EUROPEAN COMMISSION Deliverable 2.1 CITYLAB
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EUROPEAN COMMISSION INNOVATION and NETWORKS EXECUTIVE AGENCY HORIZON 2020 PROGRAMME for RESEARCH and INNOVATION Reducing impacts and costs of freight and service trips in urban areas (Topic: MG-5.2-2014) Grant agreement no: 635898 Deliverable 2.1 CITYLAB Observatory of Strategic Developments Impacting Urban Logistics (2018 version) CITYLAB – City Logistics in Living Laboratories Disclaimer This document reflects the views of the author(s) and does not necessarily reflect the views or policy of the European Commission. Whilst efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy and completeness of this document, the CITYLAB consortium shall not be liable for any errors or omissions, however caused. This Deliverable is the third one of three reports. Reports 2016 and 2017 have been updated and merged into this 2018 report. 2 D.2.1 – CITYLAB Observatory of Strategic Developments Impacting Urban Logistics (2018) CITYLAB – City Logistics in Living Laboratories Document Control Sheet Project no.: 635898 Acronym CITYLAB Project Title City Logistics in Living Laboratories Work Package WP 2 Title: Knowledge development and data management Deliverable no.: D2.1 Title: Observatory of Strategic Developments (version 3) Impacting Urban Logistics Version 1 Revision 0 Issue Date February 28, 2018 Dissemination Level Public Future references CITYLAB Deliverable 2.1 version 3 (2018). Observatory of Strategic Developments Impacting Urban Logistics. www.citylab-project.eu. Author(s) Laetitia Dablanc, Josselin Rouhier & Nicolas Lazarevic Jens Klauenberg Zeting Liu Martin Koning Leise Kelli de Oliveira François Combes Co-author(s) Nicolas Coulombel Mathieu Gardrat Corinne Blanquart Adeline Heitz Saskia Seidel WP Leader Michael Browne, University of Gothenburg Internal Reviewers Nina Nesterova, Hans Quak, Fraser Mcleod, Jardar Andersen Project Manager Andrea Arcelli (INEA) CITYLAB consortium by Living Lab Living lab Municipal partner(s) Industrypartner(s) Researchpartner(s) Brussels Brussels Mobility Procter &Gamble Services Vrije Universiteit Brussel London Transport for London TNT University of Westminster Gnewt Cargo University of Gothenburg Oslo Oslo commune Steen &Strøm TOI Paris Mairie de Paris IFSTTAR DLR Randstat Gemeente Rotterdam PostNL TNO Rome Roma Capitale Poste Italiane Università degli studi Roma Tre MeWare SRL Southampton Southampton City Council Meachers Global Logistics University of Southampton Networking and outreach partner POLIS 3 D.2.1 – CITYLAB Observatory of Strategic Developments Impacting Urban Logistics (2018) CITYLAB – City Logistics in Living Laboratories Table of Contents Table of Contents .................................................................................................................. 4 Executive summary ............................................................................................................... 6 Full Summary of Findings ...................................................................................................... 8 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 16 What and whom is this Observatory for? ........................................................................................ 16 What is in the Observatory? ................................................................................................................. 16 What is in the 2018 version of the Observatory? ......................................................................... 17 I. Logistics sprawl ................................................................................................................ 18 I.1. What is logistics sprawl? Spatial patterns related to warehouses .................................. 18 I. 1.1 The development of warehouses in large metropolitan areas ..................................... 18 I. 1.2 Megaregions and logistics facilities ........................................................................................ 19 I. 1.3 Logistics sprawl: comparative indicators for 25 case studies and main findings .. 20 I. 1.4 Impacts of logistics sprawl on freight vehicle-kms ........................................................... 27 I. 1.5 Would moving logistics facilities “back to the city” bring benefits? ........................... 29 I. 2. Key conceptual relationships ........................................................................................ 33 I. 2.1 Increase in the number of warehouses ................................................................................. 33 I. 2.2 Logistics sprawl .............................................................................................................................. 33 I. 3. Focus 1: A theoretical exploration of the cost structure of urban logistics ..................... 34 I. 3.1 A simplified representation of freight transport ............................................................... 34 I. 3.2 The cost structure of the supply chain ................................................................................... 35 I. 3.3 Optimal location of the warehouse ......................................................................................... 38 I. 3.4 Analysis of the cost structure of the supply chain ............................................................. 40 I. 3.5 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 41 I.4 Focus 2: The environmental impact of urban freight ....................................................... 43 I. 4.1. Research strategy ......................................................................................................................... 44 I.4.2. Data ..................................................................................................................................................... 50 I.4.3. Results ............................................................................................................................................... 59 I.4.4. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 66 I.5 Conclusion on logistics sprawl ........................................................................................ 68 II. E-commerce and urban freight ........................................................................................ 70 II.1 E-commerce and challenges for urban freight: state of the art ....................................... 70 II.1.1 Definition of e-commerce, structure and actors ................................................................ 70 II.1.2. E-commerce and urban traffic ................................................................................................. 74 II.1.3 E-commerce and urban logistics ............................................................................................. 76 II.1.4 New trends in e-commerce and urban logistics ................................................................. 82 II.1.5. The specific issue of instant deliveries ................................................................................ 83 II.1.6 E-commerce and new trend in urban warehousing ......................................................... 86 II.2 E-commerce indicators .................................................................................................. 91 II.3 Elements for urban planning and public decision-making .............................................. 92 II.3.1 E-commerce and urban traffic .................................................................................................. 93 II.3.2 Substitution between shopping trips and deliveries ....................................................... 96 4 D.2.1 – CITYLAB Observatory of Strategic Developments Impacting Urban Logistics (2018) CITYLAB – City Logistics in Living Laboratories II.3.3 E-commerce, logistics facilities and urban freight ............................................................ 97 II. 3.4 Delivery options in urban, suburban and rural areas .................................................. 101 II.4 Conclusion on e-commerce ..........................................................................................104 III. Service trips...................................................................................................................105 III.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................105 III.2 Analysis .......................................................................................................................105 III.2.1 Definition of service traffic .................................................................................................... 105 III.2.2 Relevant objects and statistical classifications .............................................................. 107 III.2.3 Lessons from surveys and studies on service traffic in Europe ................................ 109 III.2.4 The German survey KiD 2010 ............................................................................................... 111 III.2.5 In-depth analysis of KiD 2010 ............................................................................................... 113 III.2.6 The role of companies in service traffic ...........................................................................