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Chapter 2: Oneida Lake and Its Watershed

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Chapter 2: Oneida Lake and Its Watershed CHAPTER 2: ONEIDA LAKE AND ITS WATERSHED Madison County Farm (Photo: Saltman) Chapter 2: Oneida Lake and Its Watershed page 11 Environmental Setting The information in this chapter was taken from the 2003 document titled, The Oneida Lake State of the Lake and Watershed Report (SOLWR). For additional information about these topics please refer to the SOLWR, which is available at municipal offices, public libraries, and agencies throughout the watershed. It can also be found on the Internet at www.cnyrpdb.org/oneidalake. Limnology and Ecology together. Water flows from upland streams down to Oneida Lake and the Finger Lakes, Oneida Lake has undergone significant then to low-gradient rivers and the New York ecological changes over the last four decades. State Canal System, and eventually to Lake The most notable changes have been associ- Ontario. ated with the collapse of the mayfly Hexa- genia limbata, reductions in phosphorus The Oswego River Basin drains an area of concentrations, invasion by zebra mussels, approximately 5,100 square miles and encom- declines in the walleye (Stizostedion vitreum passes three physiographic regions: the vitreum) and yellow perch (Perca flavescens) Appalachian Uplands, the Tug Hill Uplands, sport fisheries, expansion of a population of and the Lake Ontario Plain. The Clyde/Seneca double-crested cormorants, and the recent River-Oneida Lake trough is an “unofficial” establishment of the water chestnut. The geographic designation for the belt of low- response to these ecological events has been lands that runs through the basin from west to the following: improved water quality condi- east. The trough is key to understanding the tions, increased water clarity, increased Oswego River Basin flow system in its natural aquatic macrophytes at greater depths, in- and human altered state. The New York State creases in bottom dwelling macroinverte- Barge Canal was constructed in this area due brates, the extinction of three species of to its exceptionally low gradient. As it is very unionid bivalve clams, high mortality of difficult to move large volumes of water walleye and yellow perch in their mid-life through this low gradient, the area posses a stages, and significant predation impacts by challenge to water resources management. double-crested cormorants on the Oneida Lake The additive contribution of each stream and fishery. As we move into the future, much of lake to the Canal results in a bottleneck at the the uncertainty of the state of Oneida Lake Three Rivers Junction -- the confluence of the rests in unwanted “pest organisms,” and their Seneca, Oneida, and Oswego Rivers. At this impact on the food chain. Proper management junction, 96 percent of the land area in the practices in Oneida Lake and its watershed Oswego River Basin is represented. This is must remain a high priority to maintain a also the flattest, slowest moving stretch within healthy ecosystem and high water quality. the Oswego Basin. At times, the water Ecological surprises in Oneida Lake's future discharged to the trough exceeds the channel are expected as climate warming and the capacity, resulting in flooding within Seneca, introduction of new exotic species create Cayuga, and Oneida Lakes, and along the increasing demands on water resources. Seneca and Oneida Rivers. Once the water reaches the Oswego River, downstream of The Oswego River Basin Fulton, the gradient increases and the water has the potential to move more readily toward The Oneida Lake watershed is part of the Lake Ontario. Oswego River Basin, a diverse system made up of many hydrologic components that flow page 12 Chapter 2: Oneida Lake and Its Watershed via the Oneida River where it eventually makes its way to Lake Ontario. Bedrock Geology The Oneida Lake watershed is underlain by bedrock with significant variation in its resistance to erosion. It ranges in age from Middle Ordovician (beginning approximately 460 million years ago) to Upper Devonian (beginning approximately 365 million years ago) geologic periods. The bedrock is young- Oneida Lake (Photo: Saltman) est in the southern part of the watershed and grows older with distance northward. The bedrock pattern is very important because it The Oneida Lake Watershed affects the nature of landforms, groundwater, soils, and land use. The watershed contains Oneida Lake, the largest waterbody entirely several geologically significant landforms, within New York State, is located approxi- including beach ridges, alluvial plains, gorges, mately 11 miles northeast of Syracuse. It is waterfalls, and unique mineral deposits. 20.9 miles long and 5.5 miles at its widest point. The average depth is 22.3 feet. Many Areas in the southern portion of the Oneida seasonal and permanent homes are located Lake watershed, including a large portion of along the 54.7 miles of shoreline. The Oneida the Cowaselon Creek subwatershed and along Lake watershed (all of the land that drains to the deep valleys of the Appalachian Uplands, the lake) comprises the eastern most part of are composed of geologic units that have a the Oswego River Basin and contains 872,722 significant impact on water chemistry. These acres (approximately 1,364 square miles) of highly erodible units (Vernon Shale, Syracuse land draining parts of Lewis, Madison, Salt, Camillus Shale, and Bertie Limestone) Oneida, Onondaga, Oswego, and Cortland contribute large amounts of dissolved minerals Counties. The watershed contains portions of to surface waters draining the southern 69 municipalities and has a population of watershed region. In contrast, the northern 262,164 based on the 2000 U.S. Census. half of the watershed largely contains erosion resistant bedrock that generally does not The Oneida Lake watershed encompasses influence water quality. parts of the Appalachian Uplands, Tug Hill Uplands, and Lake Ontario Plain regions. The Soils New York State Canal System traverses the Lake Plain Region as it flows east to west The Appalachian Uplands are characterized by through the Oneida Lake watershed. The highly productive limestone soils formed in watershed has seven primary subwatersheds: glacial till. Soil management efforts in the Chittenango Creek subwatershed, Cowaselon southern portion of the watershed are mainly Creek subwatershed, Fish Creek subwater- restricted to improving natural drainage and shed, Limestone/Butternut Creek subwater- controlling farmland erosion. Streams that shed, Oneida Creek subwatershed, Oneida flow into Oneida Lake from the south flow Lake North Shore subwatershed, and Wood over Onondaga limestone through productive Creek subwatershed. Water exits the water- agricultural lands and concentrated population shed through the western end of Oneida Lake centers, and therefore tend to be nutrient-rich. Chapter 2: Oneida Lake and Its Watershed page 13 Soils in the Lake Plain region are typically The area of heaviest tree cover is located in flat, deep, have high lime content, and were the northern half of the watershed where formed in glacial till. Organic soils formed in nearly two-thirds of the land is forested. Tug glacial outwash, commonly referred to as Hill’s forests are an important resource of the “muck” soils, are found in this region, espe- timber industry and are a valuable component cially near the Village of Canastota. Soil of the New York State economy. Approxi- management in the lowlands of the Lake Plain mately 88 percent of the Tug Hill region is generally restricted to improving natural forests are privately owned. As more parcels drainage. of forestland are being managed privately, the ability to monitor the land becomes more Soils in the Tug Hill region tend to be wet, difficult and thus increases the potential of stony, shallow, sandy or steeply sloping. The impacting water quality. However, an agree- soils in the region are poorly drained and the ment for the sale of 45,000 acres of property soil fertility decreases in the upland areas. in the East Branch of Fish Creek subwatershed These soils are generally unfit for agriculture was negotiated in 2002 between Hancock and are dominated by forests. Streams that Timber Resource Group and The Nature flow into Oneida Lake from the northern Conservancy. Some of the land will be under uplands flow over erosion resistant sandstone a conservation easement, part will be managed and are characteristically nutrient poor. as state forestland, and the remainder will be kept in timber management and will be Forests available for a mix of private leased hunting and public access. The forest community in the Oneida Lake watershed reflects human activity as well as Climate natural history. Land management practices, the introduction of non-native species, disease, The Oneida Lake watershed has a continental and insect infestations have defined the climate characterized by warm, dry summers current forest community that exists as private and cold, snowy winters. Major climatic and public holdings. Regardless of owner- influences include topography, prevailing ship, forested lands improve the quality of life westerly wind direction, and proximity to in the watershed by generating valuable Lake Ontario. In most years, the rate and renewable resources, improving water quality, distribution of precipitation in the watershed providing opportunities for outdoor recreation, are sufficient for agriculture and domestic and providing a variety of wildlife habitats. water supplies. Because the watershed is located in the Eastern Lake Ontario snowbelt, The once heavily forested southern areas of it is subject to significant lake effect snow the watershed previously served as a source of events. Historical climatic records of precipi- fuel and construction materials for early tation and air temperatures for the northeast- settlers. Large tracks of forested land were ern United States show a generally calm and eventually cleared for agricultural use in cyclic seasonal weather pattern. Between Onondaga and Madison counties but were 1890 and 1960, relatively few extreme depar- later abandoned due to marginal productivity. tures from the norm were recorded. More These areas have naturally reverted back to recently, however, regional weather patterns forest land.
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