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Genetics and the Budgerigar Presented to the Miami Budgerigar Society January 1978

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Genetics and the Budgerigar Presented to the Miami Budgerigar Society January 1978 Genetics and the Budgerigar Presented to The Miami Budgerigar Society January 1978 Ronald L. Harris D.C., F.I.C.C. HISTORY was the production of the yellow budgie. The reason for this is quite simple! To mix I believe it would be best to provide green you take equal parts of blue and a little history about the topic. The yellow: but if the green bird loses its' study of genetics was systematized by a ability to produce blue the resulting color Moravian Monk named Gregor Johann is yellow. Subsequently. the green bird Mendel (1822-1884) in 1865. His manu­ lost its' ability to produce yellow and the script went undiscovered for the next second color mutation occurred - the thirty-four years, or about sixteen years blue budgie. Thus all budgies came from after his death. The dusty old manuscript the green budgie, and that is why this color was reprinted, tested and finally acclaimed is dominant to all others. We will see later by the then "enlightened" scientific com­ that green may be modified. but never munity as . 'one of the greatest advance­ dominated. ments in inheritable influence ever dis­ GLOSSARY OF covered." Gregor Mendel did not perform BASIC GENETIC TERMS his experiments in a sterile laboratory: but instead worked with garden peas in his A) Dominant -A character, that even simple monaterial garden. He discovered in a minute dose, when present will that certain varieties of garden peas, when be visualized. crossed with other varieties, would B) Recessive -A character, which "dominate" their appearance: therefore. must be present in a lOOo/c dose to Mendel called them dominant and the be visualized. other recessive. The term has not changed C) Homozygous - All components in over one hundred years. being the same for the given factor. ow something about the little fellow D) Heterozygous - Both components that we all cherish. The Budgerigar being opposite for a given factor. (Melopsittacus Undulatus) is a native of E) Gene -A collection of deoxyribo­ the Australian Continent. The bird was nucleic Acid (DNA) influencing imported to England by English natural­ the being of all living things. Al­ ists, and so begins the story. The budgie. ways found in pairs on chromo­ in the wild state. is a small green racy bird somes in all normal living things. found in large flocks migrating at will in F) Chromosome -A collection of search of food. water and suitable habitat, genes falling in linear pattern (in in which to reproduce. To understand the pairs) expressing the total collec­ common green budgie. we first have to tion of this birds being. have a simple understanding of color and G) *Sex chromosome - That particular how it is produced. In the color spectrum pair of chromosomes which deter­ there are three basic colors. i.e. blue. mines the sex of the bird. i.e. yellow and red' From breeding budgies, xx=maleo xy=female « we know that we have green and blue. but *this sex chromosome configura­ why don't we have red') The answer is tion only holds true for birds, but­ simple, red is a primary color, you can not terflies and certain species of fish. produce it by mixing other colors. instead H) Genotype - What the true genes of you may make other colors by mixing red a particular bird are ... no matter with them. Why then is the dominant color what the bird looks like. in budgies green? Why not blue or yellow') I) Phenotype - What the bird looks Here again the answer is simple. ature. like, not necessarily what it really in her normal ecological balance. allows is, i.e. a green bird appears green those that adapt and blend best to exist: but it may carry recessive factors or and, and those unable perish. You need sex linked factors. only to check with Charles Darwin to J) Allelomorph -A configuration prove this. Green is a secondary color: which can replace a gene on a chro­ however, it is dominant in budgies over all Sk." hlLie nllrll/al hudgie Irolll f!le al'iaries mosome causing the inherited prop­ other colors. and s!lo\\' s/()ck o(Bill Porfer/Sall Diego. erty to demonstrate itself every The first mutation in the budgie color other generation. 10 K) Split - A term used in birds mean­ COLOR INHERITANCE ing carrying a hidden factor for a Largest Dealer recessive color, or in the case of All color factors are inherited in either a in the males only a sex linked factor. dominant, recessive, modified, penetrated Pacific ~ L) Mutation - A spontaneous change or sex linked manner. t!' in the number or structure ofone or Northwest more chromosomes usually result­ A) Dominant colors ing in lethal or sterile results. I) green r M) Intensity Modifiers - A term which B) Dominant Penetrators sounds mysterious but merely I) gray Cascad~.\ means a "Dark Factor': Refer to 2) violet Dark Factor which is diagrammed 3) Cleartlighted Pieds later in this text. The intensity mod­ 4) Yellow face LAviaries ifiers are partially dominant; there­ C) Recessive colors fore, they can not be carried in a I) All colors and patterns not "split" form. These factors can be listed above. Specializing in inhibited in expression (visualized) Budgies by other factors, i. e. "Ino". and N) Intensity Penetrators - This is a Exotic Cage Birds term which means an inherited force which alters the basic color, DARK FACTOR but does not obliterate it, unless the WHO LESA LE ON LY color is recessive to it, i.e. a pure We all know that all colors, in their grey bird when crossed to a pure basic status, are graded into three modified green bird produces all grey/green planes, i.e. light green, dark green, olive, 206-839-5877 offspring. It can be seen then that sky, colbalt and mauve. Knowing that all green still remains the dominant color is carried on a pair ofchromosomes, 4848 S. 288th St. color although it has been pene­ we should learn to write these to indicate Auburn, WA 98002 trated. A list of birds carrying these whether or not our birds are carrying a dark penetration modifiers would in­ factor. I would suggest the following for­ Satisfaction Guaranteed clude grey, violet, clear flighted mulas to simplify this task: pieds and yellow face. 0) Mitosis - A process of a normal Light green-gg Mauve-BB cell (not sex cell) dividing itself into Dark Green-Gg Light grey-gy gy two new cells containing every­ Olive-GG Medium grey-Gy gy TOUR thing the same. Sky-bb Dark grey-Gy Gy P) Meiosis - A process of a sex cell Cobalt-Bb dividing wherein two new cells are .;11 ~us!falia ~ produced, but each of the new cells In other words, the capital letters in­ '\~'~~yj contains one half ofthe original cell ~"').. '. Helen Willett 4,r dicate the amount ofthe dark factor and the Leave contents. lower case letters indicate the absence of "~.".. September 22, 1979 the dark factor. Therefore, it can be seen ~~'f". for 3 week tour INHERITANCE that the intensity modifier (dark factor) can be carried in a nonexistant state, a single Tour Hi-lites: ,-111\"_..\''\\ Now that we have covered history and intensity modifier (dark factor) or a double Visit to private aviarie} ;.~ '..•.I '~.' terms, let's progress to the part in which dose intensity modifier (dark factor). Sanctuary visits --;1 we are all vitally interested. Let's begin At this point I believe it should be Sydney Opera House Coober Pedy (Underground City with the simple dominant vs recessive explained that the dark factor does not and Opal Mines) inheritance, and build from there: change the color of the bird (dominant or Alice Springs and Ayers Rock recessive); however, it may change the Great Barrier Reef A) Pure dominantxpure dominant= influence of the color no matter which Sheep Station Barbeque 100% pure dominant parent it came form. Now I'm sure this is Tour includes full escort, hotel accom­ B) Pure dominant x recessive = 100% totally confusing, but I believe a diagram modations, 29 meals, transfers, sight­ seeing and air transportation as per dominant/recessive at this point will clear things up itinerary. C) Pure dominantXdominant/reces­ considerably! $2,679 from Los Angeles sive=50% dominant (A deposit of $200 per person is 50% dominant/recessive Cobalt cock-Bb required to book space on tour.) D) Dominant/recessive x dominant/ Light green hen-gg For more information contJct. recessive=25% pure dominant YORBA LINDA TRAVEL ;.. 4886 Main Street 50% dominant/recessive <5 25% recessive B b 'I' Yorba Linda, CA 92686 (714) 993-1121 E) Dominant/recessive x recessive= C( g gB gb J g gB gb Prices ore based on tariff. currancy 50% dominant/recessive values.. and fuel prices in eff8ct March 50% recessive 1.1979. and participation of a minimum F) Recessive x Recessive= 100% Results=50% dark green/blue of 30 persons. prices subject to chanqe. recessive 50% light green/blue 11 You will notice that the dark green I dark factor x no dark factor= 50o/c no A) Lutino cock XLXL progeny recei ved their dark factor from the dark factor, 50% I dark factor Dark green hen XY blue parent, but none-the-Iess they are still I dark factorx I dark factor=25o/c no dark dark green. Because there exists a special factor, 50% I dark factor, 25o/c 2 dark linkage between the recessive blue and the factors XL dark factor, there exists two types of dark No dark factor X 2 dark factors = 100% I « X XXL green/blue birds.
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