Dichotomy of Migration in Kolkata City, Indian Bengal Delta
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Dichotomy of Migration in Kolkata City, Indian Bengal Delta Shouvik Das**, Sugata Hazra and Tuhin Ghosh (**Presenting Author, Email ID: [email protected]) School of Oceanographic Studies, Jadavpur University, India DECCMA 4th Consortium Meeting , 2016 Introduction Results & Discussion • Kolkata, the largest city of India until 1990, has Decadal Variation of Population Since 1901 Population Density Population Growth 1,60,00,000 been showing a persistent trend of outmigration 13.21 M 14.11 M 1,40,00,000 1991-2001 2001-2011 over the last decade. 1,20,00,000 Source: PCA, 1,00,00,000 Census 1991, 2001 & 2011 Sub-Urban 80,00,000 • 60,00,000 Exacerbating impacts of Climate Change like Population Total 40,00,000 accelerated sea level rise, impact of cyclones, rising 4.57 M 4.49 M 20,00,000 Source: A Series, Census 2011 - temperature, high rainfall events and waterlogging, 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 with high density of poor population in slums, Year Population Growth Rate Kolkata has been assessed as one of the most • Kolkata City: 4.5 Million residents 100 Push Factors • Growth Rate: -1.67% (20112001 -11) Increasing Depopulation in Kolkata City 80 KMA: 7,480 People/ Sq. Km. vulnerable cities of the world. • Kolkata Megacity: City+ Peri- 2011 57.45 60 Kolkata City : 24,306 People/ Sq. 40 Urban = 14.1 Million (Census 2001 45.39 20 -1.67 Km. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 2011). • This study attempts to explore reasons behind the Growth Rate Population -20 Migration Scenario of Kolkata City by Place of Birth Net Migration present trend of depopulation in the erstwhile Nadia 3% 100000 200000 preferred migration destination. South 24 0 150000 Male Female Pargana 100000 s -100000 Haora 15% Study Area 50000 10% -200000 0 Nadia North Twenty Four Hugli Haora Kolkata South Twenty Four Hugli Migrants Kolkata -50000 Parganas Parganas 10% North -300000 Net Migrants 24 -100000 Metropolitan Pargana -400000 Area -150000 s 62% -200000 Source: C Series, Census 2001 & 2011 -500000 -250000 Districts In-Migration to Kolkata Metropolitan Area (Megacity) Dimensions of Out-Migration from Kolkata City F • Vulnerable areas of Pull Factors R Possible Causes: Demography Sundarban (Rural) 1 O • Closure of labour intensive industries, • Kolkata City (Urban) 0.8 M • Comparatively lower land prices, Other Social Issues Education 0.6 Barrackpur-I &II, • Availability of space and accommodation, Kolkata Kolkata 0.4 • Lower costs of living, TO Barasat, Rajarhat, 0.2 Impact Sonarpur, Baruipur, • Development of different modes of Kolkata City Health Hazard 0 Economy Garia transportation and communication. Highly Vulnerable + High Rate of Out-Migration Changing Climate Government Policy 45 46 70 43 52 47 25 12 62 39 WARDS Standard of living 63 86 22 41 72 16 93 80 9 135 Tabular Representation of Hazards and Vulnerable Areas HAZARD VULNERABLE AREAS OF KOLKATA VULNERABLE COMMUNITIES Conclusion Tidal Low lying areas near the River People, mainly poor or lower middle This work was carried out under the Collaborative Kolkata City or District: The Old Kolkata City or the Census Upsurge Hooghly e.g. Garden Reach, Kidderpur, class living in shanties and old houses in Adaptation Research Tollygunge congested areas near the canals In spite of the declining population in Kolkata city, Kolkata Initiative in Africa and Asia District ‘Kolkata’ (KMC) consists of 141 wards as in Census (CARIAA), with financial Cyclone Exposed areas near the Maidan, South Tile roofed houses; houses near big trees; megacity is emerging as a ‘major setting of human habitation’ in support from the UK 2011. Calcutta and River adjacent West kuccha houses of shanties Government’s Department for International Kolkata a 21st century world stressed by climate change. Development (DFiD) and Flooding & Major parts of the city, including Single storied houses at level lower than the International Kolkata Megacity or Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA): The Water logging Camac Street, Amherst Street, Theatre road, kuccha houses, houses in low water Development Research Reference Centre (IDRC), Canada. urban agglomeration of the city of Kolkata of 14 Million by heavy rain Road, College Street, M.G Road, collecting areas like end of The views expressed in this Ultadanga, Kankurgachi, Phoolbagan, flyovers/bridges 1. A-2 Table, General Population Series, West Bengal & India, Census of India, 2011. work are those of the population. creators and do no New Alipore, Southern Avenue, 2. D Series, Migration Table (2001), West Bengal. Census of India. necessarily represent those of DFiD and IDRC or its KMC Wards along the Ganga with Slum Population KMC wards along the Ganga with Maximum Total Rashbehari Avenue, Deshapriya Park, 3. C-14 Table, Socio-Cultural Series (2001 & 2011), West Bengal & India, Census of India. 4. Primary Census Abstract (1991, 2001 & 2011), West Bengal & Urban Agglomeration, Census of India. Board of Governors. Industries Sovabazar, Shyambazar and AJC Bose 1,6,7,9,19,20,21,22,23,24,75,76,80,134,135,136,137,1 1,6,7,8,19,20,21,22,23 and 80 Road 5. Asish Ghosh, Kolkata and Climate Change, Climate Change Policy Paper IV. 38,140 and 141 Source: http://siteresources, worldbank.org/CMUDLP/Resources/SamanjitSengupta.pdf 6. World Bank, Environment, Climate change and Water Resources Department, Report No. 53282-IN,June 2011. ** Presented at American Geo-Physical Fall Meeting 2015, San Francisco, California, USA (Dt. 17.12.2015) .