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Carlos Chagas Vianna Braga Between Absolute War and Absolute

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Carlos Chagas Vianna Braga Between Absolute War and Absolute Carlos Chagas Vianna Braga Between absolute war and absolute peacekeeping: searching for a theory of the use of force on behalf of the international community TESE DE DOUTORADO Thesis presented to the Programa de Pos- Graduação em Relações Internacionais of the Instituto de Relações Internacionais, PUC-Rio as parcial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doutor em Relações Internacionais. Advisor: Prof. Kai Michael Kenkel Rio de Janeiro March 2015 2 Carlos Chagas Vianna Braga Between absolute war and absolute peacekeeping: searching for a theory of the use of force on behalf of the international community Thesis presented to the programa de Pós-Graduação em Relações Internacionais, of the Instituto de Relações Internacionais do Centro de Ciências Sociais da PUC-Rio, as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doutor. Prof. Kai Michael Kenkel Advisor Instituto de Relações Internacionais - PUC-Rio Prof. Monica Herz Instituto de Relações Internacionais - PUC-Rio Prof. Stefano Guzzini Instituto de Relações Internacionais - PUC-Rio Department of Government - Uppsala University (Sweden) Prof. Antonio Jorge Ramalho Instituto de Relações Internacionais - Universidade de Brasilia - UnB Prof. Beatrice Heuser Department of Politics and International Relations University of Reading (United Kingdom) Prof. Monica Herz Coordenadora Setorial do Centro de Ciências Sociais - PUC-Rio Rio de Janeiro, March 27rd 2015. 3 All rights reserved Carlos Chagas Vianna Braga The author is an active duty Brazilian Navy officer (Marine Corps) with extensive field experience. He holds a master’s degree in Military Studies from the United States Marine Corps University. His field experience includes serving in Haiti as assistant to the first MINUSTAH (United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti) Force Commander. His main research interest focuses on the question of the use of force on behalf of the international community. He has published extensively on defence, strategy, international interventions and peacekeeping. Ficha Catalográfica Braga, Carlos Chagas Vianna Between absolute war and absolute peacekeeping: searching for a theory of the use of force on behalf of the international community / Carlos Chagas Vianna Braga ; advisor: Kai Michael Kenkel. – 2015. 279 f. : il. (color.) ; 30 cm Tese (doutorado)–Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Relações Internacionais, 2015. Inclui bibliografia 1. Relações internacionais – Teses. 2. Comunidade internacional. 3. Uso da força. 4. Operações de manutenção da paz. 5. Clausewitz. 6. Intervenções humanitárias. 7. Responsabilidade de proteger (R2P). 8. Manutenção da paz absoluta. 9. MINUSTAH.10. Haiti. 11. Líbia. I. Kenkel, Kai Michael. II. Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Relações Internacionais. III. Título. CDD: 327 4 Acknowledgments It is time to acknowledge numerous people who have decisively contributed to making a long time dream of concluding this doctoral program in International Relations come true. In particular, I would like to begin by thanking my advisor and friend Professor Kai Michael Kenkel, an outstanding academic, who with intense and challenging conversations guided me through the whole process. I am in profound debt to his friendship and willingness to accommodate my often very complicated work schedule, very frequently sacrificing his own leisure and family time. I am also especially thankful to Professor R. B. J. Walker, whose enlightening conversations and comments were key inspirational sources regarding the subject and the general design of this doctoral dissertation. I also recognize the support of the great team of professors of the Institute of International Relations (IRI), which played a most important role during this program, in particular Monica Herz, whose friendship, support, and enthusiasm were always contagious, Carolina Moulin, Paulo Esteves, João Nogueira, Stefano Guzzini, Jose Maria Gomez, and Marta Moreno. I would also like to express my deep appreciation for the support of Admiral Antonio Ruy Silva, also a PhD from this program, who enthusiastically motivated and advised me in subjects related not only to this project, but also to its accommodation with my naval military career. I also recognize Professor Antonio Jorge Ramalho for his friendship, support, and inspiring conversations on different matters, from National Defense to peacekeeping, among many others. I must also acknowledge the important contribution of Professor Jairus Grove enlightening comments and conversations, during the development of this work, especially during the International Political Sociology (IPS) Doctoral Workshops held in PUC-Rio (2012) and in the University of Hawaii (2013). 5 I am thankful to Professor Beatrice Heuser for her very constructive comments and for promptly accepting the invitation to be an external examiner. It was a great honor to have such a prominent scholar, whose work on Clausewitz I deeply admire, taking part in my doctoral committee. A very special thank you goes to my doctorate program colleagues Victor Coutinho Lage, Nathalia Felix de Souza, Manuela Trindade Viana, and Maíra Siman Gomes. Your friendship and camaraderie were essential during this whole journey and, most especially, during the very demanding qualifying phase. I should also express my gratitude to IRI’s administrative staff, which advised and assisted me on all bureaucratic matters. Most notably, I must thank Lia Gonzalez, the Graduate Studies secretary, who, as a guardian angel, solved most of my admin issues. Finally, I ought to acknowledge the most prominent role played by my family, not only during this major enterprise, but also throughout my whole life. My parents Jose Benicio and Maria Beatriz since very early in my youth taught me, via example and enthusiasm, about the gratification of continuing studying and learning. I am in incalculable debt to my wife Carla and my daughters Tabatha and Rafaela for their love, comprehension, and patience as I went through this long and fascinating four-year journey. Without your love this achievement would not have been possible! 6 Abstract Braga, Carlos Chagas Vianna; Kenkel, Kai Michael (Advisor). Between absolute war and absolute peacekeeping: searching for a theory of the use of force on behalf of the international community. Rio de Janeiro, 2015. 279p. Doctoral Thesis - Instituto de Relações Internacionais, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro. While Clausewitz’s theoretical framework was instrumental in dealing with modern wars, the understanding of the use of force on behalf of the international community is still in urgent need of a working theory. In 1945, the preamble of the Charter of the United Nations, while emphasizing the determination “to save future generations from the scourge of war”, established a clear dichotomy between good, represented by peace, and evil, represented by war. Nevertheless, the attempt to avoid wars between states and to protect populations ended up creating the conditions of possibility for the use of force on the behalf of the international community. The phenomenon of the use of force on behalf of the international community is therefore somewhat new. It has been mainly characterized by contemporary robust peacekeeping, humanitarian interventions, and (even more recently) responsibility to protect (R2P). Inspired by a Clausewitzian approach and introducing concepts such as absolute peacekeeping and the tertiary trinity, the present doctoral dissertation proposes a theoretical framework to understand the use of force on behalf of the international community. It also applies the proposed theoretical framework in order to understand two recent events: the UN peacekeeping operation in Haiti (MINUSTAH) and the 2011 intervention in Libya. Keywords International community; use of force; peacekeeping; Clausewitz; humanitarian intervention; responsibility to protect (R2P); absolute peacekeeping; MINUSTAH; Haiti; Libya. 7 Resumo Braga, Carlos Chagas Vianna; Kenkel, Kai Michael (Orientador). Entre a Guerra Absoluta e as Operações de Paz Absolutas: Em Busca de uma Teoria para o Uso da Força em nome da Comunidade Internacional. Rio de Janeiro, 2015. 279p. Tese de doutorado - Instituto de Relações Internacionais, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro. Enquanto a moldura teórica de Clausewitz foi essencial para lidar com as guerras modernas, a compreensão do uso da força em nome da comunidade internacional ainda demanda urgentemente uma teoria de trabalho. Em 1945, o preâmbulo da Carta das Nações Unidas, ao enfatizar a determinação de “salvar as gerações futuras do flagelo da guerra”, estabeleceu uma clara dicotomia entre o bem, representado pela paz, e o mal, representado pela guerra. Entretanto, esta tentativa de evitar as guerras entre estados e de proteger as populações acabou criando as condições de possibilidade para o uso da força em nome da comunidade internacional. O fenômeno do uso da força em nome da comunidade internacional é relativamente novo e tem sido caracterizado, principalmente, por operações de manutenção da paz robustas, intervenções humanitárias e, ainda mais recentemente, pela responsabilidade de proteger (R2P). Inspirado em uma abordagem clausewitziana e introduzindo conceitos, tais como as operações de manutenção da paz absolutas (“absolute peacekeeping”) e a trindade terciária, a presente tese de doutorado propõe uma moldura teórica para compreender o uso da força em nome da comunidade internacional,
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