DOCSLIB.ORG

Biotypes: Evidence for Host-Adapted Races

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Biotypes: Evidence for Host-Adapted Races IMB177.fm Page 179 Thursday, March 23, 2000 3:41 PM Insect Molecular Biology (2000) 9(2), 179–184 MitochondrialBlackwell Science, Ltd DNA sequence divergence among greenbug (Homoptera: Aphididae) biotypes: evidence for host-adapted races K. A. Shufran,1 J. D. Burd,1 J. A. Anstead2 and G. Lushai3 Introduction 1 USDA-ARS, Plant Science and Water Conservation Research Approximately 50% of the recognized insect biotypes on 2 Laboratory, Stillwater, OK, USA, Department of Entomology agricultural crops are aphids (Saxena & Barrion, 1987). One and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, such aphid, the greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) OK, USA, 3University of Southampton, School of Biological (Homoptera: Aphididae) consists of multiple biotypes that Sciences, Biodiversity and Ecology Division, Southampton, UK have hindered its management by host plant resistance (see Porter et al., 1997 for a comprehensive review). Since Abstract 1961, eleven greenbug biotypes have been described and given the letter designations A–K. All designations (except The full complement of known greenbug, Schizaphis D, which was erroneously based on insecticide resistance) graminum (Rondani), biotypes found in the USA were were based on plant responses (dead or alive) to greenbug subjected to a molecular phylogenetic analysis based feeding on an array of host plant differentials containing on a 1.2-kb portion of the cytochrome oxidase I mito- various resistance genes (Porter chondrial gene. In addition to these nine biotypes et al., 1997). The ability of (B, C, E, F, G, H, I, J and K), a probable isolate of the a greenbug biotype to kill a plant with a specific resistance enigmatic biotype A (NY), a ‘new biotype’ collected gene or genes is known as virulence. Although the occurrence of greenbug biotypes in the from Elymus canadensis (L.) (CWR), and an isolate USA is well documented, their origin and evolution are still from Germany (EUR) were included. Schizaphis controversial subjects (Porter rotundiventris (Signoret) was included as an outgroup. et al., 1997). Various hypo- Genetic distances among S. graminum biotypes theses have been proposed and include mutations (Starks ranged from 0.08% to 6.17% difference in nucleotide & Schuster, 1976), selection by resistant cultivars (e.g. substitutions. Neighbour-joining, maximum parsimony Eisenbach & Mittler, 1987), introductions (Blackman, 1981), and maximum likelihood analyses all produced sexual recombination (Puterka & Peters, 1989), and exploita- tion of crops by pre-existing biotypes (Porter dendrograms revealing three clades within S. graminum. et al., 1997). Clade 1 contained the ‘agricultural’ biotypes com- The utilization of modern, molecular genetic techniques monly found on sorghum and wheat (C, E, K, I, plus J) helped gain new insights into understanding this problem. and there were few substitutions among these biotypes. Three independent studies, focused on different regions Clade 2 contained F, G and NY, and Clade 3 contained of the genome of a few greenbug biotypes, yielded similar B, CWR and EUR, all of which are rarely found on results. Some biotypes were found to be distinct genetic crops. The rarest biotype, H, fell outside the above entities that probably diverged through years of reproductive isolation, predating the world history of wheat ( clades and may represent another Schizaphis species. Triticum S. graminum biotypes are a mixture of genotypes aestivum L.) cultivation (about 10 000 years ago). Using et al. (1989) belonging to three clades and may have diverged restriction enzyme patterns of mtDNA, Powers estimated a nucleotide sequence divergence of 1.2% and as host-adapted races on wild grasses. 1.0% between biotypes B vs. C, and B vs. E, respectively. Keywords: biotype, cytochrome oxidase I gene, host- Biotypes C and E were more closely related, with only adapted races, Schizaphis graminum, molecular about 0.17% sequence divergence. Based on these estim- phylogenetics. ates and the use of a molecular clock, they suggested biotypes B and C shared a common ancestral mitochondrial Received 4 October 1999; accepted 22 November 1999. Correspondence: genome approximately 0.3–0.6 million years ago during Dr Kevin A. Shufran, USDA-ARS, 1301 N. Western Rd, Stillwater, OK 74075, USA. Tel.: (405) 624–4141 × 240; fax: (405) 624–4142; e-mail: the Pleistocene era. [email protected] Black et al. (1992) demonstrated the usefulness of random © 2000 Blackwell Science Ltd 179 IMB177.fm Page 180 Thursday, March 23, 2000 3:41 PM 180 K. A. Shufran, et al. amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) to detect genetic poly- morphisms among greenbug biotypes. All biotypes tested (B, C, E, F, G, H and I) could easily be differentiated by RAPD profiles, except biotypes C and E which were virtually identical. Using Southern analysis, Black (1993) also found biotype-specific patterns in the repeat structure of the intergenic spacer (IGS) region of the ribosomal RNA cistron. Similarly with mtDNA, biotypes B, C, E, F, G and H all showed substantial divergence and were easily separable, except C and E. He concluded that each biotype began as a single clone or population, followed by a lengthy period of reproductive isolation, and that this hypothesis was supported by the results of Powers et al. (1989). The above studies concluded that biotypes C and E (holocyclic biotypes) were so closely related that they were indistinguishable. Biotype B (an anholocyclic biotype) was the most divergent and zero to little variation within biotypes was found (based on mtDNA, RAPD, or certain regions of rDNA). These techniques were useful in providing markers for population studies. The above studies also provided supporting evidence that the evolution of at least some Figure 1. Maximum likelihood tree of greenbug biotypes, isolates and S. greenbug biotypes could be attributed to host-race formation rotundiventris produced from nucleotide sequences from a 1.2-kb portion independent of or prior to human agricultural practices of the COI gene. For both distance/neighbour-joining and maximum parsimony analyses, 1000 bootstrap replications were performed. The percentage of (Porter et al., 1997). replications supporting each branch are shown. The top value represents While the above studies were informative about the neighbour-joining, while the bottom number represents maximum parsimony. relationships among some biotypes, none included the full complement of known biotypes today, nor could the genetic markers used be analysed in a phylogenetic context. Results and discussion Lacking from all was the enigmatic biotype A. Wood (1961) described the first greenbug biotype and gave it Silent and replacement substitutions were found between the designation B when he discovered a population that S. rotundiventris and S. graminum, as well as among the killed resistant DS-28 A wheat. Biotype A then referred to twelve S. graminum biotypes and isolates. Among the S. that portion of the population that was unable to injure graminum biotypes and isolates tested (S. rotundiventris DS-28 A and predated the discovery of biotype B. However, excluded), there were 123 variable sites; ninety-five were the three above molecular studies (Powers et al., 1989; silent substitutions and twenty-eight were replacement Black et al., 1992; Black, 1993), could not determine substitutions. Transition to transversion ratios ranged from whether biotypes arose independently of one another, or if 0 to 7.33. The majority (74%) of transitions were thymine– they were selected from or diverged from existing biotypes. cytosine substitutions, while the bulk of the transversions Since these publications, two additional biotypes have were adenine–thymine (59%) and adenine–cytosine (25%). been described, J (Beregovoy & Peters, 1995) and K The third codon position was biased towards adenine (Harvey et al., 1997). (38%) and thymine (46%). In the present study we examined mtDNA nucleotide Genetic divergence was detected among greenbug sequences and estimated the degree of genetic related- biotypes and isolates. 1000 bootstrap replications were ness among all known greenbug biotypes, including a performed in the maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, probable sample of biotype A, a grass collected isolate and distance/neighbour-joining analyses. Cladograms with unique virulence characteristics, an isolate from Ger- produced by all three methods had identical topologies, many, and S. rotundiventris (Signoret) as an outgroup. We therefore we only present the maximum likelihood tree attempted to infer the phylogenetic relationships among (Fig. 1). Three distinct clades were identified, which we biotypes by constructing a phylogeny based on these herein refer to as 1, 2 and 3 for simplicity and to avoid DNA sequences. We discuss that phylogeny with respect confusion with the biotype letter designations. Clade 1 to feeding reactions on host–plant differentials, ecology, contained the predominant ‘agricultural’ biotypes infesting and reproductive strategy. This is the first comprehensive sorghum and wheat, i.e. C, E, I and K. Biotype J was also study, and the first to identify phylogenetic, evolutionary included, which was found on wheat in Idaho but is a non- relationships among all identified S. graminum biotypes. virulent biotype (Beregovoy & Peters, 1995). © 2000 Blackwell Science Ltd, Insect Molecular Biology, 9, 179–184 IMB177.fm Page 181 Thursday, March 23, 2000 3:41 PM Mitochondrial DNA divergence among greenbug biotypes 181 Table 1. Sequence analysis of a 1.2-kb
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Aphids Associated with Papaya Plants in Puerto Rico and Florida12
    Aphids associated with papaya plants in Puerto Rico and Florida12 Alberto Pantoja3, Jorge Peña4, Wilfredo Robles5, Edwin Abreu6, Susan Halbert7, María de Lourdes Lugo8, Elias Hernández9 and Juan Ortiz10 J. Agrie. Univ. P.R. 90(l-2):99-107 (2006) ABSTRACT Aphids associated with papaya plants were collected from two sites in Puerto Rico (Isabela and Corozal) and three farms in Homestead, Florida. Between the two regions, Florida and Puerto Rico, twenty-one species of aphids from 12 genera were identified: Aphis sp., Aphis illinoisensis Shimer, Aphis spiraecola Patch, Aphis gossypii Glover, Aphis craccivora Koch, Aphis /dd/ef on/7 (Thomas), Aphis ner/7'Boyer de Fonscolombe, Hyperomyzus carduellinus (Theobald), Hysteroneura setariae (Thomas), Lipaphis pseudo- brassicae (Davis), Picturaphis sp., Pentalonia nigronervosa Coquerel, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), Sarucallis kahawaluokalani (Kirkaldy), Shinjia orientalis (Mordvilko), Schizaphis rotundiventris (Signoret), Tox- optera citricida (Kilkardy), Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer de Fonscolombe), Tetra- neura nigriabdominalis (Sasaki), Uroleucon ambrosiae (Thomas), and Uroleucon pseudoambrosiae (Olive). The number of species was greater in Florida (n = 14) than in Puerto Rico (n = 11). Differences among species were also found between sites in Puerto Rico, with 10 species in Corozal and six in Isabela. Only one species, A. illinoisensis, was common at all sites sam­ pled, whereas three additional species, A. spiraecola, A. gossypii, and A. craccivora were collected in both the Corozal, Puerto Rico, and the Florida areas. The difference in species composition between Puerto Rican sites 'Manuscript submitted to Editorial Board 12 July 2005. 2The authors wish to recognize T. Adams and D. Fielding, USDA-ARS, Fairbanks, Alaska, for critical reviews of an earlier version of this manuscript.
    [Show full text]
  • Melanaphis Sacchari), in Grain Sorghum
    DEVELOPMENT OF A RESEARCH-BASED, USER- FRIENDLY, RAPID SCOUTING PROCEDURE FOR THE INVASIVE SUGARCANE APHID (MELANAPHIS SACCHARI), IN GRAIN SORGHUM By JESSICA CARRIE LINDENMAYER Bachelor of Science in Soil and Crop Sciences Bachelor of Science in Horticulture Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado 2013 Master of Science in Entomology and Plant Pathology Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma 2015 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May, 2019 DEVELOPMENT OF A RESEARCH-BASED, USER- FRIENDLY, RAPID SCOUTING PROCEDURE FOR THE INVASIVE SUGARCANE APHID (MELANAPHIS SACCHARI), IN GRAIN SORGHUM Dissertation Approved: Tom A. Royer Dissertation Adviser Kristopher L. Giles Norman C. Elliott Mark E. Payton ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my amazing committee and all my friends and family for their endless support during my graduate career. I would like to say a special thank you to my husband Brad for supporting me in every way one possibly can, I couldn’t have pursued this dream without you. I’d also like to thank my first child, due in a month. The thought of getting to be your mama pushed me to finish strong so you would be proud of me. Lastly, I want to thank my step father Jasper H. Davis III for showing me how to have a warrior’s spirit and to never give up on something, or someone you love. Your love, spirit, and motivational words will always be heard in my heart even while you’re gone.
    [Show full text]
  • A Contribution to the Aphid Fauna of Greece
    Bulletin of Insectology 60 (1): 31-38, 2007 ISSN 1721-8861 A contribution to the aphid fauna of Greece 1,5 2 1,6 3 John A. TSITSIPIS , Nikos I. KATIS , John T. MARGARITOPOULOS , Dionyssios P. LYKOURESSIS , 4 1,7 1 3 Apostolos D. AVGELIS , Ioanna GARGALIANOU , Kostas D. ZARPAS , Dionyssios Ch. PERDIKIS , 2 Aristides PAPAPANAYOTOU 1Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Nea Ionia, Magnesia, Greece 2Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece 3Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Agricultural University of Athens, Greece 4Plant Virology Laboratory, Plant Protection Institute of Heraklion, National Agricultural Research Foundation (N.AG.RE.F.), Heraklion, Crete, Greece 5Present address: Amfikleia, Fthiotida, Greece 6Present address: Institute of Technology and Management of Agricultural Ecosystems, Center for Research and Technology, Technology Park of Thessaly, Volos, Magnesia, Greece 7Present address: Department of Biology-Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece Abstract In the present study a list of the aphid species recorded in Greece is provided. The list includes records before 1992, which have been published in previous papers, as well as data from an almost ten-year survey using Rothamsted suction traps and Moericke traps. The recorded aphidofauna consisted of 301 species. The family Aphididae is represented by 13 subfamilies and 120 genera (300 species), while only one genus (1 species) belongs to Phylloxeridae. The aphid fauna is dominated by the subfamily Aphidi- nae (57.1 and 68.4 % of the total number of genera and species, respectively), especially the tribe Macrosiphini, and to a lesser extent the subfamily Eriosomatinae (12.6 and 8.3 % of the total number of genera and species, respectively).
    [Show full text]
  • Host Race Evolution in Schizaphis Graminum (Hemiptera: Aphididae): Nuclear DNA Sequences
    MOLECULAR ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION Host Race Evolution in Schizaphis graminum (Hemiptera: Aphididae): Nuclear DNA Sequences KEVIN A. SHUFRAN1 USDAÐARS, Wheat, Peanut, and Other Field Crops Research Unit, 1301 N. Western Road, Stillwater, OK 74075 Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/ee/article-abstract/40/5/1317/420303 by guest on 13 October 2019 Environ. Entomol. 40(5): 1317Ð1322 (2011); DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/EN11103 ABSTRACT The greenbug aphid, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) was introduced into the United States in the late 1880s, and quickly was established as a pest of wheat, oat, and barley. Sorghum was also a host, but it was not until 1968 that greenbug became a serious pest of it as well. The most effective control method is the planting of resistant varieties; however, the occurrence of greenbug biotypes has hampered the development and use of plant resistance as a management technique. Until the 1990s, the evolutionary status of greenbug biotypes was obscure. Four mtDNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) haplotypes were previously identiÞed, suggesting that S. graminum sensu lato was comprised of host-adapted races. To elucidate the current evolutionary and taxonomic status of the greenbug and its biotypes, two nuclear genes and introns were sequenced; cytochrome c (CytC) and elongation factor 1-␣ (EF1-␣). Phylogenetic analysis of CytC sequences were in complete agreement with COI sequences and demonstrated three distinct evolutionary lineages in S. graminum. EF1-␣ DNA se- quences were in partial agreement with COI and CytC sequences, and demonstrated two distinct evolutionary lineages. Host-adapted races in greenbug are sympatric and appear reproductively isolated.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Different Constant Temperatures on Biology of Schizaphis Graminum (Rondani) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Barley, Hordeum Vulgare L
    JOURNAL OF PLANT PROTECTION RESEARCH Vol. 52, No. 3 (2012) EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CONSTANT TEMPERATURES ON BIOLOGY OF SCHIZAPHIS GRAMINUM (RONDANI) (HEMIPTERA: APHIDIDAE) ON BARLEY, HORDEUM VULGARE L. (POACEAE) IN IRAN Nastaran Tofangsazi1, Katayoon Kheradmand1*, Shahram Shahrokhi2, Ali A. Talebi3 1 Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, College of Abouriahan, University of Tehran, P.O.Box 33955-159, Pakdasht, Iran 2 Islamic Azad University, Miyaneh Branch, P.O.Box 22345-786, Miyaneh, Iran 3 Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modarres University P.O. Box 14115-336, Tehran, Iran Received: May 15, 2011 Accepted: March 23, 2012 Abstract: The temperature dependent biology of greenbug, Schizaphis graminum Rondani on Kavir barley cultivar was studied at seven constant temperatures including 10, 15, 19, 22, 26, 31, and 33±1°C, 70% relative humidity (RH), and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) hours. The period of immature development ranged between 6.60 days at 26°C to 28.56 days at 10°C, respectively. All tested aphids failed to develop at 33°C. The calculated rm and λ values were significantly the highest at 26°C and lowest at 10°C, respectively. The mean generation time and doubling time of S. graminum decreased linearly by increasing the temperature from 10 to 26°C. Addition- ally, the total number of offsprings per female was extremely low at 10 and 31°C, contrary to the highest and lowest values of life expectancy at 10°C (41.73 days) and 31°C (7.66 days), respectively. The results of the present study revealed that temperature had great effects on biology of S.
    [Show full text]
  • An Aphid Story – Bernie Franzmann
    An Aphid Story – Bernie Franzmann I knew aphids were members of the true bugs (Hemiptera) but I didn’t know much more about them. I had the idea that they were sort of mysterious creatures that were quite a bit different, in many ways, to most other insects. Way back in 1971, I was working at a research Station at South Johnstone in North Queensland. All the other scientists at the station were researching pastures and beef cattle. I was the only Entomologist and was researching pests of bananas. The pasture people found an insect devastating one of their prized pasture grasses, pangola grass, Digitaria decumbens. I told them it was an aphid (I found later that it was Schizaphis hypersiphonata which had only been named the year before) and they asked me to enlighten them about aphids. Now this was a long time before Google and Wikipedia. So I looked in the only book I had (Imms, A. D. (1964) - A General Textbook of Entomology). The book explained that the life cycle for a ‘typical’ aphid, Aphis fabae is as follows. The ova which are laid on Euonymus hatch into fundatrices (apterous, viviparous, pathogenetic females) which emerge in spring. These females produce fundatrigeniae which are also apterous, viviparous, pathogenic females which stay on Euonymus or, usually after two or three generations, migrantes (alate, viviparous, pathogenic females) are produced. They fly to a secondary host and develop into alienoicolae, which become sexuparae, which become sexuales …!! – WHAT??. Talk about mysterious creatures. As my knowledge of aphids increased I found out that this aphid’s life cycle is relatively simple and typical of aphids in warm climates.
    [Show full text]
  • Efficiency of Ten Populations of Schizaphis Graminum (Rondani) in the Transmission of Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus-PAV (BYDV-PAV) in Iran
    African Journal of Plant Science Vol. 7(3), pp. 118-123, March 2013 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJPS DOI: 10.5897/AJPS12.145 ISSN 1996-0824 ©2013 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Efficiency of ten populations of Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) in the transmission of barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV (BYDV-PAV) in Iran Ali Mirshekar1*, Gholam Reza Rasoulian2 and Gholam Hossein Mosahebi2 1Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, 98613-35856, Iran. 2Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, 31584, Iran. Accepted 18 January, 2013 Variation in transmission of ten clones of Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) originating from different regions of Iran was evaluated by transmitting an isolate of barley yellow dwarf virus- PAV (BYDV-PAV) for which this species is normally an inefficient vector. After acquiring the virus, aphids of each clone-virus isolate combination were caged on 30 seedling using three forth instar nymphs per seedling. The inoculated and control plants were assayed by ELISA and assayed visually to determine the rate of transmission and the mean ELISA value for each treatment. A positive correlation was found between the rate of transmission and the mean absorbance value. Aphid clones differed in their efficiency of transmission of virus isolate. On the other hand, single clone transmitted virus isolate with varying efficiencies. The aphid clone of virus isolate origin transmitted virus isolate at the highest rate. In general, Shahre kord and Shahreza clones of aphids showed the highest efficiency of transmission and Delijan and Varamin clones had the lowest transmission efficiency between aphid clones.
    [Show full text]
  • Food Plant Records of Aphidini (Aphidinae: Aphididae: Hemiptera
    Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2017; 5(2): 1280-1302 E-ISSN: 2320-7078 P-ISSN: 2349-6800 JEZS 2017; 5(2): 1280-1302 Food plant records of Aphidini (Aphidinae: © 2017 JEZS Aphididae: Hemiptera) in India Received: 24-01-2017 Accepted: 25-02-2017 Garima Singh Garima Singh and Rajendra Singh Department of Zoology, Rajasthan Universityersity, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India Abstract The Aphidini is one of the 2 tribes of the subfamily Aphidinae (Aphididae: Hemiptera) containing about Rajendra Singh 830 species/subspecies assigned to 33 genera. Out of these, only 9 genera and 70 species/subspecies were Department of Zoology, D.D.U. recorded from India infesting 940 plant species belonging to 138 families, out of which only 19 families Gorakhpur Universityersity, are monocot. Indian Aphidini are recorded mostly on the plant family Asteraceae (102 plant species), Gorakhpur, U.P, India followed by Fabaceae (96 plant species), Poaceae (92 plant species), Lamiaceae (46 plant species), Rosaceae (38 plant species), Solanaceae (34 plant species), Apocyanaceae (28 plant species), Rubiaceae (26 plant species), Malvaceae (25 plant species), Rutaceae (22 plant species), Cucurbitaceae (22 plant species), Polygonaceae (21 plant species), etc. Out of 70 described species of Aphidini from India, 14 species are monophagous; 40 species are oligophagous infesting 2 to 20 plant species; and 8 species are moderately polyphagous infesting 21 to 55 plant species while 8 species are highly polyphagous feeding on 55 upto 569 plant species. The present contribution provides updated checklist of Indian Aphidini with the valid scientific name of the aphids as well as their food plants. Keywords: Aphidinae, Aphidini, food plant, aphids, checklist Introduction Aphids (Insecta: Homoptera : Aphididae), popularly known as plant-lice or ant-cows are tiny plant sap sucking insects varying in size between 0.7 and 7.0 mm in length [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Reconstructing the Phylogeny of Aphids
    Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 68 (2013) 42–54 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Molecul ar Phylo genetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Reconstructing the phylogeny of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) using DNA of the obligate symbiont Buchnera aphidicola ⇑ Eva Nováková a,b, , Václav Hypša a, Joanne Klein b, Robert G. Foottit c, Carol D. von Dohlen d, Nancy A. Moran b a Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, and Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, ASCR, v.v.i., Branisovka 31, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic b Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, 300 Heffernan Dr., West Haven, CT 06516-4150, USA c Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Canadian National Collection of Insects, K.W. Neatby Bldg., 960 Carling Ave. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0C6 d Department of Biology, Utah State University, UMC 5305, Logan, UT 84322-5305, USA article info abstract Article history: Reliable phylogene tic reconstruction, as a framework for evolutionary inference, may be difficult to Received 21 August 2012 achieve in some groups of organisms. Particularly for lineages that experienced rapid diversification, lack Revised 7 March 2013 of sufficient information may lead to inconsistent and unstable results and a low degree of resolution. Accepted 13 March 2013 Coincident ally, such rapidly diversifying taxa are often among the biologically most interesting groups. Available online 29 March 2013 Aphids provide such an example. Due to rapid adaptive diversification, they feature variability in many interesting biological traits, but consequently they are also a challenging group in which to resolve phy- Keywords: logeny. Particularly within the family Aphididae, many interesting evolutionary questions remain unan- Aphid swered due to phylogene tic uncertainties.In this study, we show that molecular data derived from the Evolution Buchnera symbiotic bacteria of the genus Buchnera can provide a more powerful tool than the aphid-derived Phylogeny sequences.
    [Show full text]
  • Rhopalosiphum Maidis, As a Key to Greenbug , Schizaphis Graminum, Biological Control in Grain Sorghum, Sorghum Bicolor
    Corn Leaf Aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis, as a Key to Greenbug , Schizaphis graminum, Biological Control in Grain Sorghum, Sorghum bicolor G. J. Michels Jr. 1 and J. H. Matis 2 1 Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Amarillo, TX, USA 2 Texas A&M Department of Statistics, College Station, TX, USA Materials and Methods • From 1988 to 2000, with the eexceptionxception of 1992, 33 “field“field--years”years” of data on aphids, predators and parasitoids were collected in irrigated and rainfed grain sorghum fields. • A “field year” is defined as one fifieldeld sampled throughout the growing season. • At the USDA-USDA-ARSARS Crop Production Research Laboratory at BhldPttCTXdtBushland, Potter Co., TX, data were co lltdf12llected for 12 years in irrigated and four years in rain-rain-fedfed grain sorghum fields. At the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station North Plains Research Field at Etter, Moore Co., TX, data were collected for seven years in iiirriga tdted an d s ix years in ra ifdinfed gra in sorg hum fildfields. • Two additional fields were sampled in Oldham Co. (irrigated) and in Gray Co., TX, (rainfed) in 1994 and two fields were sampled in Parmer Co.,,,( TX, (one irrig ated and one rainfed ) in 1995. • Standard agronomic practices for grain sorghum production were followed each year. • Fifty consecutive plants down a field row from a random starting point were examined by hand. Predator and parasitoid numbers/plant were recorded on standardized data sheets. Materials and Methods • After completing predator and parasitoid sampling, 12 plants were randomly selected from within the 50-50-plantplant sample, cut off at the base, and all corn leaf aphids and greenbugs were counted.
    [Show full text]
  • Aphids and Their Host Affinity-VIII: Schizaphis Spp
    Available online at www.ijpab.com Rathore and Tiwari Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5 (4): 569-576 (2017) ISSN: 2320 – 7051 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.2937 ISSN: 2320 – 7051 Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5 (4): 569-576 (2017) Research Article Aphids and their Host Affinity-VIII: Schizaphis spp. Y. S. Rathore1 and S. N. Tiwari2* 1Ex- Principal Scientist, Indian Institute of Pulse Research, Kanpur 208026 (U.P.) 2Professor, Deptt.of Entomology, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Udham Singh Nagar 263145 (Uttarakhand) *Corresponding Author E-mail: [email protected] Received: 2.05.2017 | Revised: xx.xx.2017 | Accepted: xx.xx.2017 ABSTRACT Species of the genus Schizaphis (Aphidinae: Aphidini) are highly restrictive in host plant selection. Out of 40 species, sixteen (40%) showed monophagy, twelve (30%) oligophagy and another twelve (30%) polyphagy. S. chaenometicola hosted only on Rosaceae (Chaenomeles speciosa) in dicotyldons and fifteen species were monophagous in monocotyledons – one on Typhaceae (Typha capensis) in corolliferae and rest fourteen in glumiflorae (Cyperaceae and Poaceae). The GAI values in most of the cases were close to 1.000. In all polyphagous species of Schizaphis host plants from glumiflorae were part of the host range and their GAI values ranged 0.667-1.682. Generalized view of host affinity to taxonomic groups revealed that Schizaphis spp. selected host plants from all the divisions of dicotyledons (5.23%) and monocotyledons (94.77%). However, host species from glumiflorae (Cyperaceae and Poaceae) in monocotyledons alone demonstrated their distinct affinity (87.11%). The most important species was S.
    [Show full text]
  • Discriminative Behavioral Responses by Aphids to Various Plant Matrix Polysaccharides
    Discriminative behavioral responses by aphids to various plant matrix polysaccharides Bruce C. Campbell, Kenneth C. Jones & David L. Dreyer Western Regional Research Centet; USDA-ARS, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA 94710, USA Keywords: Schizaphis graminum, Myzus persicae, Acyrthosiphon pisum, host-plant resistance, pectin, aphid-probing behavior Abstract Three species of aphids, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (the greenbug), Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (the pea aphid) and Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (the green peach aphid), showed significantly different be- havioral responses to various plant mono- or polysaccharides incorporated within thin (< 200 ~m) films of agar overlaying artificial diets. Thirteen polysaccharides (i.e.: polygalacturonic acid, low methoxy pectin, high methoxy pectin, arabinogalactan, xylan, galactan, cellulose, starch, amylose, laminarin, dextran, 2,3-diacetyl pectin and trifluoroacetyl pectin) and 5 monosaccharides (arabinose, xylose, galactose, glucose and galacturonic acid) were tested in paired choices against a control overlay containing only agar. Glucose, dextran and laminarin were the only compounds that all three species of aphids responded to similarly (viz., glucose stimulated, dextran had no effect and laminarin deterred ingestion of underlying diets). None of the aphids exhibited negative responses to the monosaccharides tested. These monosaccharides either had no sig- nificant effect or were stimulatory. The polysaccharides tested induced a variation of unaltered, stimulatory or inhibitory behavioral responses in the 3 species of aphids. The behavioral responses of both greenbugs and pea aphids, which are oligophagous, were significantly affected by 6 out of 7 plant matrix polysaccha- rides tested. Feeding behavior by green peach aphids was affected by only one of these polysaccharides. Electronic monitoring of aphid probing showed that aphids salivated in and 'test' probed the overlays prior to inserting their stylets into and ingesting from the underlying diets.
    [Show full text]