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A Zoogeographical Analysis of the Scale Insect (Hemiptera, Coccoidea) Fauna of Fennoscandia and Denmark

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A Zoogeographical Analysis of the Scale Insect (Hemiptera, Coccoidea) Fauna of Fennoscandia and Denmark © Norwegian Journal of Entomology. 25 June 2013 A zoogeographical analysis of the scale insect (Hemiptera, Coccoidea) fauna of Fennoscandia and Denmark CARL-AXEL GERTSSON Gertsson, C-A. 2013. A zoogeographical analysis of the scale insect (Hemiptera, Coccoidea) fauna of Fennoscandia and Denmark. Norwegian Journal of Entomology 60, 81–89. This paper presents the results of a zoogeographical analysis of the scale insects from the following countries: Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Finland. The number of species collected so far is 92 in 49 genera. The fauna is divided into the following zoogeographical groups: Palearctic, 56.5%, Holarctic, 18.5%, species from 2–3 zoogeographic regions, 10.9%. and Cosmopolitan, 14.1%. The connections between adjacent countries are also discussed. Key words: Scale insects, Coccoidea, zoogeography, Fennoscandia, Denmark. Carl-Axel Gertsson, Murarevägen 13, SE-227 30 Lund, Sweden. E-mail:[email protected] Introduction Studies in zoogeography have never been presented. In other parts of the world, however, According to the Database of the Scale Insects zoogeographical investigations of scale-insects of the World ScaleNet (Ben-Dov et al. 2012), have been studied by several authors. Data there are approximately 8000 described spec- covering the whole of the Palearctic region ies of scale insects worldwide. The scale was given by Bodenheimer (1934), Kozár & insects include all members of the superfamily Drosdják (1986), Kozár (1995b), Ben-Dov Coccoidea (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha), which (1990), the Middle-East, Ben-Dov (2011-2012), consists of 49 families (Ben-Dov et al. 2012). Israel, Danzig (1986), the Far-Eastern USSR, They are closely related to aphids (Aphidoidea), Lagowska (2001) Poland, Longo et al. (1999) whiteflies (Aleyrodoidea) and jumping plant Italy and recently Kozár (2009) the world fauna of lice (Psylloidea) (Gullan & Cook 2007). The Eriococcidae. size of scale insects varies from 0.5 to 35mm, The number of species reported in Fenno- but they are usually less than 5mm in length in scandia and Denmark is low, for at least two Fennoscandia and Denmark. Some are cryptic, reasons. First, few studies have been conducted often resembling part of their host plant. Scale in this region and notwithstanding the latter, it is insects are phytophagous, feeding by sucking also likely that fewer species occur in this region plant juices through a set of stylets. The adult at least to the north, due to climatic constrains. female is wingless and paedomorphic, whereas Therefore the re sults presented in this paper can the adult male in most species is alate and with no only be considered as introductory. mouthparts (Kosztarab & Kozár 1988). Thus far, the study of scale-insects in Fennoscandia and Denmark has mainly been Materials and methods concerned with compiling lists of species, their ecology and distribution in individual countries. This paper presents an analysis based on the 81 Gertsson: A zoogeographical analysis of the scale insect fauna of Fennoscandia and Denmark Data base of the Scale Insects of the World ornamental plants are excluded in this study. These (ScaleNet) (Ben-Dov et al. 2012), a checklist exclusions are however very roughly due to the by Gertsson (2001) and several papers from fact that the ”greenhouse” species during the last Denmark (Kozarzhevskaya & Reitzel 1975), decades have been classified roughly as ”outdoor” Norway (Fjelddalen 1996), Finland (Huldén & species. The connections between countries close Heikinheimo 1984, Huldén 1985, Silfverberg to Fennocandia and Denmark were analysed by 2012) and Sweden (Ossiannilsson 1951, 1959, using a Venn diagram, and the degree of similarity Gertsson 2005, 2011a, 2011b, 2012, Gertsson & was calculated by means of the Sørensen index Isacsson 2012). The distributions of the species (Southwood 1966). recorded from different zoogeographical re- gions are according to Ben-Dov et al. (2012), Kozár (1998, 2004, 2009) and Lagowska (2001). Results The subregions of the Palearctic (Euro-Siberian, Mediterranean, Irano-Turanian and Far-Eastern) The total number of scale insect species found in are in accordance with the map of Emeljanov Fennoscandia and Denmark is 92 in 49 genera (1974) (Figure 1). As Lagowska (2001) has ana- belonging to 12 families. The most species-rich lysed, the Palearctic is divided in the following families are Pseudococcidae (28), Coccidae (23), subgroups: species distributed in all three or four Diaspididae (16) and Eriococcidae (12) (Tables subregions, species distributed in two subregions 1–2). The highest ratios (most species per genus) and species restricted only to the Euro-Siberian are in the families Coccidae, Eriococcidae and region. Families, genera and species in Table 1 are Diaspididae (Table 2). Four genera, Trionymus, listed in an alphabetical order. The nomenclature Acanthococcus, Eulecanium and Diaspidiotus follows Ben-Dov et al. (2012) and for the Erio- are the most dominant in their diversity. These coccidae the nomenclature follows Kozár (2009). provide 22.8% of the total species number. The indoor or greenhouse species living on Based on the distribution records of the 92 FIGURE 1. The Palearctic region and its subregions (Kozár 1995b). 82 Norwegian Journal of Entomology 60, 81–89 (2013) TABLE 1. List of scale insects recorded from Fennoscandia and Denmark and their distribution in zoogeographical regions (Palearctic (Pal.) with following subregions Euro-Siberian (ES), Mediterranean (M), Irano-Turanian (IT), Far Eastern (FE), Nearctic (Nea.); Neotropical (Neo.); Ethiopian (Eth.); Oriental (Ori.); Australian (Aus.); and New Zealand and Pacific (NZ & P). Species Author Zoogeographical regions Pal. (subregions) Nea. Neo. Eth. Ori. Aus. NZ & P ASTEROLECANIIDAE Asterodiaspis variolosa (Ratzeburg, 1870) Pal. (ES, M, IT, FE) Nea. Neo. Eth. Aus. NZ & P Planchonia arabidis Signoret, 1877 Pal. (ES, M, IT) Nea. Neo. COCCIDAE Eriopeltis festucae (Boyer de Fonscolombe, 1834) Pal. (ES, M, IT, FE) Nea. Eriopeltis lichtensteini Signoret, 1877 Pal. (ES) Eriopeltis stammeri Schmutterer, 1952 Pal. (ES, IT) Eulecanium ciliatum (Douglas, 1891) Pal. (ES, M, FE) Eulecanium douglasi Sulc 1895 Pal. (ES, M, IT, FE) Nea. Eulecanium franconicum (Lindinger, 1907) Pal. (ES, M, IT, FE) Eulecanium sericeum (Lindinger, 1906) Pal. (ES, M) Eulecanium tiliae (Linnaeus, 1758) Pal. (ES, M, IT) Nea. Ori. Lecanopsis formicarum Newstead, 1893 Pal. (ES, M, FE) Luzulaspis luzulae (Dufour, 1864) Pal. (ES, M) Luzulaspis scotica Green, 1926 Pal. (ES) Palaeolecanium bituberculatum Signoret, 1873 Pal. (ES, M, IT) Parafairmairia gracilis Green, 1916 Pal. (ES, M) Parthenolecanium corni (Bouché, 1844) Pal. (ES, M, IT, FE) Nea. Neo. Ori. NZ & P Parthenolecanium fletcheri(Cockerell, 1893) Pal. (ES, M, IT) Nea. Parthenolecanium persicae (Fabricius, 1776) Pal. (ES, M, IT) Nea. Neo. Ori. Aus. NZ & P Parthenolecanium pomeranicum (Kawecki, 1954) Pal. (ES, M) Physokermes hemicryphus (Dalman, 1826) Pal. (ES, M, FE) Nea. Physkermes inopinatus Danzig & Kozár, 1973 Pal. (ES) Physokermes piceae (Schrank, 1801) Pal. (ES, M) Nea. Pulvinaria floccifera (Westwood, 1870) Pal. (ES, M, IT, FE) Nea. Neo. Eth. Aus. NZ & P Pulvinaria regalis Canard, 1968 Pal. (ES) Pulvinaria vitis (Linnaeus, 1758) Pal. (ES, M, IT, FE) Nea. Neo. NZ & P DIASPIDIDAE Aulacaspis rosae (Bouché, 1833) Pal. (ES, M, IT, FE) Nea. Neo. Eth. Ori. Aus. NZ & P Carulaspis juniperi (Bouché, 1851) Pal. (ES, M, IT) Nea. Neo. Aus. NZ & P Carulaspis minima (Signoret, 1869) Pal. (ES, M, IT) Nea. Neo. Eth. Aus. Chionaspis salicis (Linnaeus, 1758) Pal. (ES, M, IT, FE) Nea. Ori. Diaspidiotus bavaricus (Lindinger, 1912) Pal. (ES, M) Diaspidiotus lenticularis (Lindinger, 1912) Pal. (ES, M) Aus. Diaspidiotus ostreaeformis (Curtis, 1843) Pal. (ES, M, IT) Nea. Neo. Ori. Aus. NZ & P Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock, 1881) Pal. (ES, M, IT) Nea. Neo. Eth. Ori. Aus. NZ & P 83 Gertsson: A zoogeographical analysis of the scale insect fauna of Fennoscandia and Denmark TABLE 1. continued Species Author Zoogeographical regions Pal. (subregions) Nea. Neo. Eth. Ori. Aus. NZ & P Diaspidiotus zonatus (Frauenfeld, 1868) Pal. (ES, M, IT) Dynaspidiotus abietis (Schrank, 1776) Pal. (ES, M, IT) Nea. Epidiaspis leperii (Signoret, 1869) Pal. (ES, M, IT) Nea. Neo. Ori. Lepidosaphes conchiformis (Gmelin, 1790) Pal. (ES, M, IT, FE) Nea. Neo. Eth. Ori. Lepidosaphes newsteadi Sulc, 1895 Pal. (ES, M, IT) Nea. Neo. Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus, 1758) Pal. (ES, M, IT, FE) Nea. Neo. Ori. Aus. NZ & P Leucaspis lowi Colvée, 1882 Pal. (ES, M, IT) Ori. Leucaspis pini (Hartig, 1839) Pal. (ES, M, IT) ERIOCOCCIDAE Acanthococcus baldonensis Rasina, 1966 Pal. (ES) Acanthococcus devoniensis (Green, 1896) Pal. (ES, M) Acanthococcus greeni (Newstead, 1898) Pal. (ES, M, IT) Nea. Acanthococcus timidus (Huldén, 1985) Pal. (ES) Acanthococcus uvaeursi (Linnaeus, 1761) Pal. (ES, M, FE) Nea. Crytococcus fagisuga Lindinger, 1937 Pal. (ES, M, IT) Nea. Gossyparia spuria (Modeer, 1778) Pal. (ES, M, IT, FE) Nea. Greenisca gouxi (Balachowsky, 1954) Pal. (ES, M) Pseudochermes fraxini (Kaltenbach, 1860) Pal. (ES, M, IT) Rhizococcus agropyri Borchsenius, 1949 Pal. (ES, M, IT, FE) Rhizococcus insignis (Newstead, 1891) Pal. (ES, M, IT) Nea. Rhizococcus pseudinsignis (Green, 1925) Pal. (ES, M) Nea. KERMESIDAE Kermes quercus (Linnaeus, 1758) Pal. (ES, M, IT) MARGARODIDAE Porphyrophora polonica (Linnaeus, 1758) Pal. (ES) MATSUCOCCIDAE Matsucoccus pini (Green, 1925) Pal. (ES, M) ORTHEZIIDAE Arctorthezia cataphracta (Shaw, 1794) Pal. (ES, M, IT, FE) Nea. Newsteadia
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