Economic and Social Council

Background Guide

Written by: Brian Mandel, Jimmy FitzGibbon and Donae Smiles, Case Western Reserve ​ University

Economic and Social Counseil (ECOSOC), one of the six principal bodies of the United Nations (UN), was formed in 1946, and currently has 54 member states. Its mandate is to serve as the main body on the issues of economic, social, and environmental issues. Along with overlooking the UN bodies that discuss economic, social and environmental issues, ECOSOC’s mandate has been revised in the last decade, so as to better execute the outcomes of UN conferences and summits revolving around 1 economic, social and environmental issues.

Topic A: Ending Global Unemployment

Statement of the Issue

The world is now almost a decade past the Great Recession. The Great Recession, starting in 2008, was the largest economic downturn in the entire globe since 2 the Great Depression in the twentieth century. While most economies have recovered and are now doing better than they were prior to the recession, some countries are still dealing with fallout from the recession and other financial issues. One issue that is related to financial and economic instability is unemployment. Unemployment is the state of a person in search of a job, but cannot find a job because of lack the required skills, discrimination or lack of job openings. This is not just a problem that plagues economically stagnant countries, however. Every country in the UN faces this problem. In an increasingly globalized world, every country’s economy becomes further intertwined. It is imperative that ECOSOC work to alleviate this economic hardship and 3 work to accomplish the goals and measures set out by the UN.

1 UN economic and social council; resolutions; decisions," United Nations, accessed ​ December 30, 2016. 2 https://www.clevelandfed.org/en/newsroom-and-events/publications/forefront/ff-v2n 03/ff-v2n0359-unemployment-and-the-great-recession.aspx 3 Ibid 1

History

Combating unemployment has been a top policy of nations and international organizations since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the mid 1800s. Before that time, governmental policy was not to interfere with the well-being of citizens, rather it was to uphold the strength of the entire economy. With the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the population boom, which coincided with technological advancement, created a problem in early industrial nations. In Britain, the mechanization of agriculture led to massive unemployment in rural areas, causing rural workers to flock to the cities to work in the factories or other areas of industrialized 4 labor. The United States, which industrialized in the late 1800s, followed this pattern, with major cities growing in population of up to 70% per decade. By the late 1890s, global unemployment had reached a breaking point, and citizens began to demand welfare in order to survive in an increasingly urban society. To meet this demand, 5 progressive leaders, such as Theodore Roosevelt and Herbert Asquith, instituted reforms aimed at promoting the welfare of citizens. The Panic of 1907 led to several more progressive reforms in the United States, but the general world consensus on unemployment was that previously enacted reforms were adequate. The Great Depression would shatter that reality, as unemployment rates reached 25%in the United States and 15%in the British Empire. Germany suffered 30% unemployment due to the inaction of the Weimar Government. Fascist dictators arose throughout Europe due to unemployment issues as well. John Maynard Keynes, a British economist who began to work for U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Depression, suggested that increased government spending and workers’ programs would reduce unemployment. The United States instituted programs such as the Civilian Conservation Corps and the Works Progress Administration to offer jobs to unemployed workers. The U.S. government also engaged in aggressive fiscal policy to create jobs for workers, and welfare checks were distributed to assist the poor. After the Great Depression, other nations began to follow the Keynesian model, which is credited with assisting in the alleviation of 6 unemployment in Europe following the Second World War. By 1950, Europe had primarily met its employment levels that existed before the war, largely due to the 7 Marshall Plan and rapid rebuilding of industry. To assist with these labor issues, the United Nations formed the International Labor Organization, a group created due to Post-World War I global cooperation. However, through the beginning of the Cold War, international labor policy was almost

4 https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/industrial-revolution.asp ​ 5 https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_615590/lang--en/index.htm 6 https://www.history.com/topics/great-depression/new-deal ​ 7 https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/marshall-plan 2

8 non-existent, as individual nations enacted their own policies regarding unemployment.

With the decolonization of the British Empire after the Second World War, nations such as the liberation of India began self-governance with little economic capital. Furthermore, decolonization created nations that were unable to complete industrialization, causing a spike in unemployment amongst former imperial colonies. African nations, most of which had little industrialization, were less impacted by unemployment due to the primarily agrarian economies of their countries. However, the discovery of rare-earth materials on the African continent spurred industrialization 9 and a rise in employment. The Republic of India and People’s Republic of China, two nations, which previously had little industrialization, began their own industrialization processes with poor results. Famine and unemployment gripped China, and the policies of Mao Zedong led to massive economic collapse. However, the increasing manufacturing sectors in China, India, and other Southeast Asian nations led to major 10 decline in unemployment through the 1990s in that region. At the same time, economic hardship increased unemployment in the Soviet Union, causing reforms to be enacted that would lead to the fall of the USSR in 1991. Through the 1990s, unemployment in Eastern Europe remained high, but was combated through 11 international aid similar to the Marshall Plan of the late 1940s. The early 2000s saw a period of global economic prosperity, despite the beginning of the U.S. War on Terror. However, in 2008, the US housing market crashed, sending Wall Street into a panic. As the world relied on the Bretton Woods Agreement (the usage of the U.S. Dollar for international currency), the entire world was impacted by the ensuing recession. Unemployment in the U.S. and Europe hovered around ten percent, with African nations such as Zimbabwe reaching eight percent unemployment. As in the Great Depression, Keynesian economic policies were utilized, but austerity was also used in European nations such as Federal Republic of Germany. By the mid 2010s, the world had largely recovered from the recession, but issues including a return of authoritarianism, refugees and overpopulation continue to be pertinent to the global 12 unemployment rate. ​

Current Situation

The problem of unemployment has often arisen in developing countries as a result of several factors. Whether it be economic conditions, technology trends,

8 https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_615590/lang--en/index.htm 9 http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/5/decolonization-and-the-collapse-of-the-briti sh-empire 10 https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/15/world/asia/china-cultural-revolution-explainer. html 11 http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/sovietcollapse.htm 12 https://www.thestreet.com/politics/what-was-the-great-recession-14664025 3 globalization and sourcing trends, or demographics, variable conditions have exacerbated the current employment situations of people all around the world. Currently there are about 192 million people unemployed in the world, which is more than 1 million more than previous years. Of the 192 million unemployed, the International Labor Organization (ILO) reports that 60 million are from regions that lack social protection and areas that suffer from increased incidences of vulnerable 13 unemployment. These situations range from Sub- Saharan Africa to Southern Asia and have the greatest impact on women and children. Based on recent statistics global unemployment has stabilized in the past year but continues to exceed 192 million people. In 2017 the unemployment rate had been estimated at 5.6 percent and is predicted to fall to 5.5 percent by the end of 2018. Although unemployment is slowly declining there still are not enough jobs in the global economy to sustain current and growing working populations. Populations of Northern Africa and The Middle East have 14 seen high rates of unemployment, which leads to higher poverty rates in the region. Cyclical employment is a type of working that is mostly insecure and vulnerable to fluctuation in business cycles, which leads to a work force, which is less likely to have formal work arrangements, and are therefore more likely to lack decent working conditions, adequate social security and ‘voice’ through effective representation by trade unions and similar organizations. A bulk of current unemployment problems are due to increased vulnerability, in developing countries three out of four workers are affected by vulnerable employment and this ratio of people is directly linked to the amount of people currently living in poverty. Due to inadequate worker’s rights and social laws the risks of working for many far outweigh the increased state of poverty 15 that comes with being unemployed. Only 50 percent of women of working age are in the labor force. The gender gap between men and women is most apparent in the regions of Northern Africa, Western Asia and Southern Asia. Although there are many reasons for the limited amount of women in the workforce, some major factors include a lack of safe transportation and affordable childcare and persistent abuse and discrimination in the workplace. According to the ILO, several of these circumstances can be helped by enacting legislation that ensures equal pay, addresses cases of abuse at the workplace, and eliminates present forms of discrimination, violence, and harassment in work 16 environments. Although the ILO continually works to lower unemployment in the world through the development of policies and establishing labor standards, the promise of decreasing unemployment rates worldwide remains to be difficult. The diversity of external factors that cause unemployment must be looked at separately to be addressed with extreme diligence and accuracy. The best policies will directly address the situation of ending

13 https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_615590/lang--en/index.htm 14 Ibid ​ 15 https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2129.html ​ 16https://esa.un.org/unmigration/documents/retreat/UN%20WOMEN_Indicator_vulner able_employment.pdf 4 unemployment and enable ECOSOC and the world to focus on factors that affect 17 different regions.

Analysis

Youth Unemployment: One of the main reasons there is higher unemployment percentage than the non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment (NAIRU)​ in many countries is because ​ ​ the youth of their countries are underemployed. The first of many causes of youth 18 underemployment is financial crisis (recessions). Additionally, skills mismatch, which ​ is when the youth of a country do not have the skills that are needed in the countries economy, heavily affect youth underemployment. This is due to both being 19 overqualified and under qualified something. Finally, alack of entrepreneurship has been identified in youth due to the fact that they do not have the knowledge of how to build and operate a business. Furthermore, many youth do not have access to the 20 capital necessary to open businesses. There are also educational solutions to the youth unemployment issue. If education systems are more aligned with jobs needed by that country, then more of the youth of that country will be able to find a job when they 21 finish their education. In these adapted education systems, the country can stress entrepreneurship, so more young people can create business. ECOSOC may find ways to offer more accessible capital to young entrepreneurship, so their ideas can have legs 22 to stand on.

Female Unemployment: There are many women in the world who have the capability to be apart of the workforce, but do not have the opportunity, and here are many different reasons as to why this is so and as to why women may not have the same impact that men do in the 23 workforce. Some countries do not allow women to work in particular economic 24 sectors and have certain jobs. Also, women face discrimination when applying to the 25 same jobs as men. Additionally, women are not given the same opportunities for education, which are given to men. Without proper education, a woman can never be qualified for certain jobs requiring that knowledge. Ultimately, it is found that the only

17 Ibid ​ 18 http://www.valuesandcapitalism.com/three-ways-solve-youth-unemployment/ 19 Ibid 20 http://www.valuesandcapitalism.com/three-ways-solve-youth-unemployment/ 21 http://www.valuesandcapitalism.com/three-ways-solve-youth-unemployment/ 22 https://peacechild.org/youth-unemployment-causes-and-solutions/ 23 https://www.unfpa.org/resources/issue-7-women-empowerment 24 https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/08/104-countries-have-laws-that-prevent-wo men-from-working-in-some-jobs/ 25 https://www.unfpa.org/resources/issue-7-women-empowerment 5 way to create job opportunities for women and encourage their active participating in 26 the workforce, is for UN member states to promote equality among all genders.

Modern Slavery: In the 21st century, slavery still affects our world. When a human being is enslaved, their removal from the working population adds to the unemployment of a country. Additionally, slaves, unsurprisingly, do not receive an income, which can be used to spend on goods and services (improves the economy). Importantly, the UN calls slavery a heinous act in all of its forms and should be put to end an end for that reason 27 also. There are many types of modern slavery. The first is human trafficking, which is the forced moving of and harboring of people. For example, the movement of women 28 to another country without their consent by organized crime. Modern slavery also exists as prostitution, which was referenced in the 2016 UN resolution “71/167 The 29 Trafficking of Women and Girls”. Finally, what is perhaps the most commonly understood definition of slavery, forced labor largely prevails in selected economics across the world. There are many actions required of the UN to remedying the issue of modern slavery, and ECOSOC must work to establish meaningful legislation to present 30 to the General Assembly to fixing these problems.

Questions to Consider

● How will ECOSOC aide countries currently in a recession? ● How will youth unemployment be alleviated in developing countries? ● How will female unemployment be alleviated? ● How will ECOSOC halt modern slavery?

Conclusion

In conclusion, unemployment is an issue that will remain in the globe as a key issue. It has been a major issue ever since the introduction of the industrial revolution. Although there will never be an end to unemployment, it can be minimized. It will come down to finding solutions to cure ailing economies. Along with fixing inefficiencies in the job markets, which includes youth unemployment, female unemployment and modern slavery. Topic B: Intellectual Property Theft

26 Ibid 27 https://www.antislavery.org/slavery-today/modern-slavery/ 28http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/do cs/globalcompact/A_RES_71_167.pdf 29 Ibid 30 https://www.antislavery.org/slavery-today/modern-slavery/ 6

Statement of the Issue Intellectual Property (IP) theft is an issue that has had more news coverage over the last year, but IP theft has been involving almost every country in the UN for more 31 than a century. This is not just an issue between the US and China. The UN has its 32 own body for dealing with IP, the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). Still, IP theft is an area that falls under ECOSOC too. IP theft can possibly ruin the economy of another country because a competitor can show up illegally and take 33 business and revenue from the company being victimized. That is why ECOSOC needs to find solutions to lessen the issue.

History

Intellectual property protection has been present since the days of Ancient Greece in the form of de facto intellectual property protection, but no legal statutes ​ ​ 34 protected intellectual property until the early 1600s. In 1624, the British Parliament passed the Statute of Monopolies, which allowed the monarch to grant monopolies to 35 those with new innovations or techniques. Copyright law followed in Britain eighty years later, with the passage of the Statute of Anne in 1710 giving full rights of written 36 publications to their authors. Other nations began to adopt their own intellectual property laws in the 18th Century as well. The United States codified intellectual property in the Patents and Copyrights Clause of the Constitution, giving Congress the 37 ability to grant patents and copyrights. France codified its intellectual property laws after the French Revolution, establishing a system where one could pay for patents or 38 copyrights. All in all, the 18th Century brought about the rise of codified intellectual property protection, but international intellectual property protection had not yet been developed. The lack of international intellectual property protection led to a system in which different technologies would be developed differently in different countries, usually based off of a previous invention in a separate country. The lack of major international corporations meant that there was no way for one country to enforce its intellectual property laws in another country, leading to situations in which inventors who based their design heavily off of another country’s inventor would not have to pay for the

31 https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/whats-intellectual-property-and-does-chin a-steal-it-quicktake/2018/03/22/83b980b8-2dd1-11e8-8dc9- 32 https://www.wipo.int/about-wipo/en/history.html 33 https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/whats-intellectual-property-and-does-chin a-steal-it-quicktake/2018/03/22/83b980b8-2dd1-11e8-8dc9- 34 http://www.hourglassresearch.com/patents/history-of-patents/ 35 http://innovation.hoover.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Original-text.pdf 36 http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/anne_1710.asp 37 https://fairuse.stanford.edu/law/us-constitution/ 38 https://www.sdu.dk/~/media/29B8F2BB77E946F78ED7E47D7DD20C9D.ashx 7 usage of their invention. In some cases, businessmen committed blatant theft of patents, as was the case when American Francis Cabot Lowell stole the British design for power textile machinery. The British intercepted his ship in the North Atlantic, as they 39 understood that Lowell could not be prosecuted once he returned to American shores. By the late 19th Century, the increased globalisation of the world and the establishment of world powers led to calls to enact global intellectual property protection. World powers met at two conventions: the Paris Convention for the 40 Protection of Industrial Property in 1883 and the Berne Convention in 1886. The two conventions, attended by the same countries, concerned different areas of intellectual property, with the Paris Convention establishing international patent law and the Berne Convention establishing international copyright law. The conventions are both in force 41 today, and 176 parties have ratified the Berne Convention. The administration of these two conventions was merged in 1893, forming the United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property. This organization exists today as the World Intellectual Property Organization, or WIPO, which is the governing international body in 42 terms of intellectual property protection. The Madrid System, which established international protection for trademarks, was adopted in 1892, further cementing the 43 late 19th Century as a crucial time in the history of intellectual property protection. While the Berne Convention and the Paris Convention were amended several times throughout the early 20th Century, there were little attempts to enact any further protection of intellectual property rights on a global scale. However, nations continued to refine their own copyright laws, with the United States passing the Sherman Antitrust 44 Act of 1890 to regulate monopolies created by patent owners. Additionally, Germany and Russia passed copyright laws in 1901 and 1911, respectively. Many of these laws incorporated aspects of the Berne and Paris Conventions, allowing authors from a separate country to publish their works in a given country with copyright protection. After the creation of the League of Nations in 1921, member states established the Committee for Intellectual Cooperation. This committee attempted to bring together world nations to research new technologies and create universal patent rights. The committee also attempted to refine the copyright standards of the Berne Convention, which it did in 1928 with the creation of the moral standard for copyrights. However, without the participation of the United States (the world's foremost industrial power at the time) in the League of Nations, and without the cooperation of nations such as the Soviet Union, the League was unable to successfully enact many of its intellectual property resolutions. Yet, the Hague Agreement Concerning the International Deposit of Industrial Designs was ratified in 1925, establishing an

39 https://foreignpolicy.com/2012/12/06/we-were-pirates-too/

40 https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/paris/ 41 https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/ 42 https://www.wipo.int/about-wipo/en/history.html 43 https://www.wipo.int/madrid/en/ 44 https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/sherman_antitrust_act 8

45 international patent for industrial designs. The Hague Agreement would be further amended in 1967 and 1999. With the creation of the United Nations after the end of the Second World War and the beginning of the Cold War, intellectual property protection became a critical issue in international relations. The Soviet Union and the U.S. often accused each other of intellectual property theft, usually of military technology (the Soviet Space Shuttle Buran was a near identical replica of the American space shuttles). However, the UN ​ lacked an organization to address these claims, as the United International Bureaux 46 remained a separate international organization. In 1967, the UN acquired the Bureaux, and reformed it into the World Intellectual Property Organization, a UN Specialized Agency. Consequently, in 1970, 152 nations signed the Patent Cooperation 47 Treaty, which established the international patent known as a PCT application. WIPO was therefore given the ability to enforce international intellectual property protection for the first time, as the Bureaux was unable to do so despite the treaties that created it. In the modern era, intellectual property theft has become a major subject of debate in international relations. In the 2000s and 2010s, the United States often accused China of the theft of military and civilian patents. In 2016, American presidential candidate Donald Trump made Chinese intellectual property theft an issue in the presidential election, and in 2018 President Trump imposed tariffs on China to 48 curb their accused thefts. Chinese President Xi Jinping has responded with tariffs of his own, leading to a trade war based on the notion that China was committing intellectual property theft of American patents. This has led to an economic crisis, as the United States and China are the two largest economies in the world, and renewed 49 discussions on intellectual property reform have taken place.

Current Situation

Intellectual Property Theft continues to be a difficult threat to maintain as laws across countries differ so widely. The issue continues to increase as technology expands and our world becomes more global. The most recent attempts to prevent intellectual property theft was a new strategy initiated by the FBI alongside the National Intellectual Property Rights Coordination Center (NIPRCC) to create more effective strategies to

45 https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/registration/hague/

46 https://www.calvertjournal.com/features/show/3665/Cold-War-innovation-tech-espion age-industrial-design 47 https://www.wipo.int/pct/en/ 48 https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidvolodzko/2018/11/11/the-trade-war-with-china-an d-the-problem-with-intellectual-property-rights/#3bd671e7728e 49 https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/28/us/politics/intellectual-property-trump-xi.html 9

50 combat intellectual property theft. Through this new initiative they hope to work alongside online markets, advertisers and service providers to broaden awareness of intellectual property rights and ensure prevention of criminal activities. This initiative is only limited to the United States and greater international protection is only provided 51 through applying for patents within that country. It is very difficult to prevent theft as not all intellectual property is properly registered with copyrights and patents. When counterfeit trademarks and copyright infringement is identified each country has penalties to protect their owners from theft. The most important part of preventing theft is through proper registration of ideas with the appropriate departments, which may differ across countries. In order to increase the security of intellectual property international laws must be put in place, which is 52 why the following protocols were put in place. To make registration of intellectual property easier among different countries the Madrid Protocol was created in 1996.The Madrid Protocol is an international treaty that allows countries to seek trademark registration in any country that has joined the treaty. With an international system, protecting against intellectual property 53 infringement becomes easier and less laborious. The treaty must be renewed every four years but is still easier than going through each individual country’s legal system. It provides a central unified system that allows the U.S and countries of the EU to have an easy more efficient way to apply for trademarks. Ultimately, the problem of intellectual property theft stretches farther than just the US and the EU. Countries like India, Venezuela and Pakistan rank very low in protecting against intellectual property rights and without the proper IP laws these countries economies are increasingly in danger. By working alongside the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) to provide the necessary infrastructure to resolve intellectual property disputes, and increase cooperation between countries to prevent Intellectual Property theft. Lastly, if other countries were to follow suit and make international commitments to appropriately identify intellectual property there would be less cases of property theft. Intellectual Property laws are not unified enough to properly protect against Intellectual Property Theft and initiatives like the Madrid Protocol is the 54 beginning of a positive step in the right direction.

Analysis

50 https://www.fbi.gov/investigate/white-collar-crime/piracy-ip-theft ​ 51 https://www.uspto.gov/patents-getting-started/international-protection/protecting-int ellectual-property-rights-ipr

52 https://www.upcounsel.com/madrid-protocol ​ 53 https://www.uspto.gov/trademark/laws-regulations/madrid-protocol/international-app licationsmadrid-protocol-faqs#161 54 https://www.wipo.int/about-wipo/en/ ​ 10

Industrial Espionage: One way countries steal each others intellectual property is through industrial espionage. Industrial espionage is the act of a country spying on another country for non-national security reasons. However, a corporation within a country could be doing the spying on behalf of the country. This can be done in many different ways: a spy could trespass on the campus of a company, they can pretend to be an employee of the 55 company to learn company secrets, wire-tapping and through hacking. One very famous and old example of corporate espionage was Samuel Slater. Born in England during the beginning of the industrial revolution, he worked for much of his life in the textile factories. Importantly, he had the gift of a photographic memory. When he immigrated to the US, he set up his own textile empire with some other merchants with 56 the help of his photographic memory even though English deemed it illegal. A more recent case is the French spying on the United States in the 1990s. The claim was that the French were spying on American computer companies like IBM, so they could share 57 their trade secrets with their own computer companies. Solutions to stopping this kind of act are very crude at the moment. A country could simply place sanctions on the 58 guilty country or hope that the other country takes IP robbery more seriously.

Knockoff Goods: Knockoff goods have been more of a recent invention. Knockoff goods are when a country takes the products created from another country and creates the exact same product with slight variations. This is dangerous for business because the products are usually much cheaper compared to the actual products. This can make the more popular in the markets that they are being sold, which causes the actual creator of the products to lose money. Furthermore, at this point everything from shoes to 59 pharmaceuticals has been counterfeited. Moreover, all of this knockoff or counterfeit product is illegal and infringes on patent, copyright and or trademark laws. One of the largest markets for the knockoff goods is China. Similar to corporate espionage, the only current solutions are very blunt. Once again, a country can be put under a sanction

55 https://www.csoonline.com/article/3285726/security/what-is-corporate-espionage-insi de-the-murky-world-of-private-spying.html 56 https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/theymadeamerica/whomade/slater_hi.html 57 https://www.economist.com/europe/2015/06/27/i-spy-you-spy 58 https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/whats-intellectual-property-and-does-chin a-steal-it-quicktake/2018/03/22/83b980b8-2dd1-11e8-8dc9-3b51e028b845_story.html ?noredirect=on&utm_term=.1e83812aef6c 59 https://abcnews.go.com/WNT/story?id=130381&page=1 11 that is not prosecuting the creators of knockoff goods. Another solution is to create 60 international laws or hope singular countries better enforce IP laws.

Questions to Consider

● How will ECOSOC work with WIPO on this issue? ● What incentives can be put in place to stop IP theft? ● Should more international IP law be put in place? ● How will ECOSOC stop corporate espionage? ● How will ECOSOC stop knock off and counterfeit goods?

Conclusion

In conclusion, IP theft is an issue that most if not all members deal with. It has the chance of ruining companies, which could halt economic development. Two the main ways IP theft can committed is through corporate espionage and knock off goods. Sanctions and cooperation are the best-known solutions at this time. That is why it is up to the members of ECOSOC to find better solutions for this issue.

60 https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/whats-intellectual-property-and-does-chin a-steal-it-quicktake/2018/03/22/83b980b8-2dd1-11e8-8dc9- 12