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ADDENDUM BETWEEN in 09 University of Pretoria Etd – Smalberger, S (2005)

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ADDENDUM BETWEEN in 09 University of Pretoria Etd – Smalberger, S (2005) University of Pretoria etd – Smalberger, S (2005) 1 ADDENDUM BETWEEN IN 09 University of Pretoria etd – Smalberger, S (2005) HISTORY OF HILLBROW AND BEREA The history, rise and fall of Hillbrow and Berea can be divided into four distinct phase PHASE 1: Late 1800-WW II PHASE 2: POST WWII – MID 1970s What began as a pioneer town, dusty, and 1950-1960 with minimal services and makeshift shops In the 1950s and early 1960s, a surge and hotels, in the late 1800’s spurred by the of development took place in Hillbrow growing demand for middle-high income housing. and surrounding suburbs, driven by Residential suburbs sprang up on the outskirts both the economic boom and political of the town, offering greener and more peaceful stability which resulted from the strict living environments to the town’s elite. enforcement of apartheid and the 1887 Joubert Park established; residential repression of opposition. suburbs began to form around it. Residents were “…predominantly young, 1890 Berea laid out. upwardly mobile people who are either 1894 Because of the overwhelming success single or living alone or with friends of Berea, the land adjacent to Berea and relatives, and young married was bought from Transvaal Mortgage couples, few with kids” (Ibid.) and Loan Company for development. A number of immigrants (from England, Hillbrow residential estate was Germany, France, Italy, Holland, and a proclaimed in 1894 and marketed as large Jewish community) used Hillbrow “the wealthiest and most fashionable as a transitory home before moving part of Johannesburg” (Clay 1982:18) elsewhere in the city. (Morris 1999: 6) The suburb was initially zoned as residential only, and developed as 1970 Morris (Ibid: 7) remarks that most detached houses with gardens. For blacks were housed in rooftop flats, twenty years Hillbrow remained a or “locations in the sky” “clean air suburb where the children In accordance to the 1923 Urban (Native had room to play” (Ibid: 20) Affairs) Act domestic workers could 1920 Technological developments in the only reside on the employers’ property building industry allowed, for the first if the employer provided accommodation. time, the erections of multi-storey In the 1930s and 1940s an increase in buildings. Hillbrow, located between the the urban African population created inner-city and the booming northern a demand for housing. Roof top suburbs, proved to be the ideal flats provided easy access to work location for the development of flats. opportunities, entertainment, shopping The five to six storey blocks of flats and transport, but the NP began to provided reasonably priced one-room regulate the number of Africans living or modest flats. Hillbrow’s proximity on rooftops in 1048. In 1955 a law was to Johannesburg station made it the passed which restricted the number of ideal point of entry to the city. By Africans living on rooftops to five per the 1940s Hillbrow was already a place building. 1956 saw the removal of these of transit; a stepping-stone to better residents from rooftops and by 1962 housing elsewhere in the city. Prior to an estimated 8000-10000 people had the Second World War the majority of been removed. (Morris 1999:7) accommodation in Hillbrow remained By the early 1970s most detached detached houses. houses in the area had been replaced 1946 Johannesburg City Council passes a with high-rise blocks of flats, but by revised town-planning scheme for 1973 the supply of fats in Hillbrow Hillbrow, which removed building height exceeded the demand. restrictions, paving the way for high- rise development. (Morris 1999: 6) University of Pretoria etd – Smalberger, S (2005) 3 PHASE 3: Mid 1970s to mid 1980s PHASE 4: mid 1980s to present 1976 The exodus of foreigners due to Demographic change the uprisings leaves a high vacancy Until the mid 1980s there were rate. This is heightened by a drop in relatively few Africans in Hillbrow, suburban house prices. as they faced potential prosecution The high vacancy rate in Hillbrow set under influx control laws, which the stage for the multi-racialisation of required they carry a pass. Violence in the area The exodus of whites from the area Johannesburg’s African townships, an coincided with a shortage in housing for acute housing shortage, and scrapping people classified as ‘coloured’, ‘Indian’, of pass laws in 1986, resulted in a and ‘black’ under the apartheid laws. dramatic shift in the neighbourhood’s Landlords were able to exploit this population. situation by charging high rentals to 1985 Approximately 10% of Hillbrow’s ‘illegal’ tenants. These ‘illegal’ tenants residents are African. were able to avoid the provisions of 1993 The figure has risen to 62% the Group Areas Act through the 1996 over 80% of the Hillbrow’s population ruse of white people signing lease is African. ADDENDUM agreements, while the actual tenants were ‘Indian’ or ‘Coloured’. The process of deracialisation was According to inspector Naidoo (personal spurred by the changes to rent communication: 2005), public relations officer control regulations in 1978, and the of the Hillbrow Police Service, Hillbrow remains introduction of sectional title. Many to this day a doorway to the city and is still residents could not afford to buy their perceived as an transitional space, the only homes, or pay rapidly increasing rent, factor which changed is that it is currently the were forced out of the area, while doorway to South Africa for illegal immigrants landlords were able to charge higher from Africa and not Europe. rents to ‘illegal tenants’. 1979 Morris (1999:9) relates that these The 84% of the areas population live in rented tenants were vulnerable to police raids flats, others live in hotels or rooftops (initially and lived in constant fear of discovery and evictions. ‘Illegal’ tenants organised built as domestic quarters), and a few live in the themselves into Actstop, a legal body remaining detached houses, or on the streets. which provided representation to The population is relatively young, the majority tenants charged with contravening the of the 30 000 residents are aged between 18 Groups Areas Act. and 39 years. 1982 The ruling of a landmark court case, Approximately two thirds of the population are declares that tenants could not male. be evicted without the provision of Due to the prominence of illegal immigrants in suitable alternative accommodation. the area it is difficult to estimate number of This hastened the segregation foreigners. of Hillbrow since the Apartheid IsiZulu is the most common language (39%), government lacked the fiscal capacity to provide alternative housing. They followed by English (15%), but a wide variety of also faced political dilemma, as it other South African and African languages are would be difficult to conduct mass spoken by Hillbrow residents (Stats SA: 1996) evictions in a neighbourhood prominent in the media, while trying to woo ‘Indian’ and ‘Coloured’ representation into the tri-cameral parliament (Morris 1999:9). Hillbrow came to represent BETWEEN IN government’s unwillingness or inability to enforce strict racial segregation. 09 University of Pretoria etd – Smalberger, S (2005) 1 SOURCES BETWEEN IN 10 University of Pretoria etd – Smalberger, S (2005) ABSTRACT 02.88. The lively atmosphere of trading in the inner city _ by author 02.89. Concept sketches of Lynch’s theories applied to the site in its CONTEXT context _ by author Contents 02.01. Africa _ by author NORMATIVE STUDY 02.02. South Africa _ by author 03.01. View of the school _ Gazzaniga 1995: 10 02.03. Gauteng _ by author 03.02. Site plan _ Buchanan: 70 02.04. Johannesburg _ by author 03.03. Conceptual development of the plan _ Gazzaniga 1995: 12 02.05. Johannesburg Inner City _ by author 03.03. The placement of structures create fissures towards views _ sketch 02.06. Norther edge of the inner city _ by author by author 02.07. Hillbrow, Houghton, Berea and Parktown _ by author 03.04. The emphasis is placed on the ground rather than the figure _ sketch 02.08. The site _ by author by author 02.09. View of the Johannesburg inner city from Braamfontein _ by 03.05. Entry Plan _ Buchanan: 73 _ edited by author author 03.06. Plan of labs and dormitories _ Buchanan: 73 _ edited by author 02.10. Johannesburg inner city _ by author 03.08. View of the dormitories following the ground line _ Ryan 1996: 46 02.11. Model of Johannesburg Inner City at the JDA Office _ by 03.07. First concept model _ Buchanan: 70 author 03.10. Entrance hall _ Ryan 1996: 46 FIGURES 02.12. City miners 03.11. Interior view towards sports fields _ Ryan 1996: 46 02.13. JDA add on The Florence building, Hillbrow _ by author 03.12. The open yet private nature of classrooms _ Ryan 1996: 46 02.14. Johannesburg logo etched on a steel plate at Constitution Hill _ by author THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION 02.15. Johannesburg inner city streetscape _ by author 04.01. Alexandra township _ by author 02.16. Hillbrow streetscape _ by author 04.02. The African rural dream _ Lloyed 2003 :109 02.17. JDA development projects:Parktown and Hillbrow _ by author 04.03. The European rural dream _ Lloyed 2003 :109 02.18. Fusion of old and new at Constitution Hill _ by author 04.04. The noise and activity within Hillbrow business centre _ by author 02.19. JDA logo etched on a steel plate at Constritution Hill _ by 04.06. Hillbrow _ by author author 04.07. Concept sketch _ by author 02.20. Statue at Constitution Hill _ by author 04.07. Concept sketch _ by author 02.21.
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