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Rol de Naciones Unidas en los conflictos armados contemporáneos Casos de estudio: Libia, Siria y Nigeria ESCUELA MILITAR DE CADETES “General José María Córdova” Colección Ciencias Políticas y Relaciones Internacionales El objetivo central de esta colección es profundizar en la discusión sobre los temas geopolíticos de mayor incidencia hoy en el mundo y los canales diplomáticos hasta ahora dispuestos para buscar una pronta solución a los problemas de carácter social más acuciantes en Colombia, América Latina y el mundo. De ahí la necesidad de ubicar estas diversas aristas de las relaciones entre Estados según su contexto local, regional e internacional. Rol de Naciones Unidas en los conflictos armados contemporáneos Casos de estudio: Libia, Siria y Nigeria Angie Arenas Piedrahita Juan Camilo Mejía Prieto Editores Bogotá, D. C., 2020 Catalogación en la publicación - Escuela Militar de Cadetes “General José María Córdova” Rol de Naciones Unidas en los conflictos armados contemporáneos. Casos de estudio: Libia, Siria y Nigeria / Editores Angie Arenas Piedrahita y Juan Camilo Mejía Prieto. -- Bogotá: Escuela Militar de Cadetes “General José María Córdova”, 2020. 180 páginas : mapas y cuadros ; 24 cm Incluye bibliografía al final de cada capitulo ISBN: 978-958-53183-1-1 E-ISBN: 978-958-53183-2-8 (Colección Ciencias Políticas y Relaciones Internacionales. Miles Doctus) 1.Naciones Unidas - Administración 2.Organismos internacionales - Siglo XXI 3.Conflicto armado -- Siglo XXI 5.Libia - Condiciones sociales - Defensas 6.Siria - Condiciones sociales - Defensas 7.Nigeria - Condiciones sociales - Defensas i.Mejía Prieto, Juan Camilo (editor - autor) ii.Arenas Piedrahita, Angie Julieth (editora -autora) iii.Rayran Cortés, Manuel Alejandro (autor) iv.Colombia. Ejército Nacional. JZ4995 .R65 2020 Registro Catálogo SIBFA 115501 341.231 -- 23 Archivo descargable en formato MARC en: https://tinyurl.com/esmic115501 Título: Rol de Naciones Unidas en los conflictos armados contemporáneos. Casos de estudio: Libia, Siria y Nigeria Primera edición, 2020 Angie Arenas Piedrahita Juan Camilo Mejía Prieto Cubierta: diseño propio con base en imagen de Reuters disponible en: https://bit.ly/3t6cSaK 2020 Escuela Militar de Cadetes “General José María Córdova” Departamento de Investigación, Desarrollo Tecnológico e Innovación Calle 80 N.º 38-00. Bogotá, D. C., Colombia Teléfono: +57 (1) 3770850 ext. 1104 Correo electrónico: [email protected] Libro electrónico publicado a través de la plataforma Open Monograph Press. Tiraje de 100 ejemplares Impreso en Colombia - Printed in Colombia Impreso por Multi Impresos S. A. S. ISBN impreso 978-958-53183-1-1 ISBN digital 978-958-53183-2-8 https://doi.org/10.21830/9789585318328 El contenido de este libro corresponde exclusivamente al pensamiento de los autores y es de su absoluta responsabilidad. Las posturas y aseveraciones aquí presentadas son resultado de un ejercicio académico e investigativo que no representa la posición oficial ni institucional de la Escuela Militar de Cadetes “General José María Córdova”. Los libros publicados por el Sello Editorial ESMIC son de acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons: Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObrasDerivadas. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode.esr ESCUELA MILITAR DE CADETES “General José María Córdova” DIRECTIVOS Director Escuela Militar de Cadetes Brigadier General Arnulfo Traslaviña Sáchica Subdirector Escuela Militar de Cadetes Coronel Jorge Alberto Galindo Cárdenas Vicerrector Académico Escuela Militar de Cadetes Coronel Wilson Miguel Zarabanda Fuentes DEPARTAMENTO DE INVESTIGACIÓN, DESARROLLO TECNOLÓGICO E INNOVACIÓN Jefe del Departamento de I + D + i Teniente Coronel Carlos Andrés Díaz Irreño Coordinador del Sello Editorial Esmic William Castaño Marulanda Asesora de Traducción Gypsy Bonny Español Vega Diseño y Diagramación Rubén Alberto Urriago Gutiérrez Contenido Introducción / 11 Angie Julieth Arenas Piedrahita y Juan Camilo Mejía Prieto Capítulo 1 Hacia la configuración de un sistema de seguridad colectiva / 25 Angie Julieth Arenas Piedrahita, Juan Camilo Mejía Prieto y Manuel Rayran Cortés Capítulo 2 Responsabilidad de proteger y revolución, el rol de las Naciones Unidas en la guerra civil libia / 49 Juan Camilo Mejía Prieto Capítulo 3 La guerra civil siria y el papel de las Naciones Unidas / 95 Manuel Rayran Cortés Capítulo 4 Amenaza terrorista de Boko Haram, el rol de las Naciones Unidas en el conflicto armado en Nigeria / 137 Angie Julieth Arenas Piedrahita Consideraciones finales / 169 Esta página queda intencionalmente en blanco A las víctimas invisibles de los conflictos armados. Esta página queda intencionalmente en blanco Introducción https://doi.org/10.21830/9789585318328.00 Angie Julieth Arenas Piedrahita1 Escuela Militar de Cadetes “General José María Córdova” Juan Camilo Mejía Prieto2 Escuela Militar de Cadetes “General José María Córdova” El hombre ha de fijar un final para la guerra. Si no, la guerra fijará un final para el hombre. John F. Kennedy Haciendo un análisis retrospectivo de los conflictos armados contempo- ráneos, en las últimas décadas el paisaje mundial se ha transformado radical- mente, en la medida en que los conflictos son menos numerosos y su naturaleza ha cambiado, aunque se siga derramando abundante sangre. 1 Profesional en Relaciones Internacionales y Estudios Políticos (Universidad Militar Nueva Granada). Magíster en Asuntos Internacionales con énfasis en resolución de conflictos armados (Universidad Externado de Colombia y Escuela de Asuntos Internacionales y Políticas Públicas de Columbia University). Docente universitaria. Sus áreas de investigación son: filosofía política, gobernanza global, teorías de rela- ciones internacionales, seguridad internacional, conflictos armados contemporáneos, y bioética global. orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4054-6417 - Contacto: [email protected] 2 Profesional en ciencias militares y administrador de empresas. Especialista en conducción y administración de unidades militares. Especialista en administración de recursos militares para la defensa nacional. Magíster en Inteligencia Estratégica (Escuela de Inteligencia y Contrainteligencia). Magíster en Estudios de Defensa (Royal Military College of Canada). orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3187-1015 - Contacto: [email protected] 12 Rol de Naciones Unidas en los conflictos armados contemporáneos A diferencia de lo que ocurría en el siglo xix y durante gran parte del xx, las conquistas territoriales ya no son el reflejo de la supremacía militar, en cambio, ahora son consideradas como insostenibles, costosas, peligrosas y mediáticamente funestas, en un contexto que ha posicionado a los medios de comunicación como actores estratégicos de primer orden (Ramonet, 2017). Contrario al futuro que se había proyectado, la finalización del mundo bipolar no condujo a una explosión de la violencia, de hecho, el número de conflictos mortíferos se redujo a la mitad desde 1989. No obstante, el carácter de estos sí ha cambiado, ya que las guerras civiles, a menudo de carácter reli- gioso y étnico, superan en número a los conflictos estatales. De acuerdo con el Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (sipri) (citado por Ramonet, 2017), el 99% de la violencia unilateral, es decir, aquella que está dirigida directa e intencionalmente a la población civil, se produce en países donde los conflictos armados se encuentran activos. Esto, debido a que la lucha por el poder o la contienda por un territorio entre los Estados y los grupos armados al margen de la ley causa cuantiosas muertes. De allí la multiplicación de las víctimas civiles, entre las cuales se encuen- tran los desplazados, los refugiados y, sobre todo, los niños, quienes son, en muchas ocasiones, reclutados en calidad de combatientes y, bien sea que parti- cipen o no de manera directa en el conflicto, terminan siendo heridos, muti- lados, violados o asesinados. Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior, la comunidad internacional, liderada por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas y otras organizaciones interguberna- mentales que coadyuvan al mantenimiento de la paz y la seguridad mundial, han ido creando en el último siglo diferentes mecanismos para humanizar y regular la guerra, además de contribuir a la resolución de conflictos armados cuyas consecuencias han sido devastadoras. Sin embargo, dada la transformación de estos escenarios, los mecanismos creados, en su mayoría durante la segunda mitad del siglo xx, resultan insufi- cientes, puesto que fueron pensados para un sistema internacional heredero de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, muy distinto al sistema internacional contempo- ráneo, que, a su vez, obedece a dinámicas en muchos casos opuestas. Como afirma Forigua (2006), en la actualidad presenciamos conflictos armados donde se pueden identificar nuevos elementos vinculados con los Introducción 13 procesos de globalización, que proporcionan a los actores implicados capa- cidad de comando, control, inteligencia, comunicaciones y financiación, con las cuales no contaban anteriormente. Por ello, surgen distintos cuestionamientos como ¿cuál es la naturaleza de los conflictos armados del sigloxxi ?, ¿qué retos representan para un sistema internacional con multiplicidad de actores?, y, desde el punto de vista institu- cional, ¿cuál es el alcance de los mecanismos del sistema de Naciones Unidas para la resolución de conflictos armados contemporáneos? De acuerdo con Germán Silva García, el conflicto es un fenómeno natural en toda sociedad,
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