Yoga Tattva Upanishad

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Yoga Tattva Upanishad yogatattvopaniáat 1 YOGA TATTVA UPANISHAD yogaiàvaryaò ca kaivalyaò jäyate yatprasädataù tadvaiáíavaò yogatattvaò rämacandrapadaó bhaje Oó saha nävavatu ¡Om! Que a los dos nos proteja, saha nau bhunaktu Que a los dos nos nutra saha vïryaò karavävahai Que podamos trabajar juntos con gran energía, Que nuestro estudio sea vigoroso y efectivo tejasvinävadhïtamastu Que no disputemos (u odiemos a nadie) mä vidviáävahai ¡Om! ¡Paz en mí, paz alrededor mío, paz en las fuerzas que actúan sobre Oó àäntiù àäntiù àäntiù mí! 1 yogatattvaó pravakàyämi yoginäò hitakämyayä Voy ahora a describir el yoga-tattva (la verdad del yoga ), para beneficio de yacchýtvä ca paúhitvä ca sarvapäpaiù pramucyate los yogis que al oírlo y estudiarlo quedan libres de todo pecado. 2 viáíurnäma mahäyogï mahäbhüto mahätapäù El supremo purusha al que se llama Vishnu, que es el gran yogi, el gran tattvamärge yathä dïpo dýàyate puruáottamaù ser y el gran tapasvin, resplandece como una lámpara en el sendero de la verdad. 3 tamärädhya jagannäthaó praíipatya pitämahaù El Abuelo (Brahma), luego de haber saludado al Señor del Universo papraccha yogatattvaó me brühi cäáúäìgasaòyutam (Vishnu), y de rendirle el debido respeto, lo interrogó (de esta manera): - Por favor, explícame la verdad del yoga, que incluye a los ocho auxiliares ─ angas. 4 tamuväca hýáïkeào vakàyämi àýíu tattvataù A lo que respondió Hrishikesha (el Señor de los Sentidos, o sea Vishnu): sarve jïväù sukhairdukhairmäyäjälena veáúitäù - Escucha, pues te explicaré su verdad. Todas las almas están sumergidas en la alegría y el dolor por obra de la red de maya. 5 teáäó muktikaraó märgaó mäyäjälanikýntanam Kaivalya, el estado supremo, es el camino que les da la emancipación, que janmamýtyujarävyädhinäàanaó mýtyutärakam corta el lazo de maya, que acaba con los nacimientos, la vejez y la enfermedad y que nos permite vencer a la muerte. No hay otros caminos a 6 nänämärgaistu duápräpaò kaivalyaó paramaó la salvación. A los que van dando vueltas en la red de los shastras, ese conocimiento los engaña. padam patitäù àästrajäleáu prajñayä tena mohitäù 1 La base del texto sánscrito es la disponible en http://sanskrit.gde.to con algunas modificaciones y la versión inglesa de S. Narayanaswami Aiyar 219-a 219-b 7 anirväcyaó padaò vaktuò na àakyaò taiù surairapi Hasta para los devas es imposible describir ese estado indescriptible. svätmaprakäàarüpaò tatkiò àästreía prakäàate ¿Cómo van a iluminar los shastras a eso que brilla con luz propia? 8 niákalaò nirmalaò àäntaò sarvätïtaò nirämayam Eso que carece de partes y de máculas, y que es quietud allende toda cosa, tadeva jïvarüpeía puíyapäpaphalairvýtam libre de deterioro, se convierte en jiva (alma encarnada) como resultado de pasadas virtudes y pecados. 9 paramätmapadaò nityaò tatkathaò jïvatäò gatam ¿Cómo alcanzó la condición de jiva aquello que es la sede de sarvabhävapadätïtaò jñänarüpaò nirañjanam Paramatman, que es eterno y por encima del estado de todas las cosas existentes, y cuya forma es sabiduría y que carece de tachas? 10 värivatsphuritaò tasmiòstaträhaòkýtirutthitä En él surgió una burbuja, como en el agua, y en esta (burbuja) surgió pañcätmakamabhütpiíéaò dhätubaddhaò ahamkara. A este le surgió una masa (el cuerpo) hecha de los cinco guíätmakam (elementos) y ligada por los dhatus. 11 sukhaduùkhaiù samäyuktaò jïvabhävanayä kuru Debes saber que jiva es eso que está asociado con la dicha y la desdicha, y tena jïväbhidhä proktä viàuddhaiù paramätmani que así es como se le aplica el nombre de jiva a Paramatman, que es puro. 12 kämakrodhabhayaò cäpi mohalobhamado rajaù Se considera que ese jiva es el kevala (solo), que está libre de las máculas janmamýtyuàca kärpaíyaò àokastandrä kàudhä týáä de la pasión, la cólera, el miedo, la ilusión, la angurria, el orgullo, la lujuria, el nacer, el morir, la mezquindad, el sopor, el mareo, el hambre, la 13 týáíä lajjä bhayaò duhkhaò viáädo haráa eva ca sed, la ambición, la vergüenza, el terror, la quemazón del corazón, la ebhirdoáairvinirmuktaù sa jïvaù kevalo mataù tristeza y la alegría. 14 tasmäddoáavinäàärthamupäyaò kathayämi te Por lo tanto te diré el medio de acabar con (estos) pecados. ¿Cómo será yogahïnaò kathaò jñänaó mokàadaó bhavati posible que surja ese jñana capaz de otorgar moksha sin el yoga? dhruvam 15 yogo hi jñänahïnastu na kàamo mokàakarmaíi Y también el yoga es impotente para (producir) moksha cuando carece de tasmäjjñänaò ca yogaò ca jñana, por eso el aspirante a la emancipación debe practicar (firmemente) mumukàurdýéhamabhyaset tanto el yoga como el jñana. 16 ajñänädeva saòsäro jñänädeva vimucyate El ciclo de nacimientos y muertes sólo se origina en ajñana, y sólo por jñänasvarüpamevädau jñänaò jñeyaikasädhanam jñana perece. Sólo jñana existía en el principio. Hay que reconocerlo como el único medio (de salvación). 17 jñätaò yena nijaò rüpaò kaivalyaó paramaó Es jñana aquel con que reconocemos (en nosotros) la naturaleza real de padam kaivalya en tanto estado supremo, inmaculado, sin partes, de la naturaleza niákalaò nirmalaò säkàätsaccidänandarüpakam de Sat-Chit-Ananda, sin nacimiento, existencia ni muerte, y sin movimiento ni jñana. 18 utpattisthitisaòhärasphürtijñänavivarjitam etajjñänamiti proktamatha yogaó bravïmi te Ahora voy a describirte el yoga. El yoga se divide en varias clases según 19 yogo hi bahudhä brahmanbhidyate vyavahärataù sus acciones, a saber: Mantra yoga, Laya yoga, Hatha yoga y Raja yoga. mantrayogo layaàcaiva haúho asau räjayogataù 20 ärambhaàca ghaúaàcaiva tathä paricayaù smýtaù En todos ellos hay cuatro fases que son comunes: arambha, ghata, 220-a 220-b niápattiàcetyavasthä ca sarvatra parikïrtitä parichaya y nishpatti. 21 eteáäò lakàaíaó brahmanvakàye àýíu samäsataù Te las describiré, Brahma; escucha con atención. Hay que practicar el mätýkädiyutaó mantraò dvädaàäbdaò tu yo japet mantra con sus matrikas (entonación adecuada de los sonidos) y demás, por un período de doce años. 22 krameía labhate jñänamaíimädiguíänvitam Entonces se obtienen gradualmente la sabiduría, siddhis tales como anima, alpabuddhirimaò yogaò sevate sädhakädhamaù etcétera. Las personas de intelecto débil que son las menos cualificadas para el yoga hacen esta práctica. 23 layayogaàcittalayaù koúiàaù parikïrtitaù El (segundo o) Laya yoga procura la absorción del chitta y se lo ha gacchaòstiáúhansvapanbhuñjandhyäyenniákalamïàv descrito de mil maneras; (una de ellas es) “Hay que contemplar al Señor aram que no tiene partes al andar, al sentarse, al dormir y al comer”. A esto se llama Laya yoga. 24 sa eva layayogaù syäddhaúhayogamataù àýíu yamaàca niyamaàcaiva äsanaó präíasaòyamaù Escucha ahora (la descripción de) el Hatha yoga. Se dice que este yoga 25 pratyähäro dhäraíä ca dhyänaó bhrümadhyame posee (los siguientes) ocho auxiliares: yama (contenciones), niyama (prácticas religiosas), asana (postura), pranayama (regulación del aliento), harim pratyahara (subyugación de los sentidos), dharana (concentración), samädhiù samatävasthä säáúäìgo yoga ucyate dhyana, que es la contemplación de Hari en el medio del entrecejo, y samadhi, que es el estado de ecuanimidad. 26 mahämudrä mahäbandho mahävedhaàca khecarï Te daré una descripción separada y verdadera de cada una de estas cosas: jälandharoééiyäíaàca mülabandhaistathaiva ca Mahamudra, Mahabandha, Khechari, Jalandhara, Uddiyana y Mulabandha, la emisión ininterrumpida del pranava (Om) por largo 27 dïrghapraíavasandhänaò siddhäntaàravaíaó param tiempo y cómo escuchar la exposición de las verdades supremas, Vajroli, vajrolï cämarolï ca sahajolï tridhä matä Amaroli y Sahajoli, que forman una tríada. 28 eteáäò lakàaíaó brahmanpratyekaò àýíu tattvataù laghvähäro yameáveko mukhyä bhavati netaraù De (los deberes que constituyen) los yamas , el factor principal es la dieta 29 ahiòsä niyameávekä mukhyä vai caturänana moderada, y no dañar es el más importante de los niyamas, Ser Cuatrifáceo (Brahma) siddhaó padmaò tathä siòhaó bhadraò ceti (Las posturas principales son cuatro:) Siddha, Padma, Simha y Bhadra. catuáúayam 30 prathamäbhyäsakäle tu vighnäù syuàcaturänana En las primeras etapas de la práctica se encuentran los siguientes älasyaò katthanaò dhürtagoáúï manträdisädhanam obstáculos: pereza, charla ociosa, malas compañías, adquisición de mantras, etc., juego con metales (alquimia) y mujeres, y espejismos. Al 31 dhätustrïlaulyakädïni mýgatýáíämayäni vai descubrirlos, el hombre sabio los debe abandonar gracias a la fuerza de sus jñätvä sudhïstyajetsarvänvighnänpuíyaprabhävataù virtudes. 32 präíäyämaò tataù kuryätpadmäsanagataù svayam Luego se sentará en la postura Padma y practicará pranayama. Debe suàobhanaó maúhaò kuryätsükàmadväraò tu construir una ermita bella, con una abertura muy pequeña y sin hendijas. nirvraíam 33 suáúhu liptaò gomayena sudhayä vä prayatnataù Debe estar bien revocada con estiércol de vaca o con argamasa blanca; hay 221-a 221-b matkuíairmaàakairlütairvarjitaò ca prayatnataù que librarla cuidadosamente de insectos, mosquitos y piojos. 34 dine dine ca saómýáúaò saómärjanyä viàeáataù Hay que barrerla todos los días con una escoba y se la debe perfumar con väsitaò ca sugandhena dhüpitaò guggulädibhiù buenos aromas, y quemar dentro resinas perfumadas. 35 nätyucchritaò nätinïcaò cailäjinakuàottaram Después de tomar asiento ni muy alto ni muy bajo sobre un almohadón de tatropaviàya medhävï padmäsanasamanvitaù piel de ciervo sobre hieba kusha, el hombre sagaz debe adoptar la postura Padma y manteniendo erguido el cuerpo y las manos plegadas en actitud 36 ýjukäyaù präñjaliàca praíamediáúadevatäm respetuosa y saludará a su deidad tutelar tato dakàiíahastasya
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