club of Rome Former Chancellor of the University of Cape Town, former Managing Director of the World Bank Member of the Veolia Institute Foresight Committee The COVID-19 pandemic aftermath Good neighbourliness is not only about social and physical allows us an opportunity to proximity but empathetic connectedness in good and reimagine Africa’s cities, towns and bad times. COVID-19 has in many cases brought out the villages to create more ecologically best in us. People reached out to neighbours and those sound human settlements. Africa’s vulnerable to support them and ensure their wellbeing. chaotic cities and towns are relics The virus opened our eyes anew to the fact that wellbeing of colonial social engineering not fi t for a few is wellbeing for none. Wellbeing is a shared status for purpose in the 21st century. The and responsibility. Securing safety and wellbeing of our city architecture refl ects deliberate neighbourhoods harkens back to the ancient wisdom of distancing of the centre and the Africa that one should always enquire about the wellbeing periphery. The centre as the locus of others to ensure wellbeing for all. of power and privilege for colonial elites is distinguished by Post-COVID reconstruction and development gives Africa the best amenities and public services, whilst the periphery an opportunity to celebrate the resilience of its people inhabited by the majority of poor people is characterised despite the pre-existing conditions (poverty, inequality and by a neglect of essential basic infrastructure. unemployment), that made the continent most vulnerable. The mushrooming of townships and shantytowns across The resilience of Africa’s people that has surprised many, the African continent over the last fi ve decades refl ects the including scientists, may well lie in the endowments of dismal failure of post-colonial governments and private our ancient genes. Genetic endowments that enabled sector actors to reimagine these dysfunctional cities and humanity’s evolution in tough ecosystems aeons ago, are towns as spaces of dignified human settlements. The yet to be fully understood. COVID-19 pandemic laid bare the gross inequities of access Ancient wisdom, science and technology in architecture, to essential infrastructure critical to eff ective public health materials engineering, use of local materials to build responses. Social distancing, washing hands frequently sustainable human settlements, offer opportunities to with soap, and wearing masks were luxuries out of reach of harvest Africa’s natural capital. Cities, towns and villages most people in the peripheries of Africa’s cities. need to be nested in the vast tracts of land that enable Reimagining post-colonial African cities and towns requires smooth transitions between wilderness and residential shedding of colonial mindsets and legacies. We need areas to create harmony between human settlements to imagine what a 21st century African city, town and and sensitive ecosystems. Sustainable agriculture with village should look like. Reimagined smart