Evaluation of the Miami-Dade Pedestrian Safety Demonstration Project Technical Report Documentation Page 1
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Evaluation of the Miami-Dade Pedestrian Safety Demonstration Project Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No. 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Evaluation of the Miami-Dade Pedestrian Safety Demonstration Project June 2008 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) Charles Zegeer, David Henderson, Richard Blomberg, Lauren Marchetti, Scott Masten, Yingling Fan, Laura Sandt, Austin 8. Performing Organization Report No. Brown, Jane Stutts, and Libby Thomas 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center 11. Contract or Grant No. 730 Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd, CB #3430 DTNH22-98-H-05183 Chapel Hill, NC 27599 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Final Report 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE. October 1998 to September 2007 Washington, DC 20590 14. Sponsoring Agency Code 15. Supplementary Notes The contract manager for this report was Dr. Marvin M. Levy (NHTSA). Dunlap and Associates, Inc., of Stamford, CT, and the Miami-Dade Metropolitan Planning Association were subcontractors. Eric Rodgman contributed to the data processing and analysis. Laura Sandt and Michael Daul contributed to the report design, layout, and editing process. 16. Abstract The purpose of this study was to identify and implement a comprehensive countermeasure program that could reduce deaths and injuries among pedestrians in a large urban environment. Miami-Dade County, Florida, was selected as the focus of this study. Using pedestrian crash data from 1996 to 2001, four zones were identified within the county as having abnormally high pedestrian-crash experiences. Based on locational crash characteristics, as well as pedestrian (age, ethnicity) factors, a total of 16 different types of education, enforcement, and engineering treatments were selected and targeted to reduce pedestrian crashes specifically in the four zones, and also countywide. A before-after study was used with three separate control groups to evaluate the effects of the combined pedestrian safety program on pedestrian crashes. A three-year “after” period was used (2002-2004). Multivariate intervention autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) time series analysis was used, along with nonparametric (i.e., Mann-Whitney U-tests) to test for statistically significant differences in pedestrian crash experiences. Results showed that, at the peak of the program effects in 2003 and 2004, the pedestrian safety program reduced countywide pedestrian crash rates by between 8.5% and 13.3%, depending on which control group was used. This effect translates to approximately 180 fewer crashes annually in Miami-Dade County, or 360 pedestrian crashes reduced in 2003 and 2004 combined. Countywide, the greatest crash reductions were found among children and adult pedestrians as a result of the program. Educational and other measures to reduce crashes involving older pedestrians showed no effect. A number of lessons learned were identified for future implementation of such a program. 17. Key Words: 18. Distribution Statement Pedestrian, safety, education, enforcement, engineering, This report is free of charge from the NHTSA Web site effectiveness, evaluation, countermeasure, comprehensive at www.nhtsa.dot.gov safety program, crash analysis, local partnerships 19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified 178 Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of form and completed page is authorized ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors wish to acknowledge a number of people for their contribution to the overall study effort. These include: • Cindy Magnole, Jackson Memorial Medical Center • Sue Ignash, Florida Dept of Health • Frances Gray, Miami-Dade County Health Department • Carole Steans, Lehman Injury Research Center • Frank Saavedra, Miami-Dade Fire Rescue • Henry Oliver, Miami-Dade Police Department • Armando Penedo, Miami-Dade Police Department • Lewis Sayre, Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) • Chief Pat Kiel, City of West Miami Police Dept • Vivian Villaamil, Miami-Dade County Public Schools The authors also appreciate the efforts by Mimi Sutherland, Brian Hannigan (Miami Children's Hospital, chair of Miami-Dade Safe Kids Coalition), Dr. Gillian Hotz (University of Miami/Jackson Memorial Medical Center), Dr. Ron Van Houten (Western Michigan University), Dr. Ilir Bejleri (University of Florida), Dr. Ruth Steiner (University of Florida), and Pat Pieratte (Florida Department of Transportation). i TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements.......................................................................................................................... i Lists of Figures ..............................................................................................................................iii Lists of Tables................................................................................................................................ vi Technical Summary .....................................................................................................................viii Background..............................................................................................................................viii Study Methodology.................................................................................................................... ix Description of Pedestrian Safety Treatments............................................................................ xii Educational Countermeasures..................................................................................................xiii Enforcement Countermeasures ................................................................................................ xiv Engineering Countermeasures ................................................................................................. xiv Analysis and Results................................................................................................................ xiv Chapter 1: Introduction................................................................................................................... 1 Background................................................................................................................................. 1 Project Goals and Objectives...................................................................................................... 3 Project Site.................................................................................................................................. 4 General Approach and Project Roles.......................................................................................... 6 Report Organization.................................................................................................................... 7 Chapter 2: Past Research and Related Programs ............................................................................ 8 Review of Comprehensive Community-Wide Programs ......................................................... 10 Chapter 3: Study Methodology..................................................................................................... 12 Local Partnership Development................................................................................................ 12 Study Design and Data Sources................................................................................................ 13 Chapter 4: Description of Pedestrian Safety Treatments.............................................................. 43 Overview of Countermeasures.................................................................................................. 43 Educational Countermeasures................................................................................................... 50 Enforcement Countermeasures ................................................................................................. 55 Engineering Countermeasures .................................................................................................. 56 Chapter 5: Evaluation Results....................................................................................................... 60 Countywide Crash Analysis...................................................................................................... 60 Zone-by-Zone Crash Analysis .................................................................................................. 90 Chapter 6: Summary and Conclusions........................................................................................ 118 Results of Additional Projects ................................................................................................ 124 Study Limitations.................................................................................................................... 126 Discussion and Lessons Learned ............................................................................................ 128 References................................................................................................................................... 133 Appendix A: Crash Typing Codes.............................................................................................. A-1 Appendix B: Pedestrian Crash Counts and Population For Miami-Dade and Controls............