DOCSLIB.ORG

Youth Employment in the Context of Hegemonic Neoliberalism: a Case Study of the Illawarra Region

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Youth Employment in the Context of Hegemonic Neoliberalism: a Case Study of the Illawarra Region University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection 1954-2016 University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2014 Youth employment in the context of hegemonic neoliberalism: a case study of the Illawarra Region Scott David Burrows University of Wollongong, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses University of Wollongong Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorise you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: This work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this work may be reproduced by any process, nor may any other exclusive right be exercised, without the permission of the author. Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. A court may impose penalties and award damages in relation to offences and infringements relating to copyright material. Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form. Unless otherwise indicated, the views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the University of Wollongong. Recommended Citation Burrows, Scott David, Youth employment in the context of hegemonic neoliberalism: a case study of the Illawarra Region, Doctor of Philosophy thesis, School of Humanities and Social Inquiry, University of Wollongong, 2014. https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/4342 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] YOUTH EMPLOYMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF HEGEMONIC NEOLIBERALISM: A CASE STUDY OF THE ILLAWARRA REGION A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Scott David Burrows, BA (Hons) SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL INQUIRY FACULTY OF LAW, HUMANITIES AND THE ARTS UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG 2014 CERTIFICATION I, Scott David Burrows, declare that this thesis, submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Wollongong, is wholly my own work unless otherwise referenced or acknowledged. The document has not been submitted for qualifications at any other academic institution. Scott David Burrows 27th June 2014 i ABSTRACT Youth employment is one of the most pressing social issues in the Australian economy. Youth generally have greater employment difficulties than other groups in the labour market. This is particularly striking in regional Australia. The focus of this thesis is the Illawarra region of New South Wales, Australia which has experienced one of the most disadvantaged labour markets for youth over the last few decades. There have been a number of important factors that have impacted on youth employment. One of the most significant has been neoliberalism, an ideology and practice that has become ubiquitous in the developed West. The theory of hegemony developed by Antonio Gramsci is used to understand how neoliberalism operates. Hegemony can be applied to both theory and ideology, and policy and structures. The thesis argues that neoliberalism can be seen as hegemonic, and contends that it can be seen as operating successfully in its own terms in the Australian context. This thesis specifies the nature of the local youth labour market in the Illawarra’s regional economy. The thesis poses a central research question to understand these dimensions: What are the challenges to youth employment in a neoliberal economy that operates successfully in its own terms? In order to explore this question a qualitative methodology is used that draws on youth employment experiences to understand, more specifically, how neoliberalism has impacted on youth. The findings indicate how significant neoliberal ideologies and practices impact on youth employment experiences, and youth understandings of them. In particular, the study demonstrates how precarious employment shapes the experiences and expectations of youth, contributing to new understandings of youth employment in regional Australia. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my supervisors, Richard Howson and Diana Kelly for their assistance in the development of this thesis. I would also like to thank Mike Donaldson in earlier stages of its development. The guidance of my supervisors helped me develop a theoretical framework and a clear research question and methodology. I would like to thank all those individuals who participated in the research especially those youth who displayed such determination with difficult personal struggles. I would like to thank the staff and postgraduate students within the Faculty for their collegiality especially those who read drafts of my thesis chapters. In 2011-2013, I was grateful for the financial support of an Australian Postgraduate Award (APA) from the University of Wollongong and receiving conference and research funding from the faculty on a number of occasions during my candidature. Finally, I would also like to thank my wife Suzie, and two sons, Karl and Oliver, as well as other family members in the Burrows unit who were always encouraging during my academic studies. iii PUBLISHED MATERIAL IN SUPPORT OF THESIS Sections of this thesis have been published in the following conference proceedings and journals: Parts of chapter three have been published in these proceedings: Burrows, S. (2009) ‘Youth Unemployment in the Illawarra: A Regional Crisis?’, proceedings of the Capital in Crisis: Implications for Labour and Society Conference, published electronically at the Centre for Work, Organisation and Well- being, Griffith University, July. Burrows, S. (2010a) ‘Contesting the Social Impacts of Neoliberalism: Economic Recovery, Unemployment and Youth in the Illawarra Region’, proceedings of the 12th Path to Full Employment Conference/17th National Conference on Unemployment, Centre for Full Employment and Equity (COFFEE), University of Newcastle, Newcastle, December. Parts of chapter three and seven have been published in this article: Burrows, S. (2010b) ‘Youth Unemployment in the Illawarra Region’, Journal of Australian Political Economy, vol. 65, pp. 88-105. Parts of chapter five have been published in this article: Burrows, S. (2011/2012) ‘Unemployment in the Illawarra Region: Understanding its Historical Trajectory and Legacy’, Illawarra Unity: Journal of the Illawarra Branch of the Australian Society for the Study of Labour History, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 51-66. Parts of chapter six have been published in this article: Burrows, S. (2013) ‘Precarious Work, Neoliberalism and Young People’s Experiences of Employment in the Illawarra Region’, Economic and Labour Relations Review Symposium – Precarious Work: Economic, Sociological and Political Perspectives, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 380-396. iv ABBREVIATIONS ABS Australian Bureau of Statistics ISD Illawarra Statistical District ILO International Labour Organisation OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development WSD Wollongong Statistical District v TABLE OF CONTENTS CERTIFICATION ...................................................................................................... i ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................... iii PUBLISHED MATERIAL IN SUPPORT OF THESIS ........................................ iv ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................... v TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................. ix LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................... x Chapter One: Scope of the Thesis ............................................................................. 1 1.1: Introduction: From the Global to National ........................................................ 1 1.2: The Illawarra Region: A Case Study ................................................................ 7 1.3: Research Question and Methodology ............................................................... 9 1.4: Understanding Neoliberalism as Hegemonic .................................................... 9 1.5: Chapter Outline and Structure of the Thesis ................................................... 11 Chapter Two: Understanding Neoliberalism as Hegemonic ................................ 14 2.1: Introduction ..................................................................................................... 14 2.2: What is Neoliberalism? From the Global to the National ............................... 14 2.3: Neoliberalism: An Overview of its Origins .................................................... 17 2.4: What makes Neoliberalism Hegemonic? ........................................................ 26 2.5: Why is Neoliberalism
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Neoliberal Austerity and Unemployment
    E L C I ‘…following Stuckler and Basu (2013) T it is not economic downturns per se that R matter but the austerity and welfare A “reform” that may follow: that “austerity Neoliberal austerity kills” and – as I argue here – that it particularly “kills” those in lower socio- economic positions.’ and unemployment The scale of contemporary unemployment consequent upon David Fryer and Rose Stambe examine critical psychological issues neoliberal austerity programmes is colossal. According to labour market statistics released in June 2013 by the UK Neoliberal fiscal austerity policies I am really sorry to bother you again. Office for National Statistics, 2.51 million decrease public expenditure God. But I am bursting to tell you all people were unemployed in the UK through cuts to central and local the stuff that has been going on (tinyurl.com/neu9l47). This represents five government budgets, welfare behind your back since I first wrote to unemployed people competing for every services and benefits and you back in 1988. Oh God do you still vacancy. privatisation of public resources remember? Remember me telling Official statistics like these, which have resulting in job losses. This article you of the war that was going on persisted now for years, do not, of course, interrogates the empirical, against the poor and unemployed in prevent the British Prime Minister – theoretical, methodological and our working class communities? Do evangelist of neoliberal government - ideological relationships between you remember me telling you, God, asking in a speech delivered in June 2012 neoliberalism, unemployment and how the people in my community ‘Why has it become acceptable for many the discipline of psychology, were being killed and terrorised but people to choose a life on benefits?’ arguing that neoliberalism that there were no soldiers to be Talking of what he termed ‘Working Age constitutes rather than causes seen, no tanks, no bombs being Welfare’, Mr Cameron opined: ‘we have unemployment.
    [Show full text]
  • Unemployment in an Extended Cournot Oligopoly Model∗
    Unemployment in an Extended Cournot Oligopoly Model∗ Claude d'Aspremont,y Rodolphe Dos Santos Ferreiraz and Louis-Andr´eG´erard-Varetx 1 Introduction Attempts to explain unemployment1 begin with the labour market. Yet, by attributing it to deficient demand for goods, Keynes questioned the use of partial analysis, and stressed the need to consider interactions between the labour and product markets. Imperfect competition in the labour market, reflecting union power, has been a favoured explanation; but imperfect competition may also affect employment through producers' oligopolistic behaviour. This again points to a general equilibrium approach such as that by Negishi (1961, 1979). Here we propose an extension of the Cournot oligopoly model (unlike that of Gabszewicz and Vial (1972), where labour does not appear), which takes full account of the interdependence between the labour market and any product market. Our extension shares some features with both Negishi's conjectural approach to demand curves, and macroeconomic non-Walrasian equi- ∗Reprinted from Oxford Economic Papers, 41, 490-505, 1989. We thank P. Champsaur, P. Dehez, J.H. Dr`ezeand J.-J. Laffont for helpful comments. We owe P. Dehez the idea of a light strengthening of the results on involuntary unemployment given in a related paper (CORE D.P. 8408): see Dehez (1985), where the case of monopoly is studied. Acknowledgements are also due to Peter Sinclair and the Referees for valuable suggestions. This work is part of the program \Micro-d´ecisionset politique ´economique"of Commissariat G´en´eral au Plan. Financial support of Commissariat G´en´eralau Plan is gratefully acknowledged.
    [Show full text]
  • Department of Business, Economic Development & Tourism
    DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT & TOURISM RESEARCH AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS DIVISION DAVID Y. IGE GOVERNOR MIKE MC CARTNEY DIRECTOR DR. EUGENE TIAN CHIEF STATE ECONOMIST FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE August 19, 2021 HAWAI‘I'S UNEMPLOYMENT RATE AT 7.3 PERCENT IN JULY Jobs increased by 53,000 over-the-year HONOLULU — The Hawai‘i State Department of Business, Economic Development & Tourism (DBEDT) today announced that the seasonally adjusted unemployment rate for July was 7.3 percent compared to 7.7 percent in June. Statewide, 598,850 were employed and 47,200 unemployed in July for a total seasonally adjusted labor force of 646,000. Nationally, the seasonally adjusted unemployment rate was 5.4 percent in July, down from 5.9 percent in June. Seasonally Adjusted Unemployment Rate State of Hawai`i Jul 2019 - Jul 2021 28.0% 24.0% 20.0% 16.0% 12.0% 8.0% 4.0% 0.0% Ma Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr Ma Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr Jun Jul y 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 y20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 Percent 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.1 2.1 21. 21. 14. 14. 14. 14. 14. 10. 10. 10. 9.2 9.1 8.5 8.0 7.7 7.3 The unemployment rate figures for the State of Hawai‘i and the U.S. in this release are seasonally adjusted, in accordance with the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Emergency Unemployment Compensation (EUC08): Current Status of Benefits
    Emergency Unemployment Compensation (EUC08): Current Status of Benefits Julie M. Whittaker Specialist in Income Security Katelin P. Isaacs Analyst in Income Security March 28, 2012 The House Ways and Means Committee is making available this version of this Congressional Research Service (CRS) report, with the cover date shown, for inclusion in its 2012 Green Book website. CRS works exclusively for the United States Congress, providing policy and legal analysis to Committees and Members of both the House and Senate, regardless of party affiliation. Congressional Research Service R42444 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Emergency Unemployment Compensation (EUC08): Current Status of Benefits Summary The temporary Emergency Unemployment Compensation (EUC08) program may provide additional federal unemployment insurance benefits to eligible individuals who have exhausted all available benefits from their state Unemployment Compensation (UC) programs. Congress created the EUC08 program in 2008 and has amended the original, authorizing law (P.L. 110-252) 10 times. The most recent extension of EUC08 in P.L. 112-96, the Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012, authorizes EUC08 benefits through the end of calendar year 2012. P.L. 112- 96 also alters the structure and potential availability of EUC08 benefits in states. Under P.L. 112- 96, the potential duration of EUC08 benefits available to eligible individuals depends on state unemployment rates as well as the calendar date. The P.L. 112-96 extension of the EUC08 program does not allow any individual to receive more than 99 weeks of total unemployment insurance (i.e., total weeks of benefits from the three currently authorized programs: regular UC plus EUC08 plus EB).
    [Show full text]
  • Achieving Better Youth Employment Outcomes: Monitoring Policies and Progress in G20 Economies
    Achieving better youth employment outcomes: Monitoring policies and progress in G20 economies Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development International Labour Organization Report prepared for the G20 Employment Working Group Antalya, Turkey, 26-27 February 2015 Introduction Promoting better employment outcomes for youth remains a key G20 objective as reaffirmed in the G20 Brisbane Action Plan and the 2014 G20 Labour and Employment Ministerial Declaration. Employment measures targeted at youth also feature prominently in many of the national Employment Plans (EP) developed by each G20 economy. The purpose of this note, prepared at the request of the Turkish Presidency of the G20, is to put forward possible options for monitoring developments in youth labour markets as well as country progress in implementing policy commitments for improving the labour market situation of young people. The note begins by highlighting the key trends and youth employment challenges in G20 countries and the diversity of youth labour markets across these economies. A proposal to establish a “youth scoreboard” is then put forward as a way of monitoring developments in youth labour markets on a regular basis and for identifying improvements and where further action is required. This is followed by a discussion of the feasibility of using one of the indicators from the youth scoreboard to set a quantitative target for improving youth employment outcomes. The note concludes with the presentation of a draft questionnaire for the consideration of the G20 EWG for sharing information on the implementation of new policy measures to improve youth labour market outcomes. Recent youth labour market developments and key challenges Unemployment and underemployment remain stubbornly high in several countries The youth employment crisis has become a stubborn reality in many G20 countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Modern Monetary Theory: a Marxist Critique
    Class, Race and Corporate Power Volume 7 Issue 1 Article 1 2019 Modern Monetary Theory: A Marxist Critique Michael Roberts [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/classracecorporatepower Part of the Economics Commons Recommended Citation Roberts, Michael (2019) "Modern Monetary Theory: A Marxist Critique," Class, Race and Corporate Power: Vol. 7 : Iss. 1 , Article 1. DOI: 10.25148/CRCP.7.1.008316 Available at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/classracecorporatepower/vol7/iss1/1 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Arts, Sciences & Education at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Class, Race and Corporate Power by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Modern Monetary Theory: A Marxist Critique Abstract Compiled from a series of blog posts which can be found at "The Next Recession." Modern monetary theory (MMT) has become flavor of the time among many leftist economic views in recent years. MMT has some traction in the left as it appears to offer theoretical support for policies of fiscal spending funded yb central bank money and running up budget deficits and public debt without earf of crises – and thus backing policies of government spending on infrastructure projects, job creation and industry in direct contrast to neoliberal mainstream policies of austerity and minimal government intervention. Here I will offer my view on the worth of MMT and its policy implications for the labor movement. First, I’ll try and give broad outline to bring out the similarities and difference with Marx’s monetary theory.
    [Show full text]
  • July Unemployment Rate Decreases to 5.8 Percent
    FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE CONTACT: September 16, 2021 Margaux Fontaine 401-209-0153 [email protected] Rhode Island-Based Jobs Rose by 800 from July; August Unemployment Rate Increases to 5.8 Percent CRANSTON, R.I. - The state’s seasonally adjusted Aug 21 Jul 21 Aug 20 unemployment rate was 5.8 percent in August, the Department of R.I. Unemployment Rate 5.8% 5.7% 12.6% Labor and Training announced Thursday. The August rate was up one-tenth of a percentage point from the revised July rate of 5.7 U.S. Unemployment Rate 5.2% 5.4% 8.4% percent. Last year the rate was 12.6 percent in August. R.I. Job Count (in thousands) 477.9 477.1 457.3 Highlights: The U.S. unemployment rate was 5.2 percent in August, down two-tenths of a percentage point from July. The U.S. rate was 8.4 The Rhode Island unemployment rate was 5.8 percent percent in August 2020. in August, up one-tenth of a percentage point from last month’s revised rate of 5.7 percent. The number of unemployed Rhode Island residents — those Through August, the Rhode Island economy has residents classified as available for and actively seeking recovered 78,700 or nearly 73 percent of the 108,000 jobs lost during the pandemic shutdown. employment — was 30,900, up 100 from July. The number of unemployed residents decreased by 35,800 over the year. The number of employed Rhode Island residents was 503,800, down 1,500 from July.
    [Show full text]
  • Shrinking “Salariat” and Growing “Precariat”? Estimating Informal and Non-Standard Employment in Malaysia
    DISCUSSION PAPER 10/20 | 10 AUGUST 2020 Shrinking “Salariat” and Growing “Precariat”? Estimating Informal and Non-standard Employment in Malaysia Hawati Abdul Hamid and Nur Thuraya Sazali Khazanah Research Institute KRI Discussion Papers are a series of research documents by the author(s) discussing and examining pressing and emerging issues. They are stand-alone products published to stimulate discussion and contribute to public discourse. In that respect, readers are encouraged to submit their comments directly to the authors. The views and opinions expressed are those of the author and may not necessarily represent the official views of KRI. All errors remain authors’ own. DISCUSSION PAPER 10/20 | 10 AUGUST 2020 Shrinking “Salariat” and Growing “Precariat”? Estimating Informal and Non-standard Employment in Malaysia This discussion paper is prepared by Hawati Abdul Hamid and Nur Thuraya Sazali, researchers at Khazanah Research Institute (KRI). The authors are grateful for the valuable comments from Dr Lim Lin Lean, Datuk Dr Norma Mansor from University of Malaya, Muhammad Farqani Mohd Noor from Social Security Organisation (SOCSO), and Siti Aiysyah Tumin and Ahmad Ashraf Ahmad Shaharudin from KRI. The authors also thank Shariman Arif Mohamad Yusof and Amos Tong Huai En for their excellent assistance. Our special gratitude to Employees Provident Fund (EPF) and SOCSO for their support and assistance. Authors’ email address: hawati. [email protected] and [email protected] Attribution – Please cite the work as follows: Hawati Abdul Hamid and Nur Thuraya Sazali. 2020. Shrinking “Salariat” and Growing “Precariat”? Estimating Informal and Non-standard Employment in Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Khazanah Research Institute.
    [Show full text]
  • The Precariat: the New Dangerous Class
    Standing, Guy. "Why the Precariat Is Growing." The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2011. 26–58. Bloomsbury Collections. Web. 2 Oct. 2021. <http:// dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781849664554.ch-002>. Downloaded from Bloomsbury Collections, www.bloomsburycollections.com, 2 October 2021, 10:56 UTC. Copyright © Guy Standing 2011. You may share this work for non-commercial purposes only, provided you give attribution to the copyright holder and the publisher, and provide a link to the Creative Commons licence. 2 Why the Precariat Is Growing o understand why the precariat is growing one must appreciate the nature Tof the Global Transformation. The globalisation era (1975–2008) was a period when the economy was ‘disembedded’ from society as fi nanciers and neo-liberal economists sought to create a global market economy based on competitiveness and individualism. The precariat has grown because of the policies and institutional changes in that period. Early on, the commitment to an open market economy ushered in competitive pressures on industrialised countries from newly industrialising countries (NICs) and ‘Chindia’ with an unlimited supply of low-cost labour. The commitment to market principles led inexorably towards a global production system of network enterprises and fl exible labour practices. The objective of economic growth – making us all richer, it was said – was used to justify rolling back fi scal policy as an instrument of progressive redistribution. High direct taxes, long used to reduce inequality and to provide economic security for low earners, were presented as disincentives to labour, save and invest, and as driving investment and jobs abroad.
    [Show full text]
  • The Precariat for Itself: Euromayday and Precarious Workers' Movements
    The Precariat For Itself: EuroMayDay and Precarious Workers’ Movements Alex Foti A decade before Guy Standing wrote The Precariat, the precariat had already named itself. In the Fall of 2004 in London, anti-globalization activists drafted “The Middlesex Declaration of Europe’s Precariat”, a manifesto that set forth a call for a Pan-European May Day and listed a set of basic demands.1 It called an international May Day across Europe focusing on precarity and reclaiming labor, welfare, social rights denied to the precarious youth by neoliberal governments and corporations. As ChainWorkers had (in)famously written in 2001, the service precariat is to the industrial proletariat what informationalism is to fordism.2 From its inception, the EuroMayDay was intended as a First of May for the precariat and by the precariat, the class composed of young/queer/female/migrant precarious workers temping and toiling in the big cities transformed by the transnational flows of capital, knowledge, culture, information. The precariat was first mobilized by media and union activists in Milan, then in Barcelona, and then Hamburg, Berlin, Helsinki, Paris, Liège, Malaga, Sevilla, Lisboa, Ljubjana, Maribor, Stockholm, Copenhagen (just to name some of EuroMayDay’s hotspots).3 At the origin of this dynamic was a creative collective of Milanese subvertisers which had started networking social spaces in the city in 2001-2003, and started to interact with the rest of Italy and Europe, in order to reinterpret, in terms of discourse and communication, the meaning and purpose of International Workers’ Day, in the light of the radical transformations in the economy and the workplace that had taken place due to the combined effects of neoliberal deregulation and information revolution.
    [Show full text]
  • What Is Unemployment Insurance (Ui)? Am I Eligible? How Do I Apply?
    WHAT IS UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE (UI)? Unemployment Insurance is a joint state-federal program that provides cash benefits to eligible workers. Each state administers UI Benefits are Administered by States a separate UI program, but all states follow the same guidelines established by federal law. To find information about your state’s program, including eligibility, benefits, Unemployment insurance payments (benefits) are intended to and application information, visit our provide temporary financial assistance to unemployed workers Unemployment Insurance Service who are unemployed through no fault of their own. Each state Locator. sets its own additional requirements for eligibility, benefit amounts, and length of time benefits can be paid. Generally, benefits are based on a percentage of your earnings over a recent 52-week period, and each state sets a maximum amount. Benefits are subject to federal and most state income taxes and must be reported on your income tax return. You may choose to have the tax withheld from your payment. AM I ELIGIBLE? Each state sets its own guidelines for eligibility for UI benefits, but you usually qualify if you: Are unemployed through no fault of your own. In most states, this means you have to have separated from your last job due to a lack of available work. Meet work and wage requirements. You must meet your state’s requirements for wages earned or time worked during an established period of time referred to as a "base period." (In most states, this is usually the first four out of the last five completed calendar quarters prior to the time that your claim is filed.) Meet any additional state requirements.
    [Show full text]
  • Closing the Gender Pay
    Closing the gender pay gap: A review of the issues, policy mechanisms and international evidence Closing the gender pay gap: A review of issues, policy mechanisms and international evidence Gender, Equality and Diversity ILO Branch CLOSING THE GENDER PAY GAP: A REVIEW OF THE ISSUES, POLICY MECHANISMS AND INTERNATIONAL EVIDENCE JILL RUBERY* AND ARISTEA KOUKIADAKI** *Professor, Alliance Manchester Business School, University of Manchester **Senior Lecturer, University of Manchester’s School of Law International Labour Office • Geneva Copyright © International Labour Organization 2016 First published (2016) Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Licensing), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: [email protected]. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with a reproduction rights organization may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. Rubery, Jill; Koukiadaki, Aristea. Closing the gender pay gap: a review of the issues, policy mechanisms and international evidence / Jill Rubery, Aristea Koukiadaki; International Labour
    [Show full text]