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Anatomical, Physical and Chemical Properties of (Seidlitzia Rosmarinus Bunge Ex Boiss) Wood in Irano-Torani Region

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Anatomical, Physical and Chemical Properties of (Seidlitzia Rosmarinus Bunge Ex Boiss) Wood in Irano-Torani Region ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ – ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﻋﻠﻮم ﭼﻮب و ﻛﺎﻏﺬ اﻳﺮان ﺟﻠﺪ 27، ﺷﻤﺎرة 2، ﺻﻔﺤﺔ 212-225، (1391) وﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎي آﻧﺎﺗﻮﻣﻴﻜﻲ، ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ و ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﭼﻮب درﺧﺘﭽﻪ اِﺷﻨﺎن (Seidlitzia rosmarinus Bunge ex Boiss) از"روﻳﺸﮕﺎه اﻳﺮان- ﺗﻮراﻧﻲ" وﺣﻴﺪرﺿﺎ ﺻﻔﺪري* -* ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪه ﻣﺴﺌﻮل، داﻧﺸﻴﺎر داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ واﺣﺪ ﻛﺮج، ﮔﺮوه ﻋﻠﻮم و ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﭼﻮب و ﻛﺎﻏﺬ، ﻛﺮج ﭘﺴﺖاﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﻚ: [email protected] ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ درﻳﺎﻓﺖ : اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ 1390 ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﭘﺬﻳﺮش: ﻓﺮوردﻳﻦ 1391 ﭼﻜﻴﺪه ﻳﻜــﻲ از ﺗﻴــﺮهﻫــﺎي ﻣﻬــﻢ ﭼــﻮﺑﻲ ﻣﻨــﺎﻃﻖ ﺧﺸــﻚ و ﻛــﻮﻳﺮي در ﻗﻠﻤــﺮو روﻳــﺶ ﮔﻴــﺎﻫﻲ اﻳﺮاﻧــﻮ - ﺗــﻮراﻧﻲ ﺗﻴــﺮه اﺳــﻔﻨﺎﺟﻴﺎن (Chenpodiaceae) ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ داراي ﺟﻨﺲ و ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ اﺳﺖ. از ﻗﻀﺎء ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻬﻢ اِﺷﻨﺎن (Seidlitzia rosmarinus) ﺑﺎ ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ وﺳﻴﻊ در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺧﺸﻚ اﻳﺮان ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﺗﻌﻠﻖ دارد ﻛﻪ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي آﻧﺎﺗﻮﻣﻴﻜﻲ آن ﺗﺎﻛﻨﻮن ﻣـﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـﻪ ﻗﺮار ﻧﮕﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ . ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي آﻧﺎﺗﻮﻣﻴﻜﻲ اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ، ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺷﺶ اﺻﻠ ﻪ از درﺧﺘﭽﻪ اﺷﻨﺎن در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ اردﻛـﺎن ﻳﺰد ﻗﻄﻊ و وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي آﻧﺎﺗﻮﻣﻴﻜﻲ آن ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮپ ﻧﻮري و اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ (SEM) و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺧﺼﻮﺻـﻴﺎت ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜـﻲ و ﺷـﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ آن ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ . ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ ﭼﻮب ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اﺷﻨﺎن ﻓﺎﻗﺪ دواﻳﺮ روﻳﺸﻲ و ﻫ ﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ اﺷﻌﻪ ﭼـﻮﺑﻲ ﺑـﻮده و در داﺧـﻞ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﭼﻮﺑﻲ داراي آوﻧﺪ آﺑﻜﺶ (intraxylary phloem )، ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ . آوﻧـﺪﻫﺎي آن ﻛﻮﺗـﺎه (ﻣﺘﻮﺳـﻂ 100 ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘـﺮ )، و داراي ﻣﻨﺎﻓـﺬ (ﭘﻮﻧﻜﺘﻮاﺳﻴﻮن) رﻳﺰ ﺑﻮده و آوﻧﺪﻫﺎي ﺑﺨﺶ ﭼﻮب درون از ﺻـﻤﻎ ﻓـﺮاوان و ﻏﻠـﻴﻆ ﺑﺮﺧـﻮردار ﻣـﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ . ﻃـﻮل ﻓﻴﺒـﺮ ﻛﻮﺗـﺎه (334 ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ ) و ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ زﻳﺎد دﻳﻮاره ﻓﻴﺒـﺮ (4/8 ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣ ﺘـﺮ ﺿـﺨﺎﻣﺖ دو دﻳـﻮاره ) در ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴـﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﺣﻔـﺮه ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻲ (5/7 ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘـﺮ ) از وﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎي ﺑﻴﻮﻣﺘﺮي اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﺷﺪه و ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎظ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ آﻧﺎﺗﻮﻣﻴﻜﻲ و ﺑﻴﻮﻣﺘﺮي ، در ﻣﻴﺎن دﻳﮕﺮ ﺟﻨﺲﻫﺎي ﻫـﻢ ﺧـﺎﻧﻮاده ﺧـﻮد (Chenpodiaceae ) ﺑﺎ ﺟﻨﺲ آﺗﺮﻳﭙﻠﻜﺲ (Atriplex)، ﻗﺮاﺑﺖ دارد . اِﺷﻨﺎن ﺑﺎ وزن ﻣﺨﺼـﻮص ﻃﺒﻴﻌـﻲ (ﺗﺤـﺖ ﺷـﺮاﻳﻂ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ) 92 0/ 0/ ﮔﺮمﺑﺮﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲﻣﺘﺮﻣﻜﻌﺐ، در زﻣﺮه ﭼﻮب ﻫﺎي ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﺷﺪه و از ﻫﻤﻜﺸﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻃﻮﻟﻲ (5 درﺻﺪ ) و ﻣﻘﺪار ﺧﺎﻛﺴـﺘﺮ 5/5( 5/5( درﺻﺪ) ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ . Archive of SID وا ﮋهﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﻴﺪي: اِﺷـﻨﺎن (Seidlitzia rosmarinus)، اﺳـﻔﻨﺎﺟﻴﺎن (Chenpodiaceae)، آﻧـﺎﺗﻮﻣﻲ ﭼـﻮب، وﻳﮋﮔـﻲ ﻓﻴﺰ ﻳﻜـﻲ، وﻳﮋﮔـﻲ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ . ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ اﺧﺘﺼﺎص ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﺳـﺖ (ﺣﺠـﺎزي، 2537؛ ﻧﻴﻠـﻮﻓﺮي، 1364؛ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻫﺎي آﻧﺎﺗﻮ ﻣﻲ ﭼﻮب در اﻳـﺮان ﺑﺴـﻴﺎر ﻣﺤـﺪود و ﭘﺎرﺳﺎﭘﮋوه و ﺷﻮاﻳﻦ ﮔﺮوﺑﺮ، 1372). اﻣﺎ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻗﺎﺑ ﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ اﺧﻴﺮاً ﻣ ﻬﺠﻮر ﻣﺎﻧﺪه و اﻧﺪك ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـﺎت و ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻔـﺎت ﺻـﻮرت از درﺧﺘﺎن و درﺧﺘﭽﻪﻫﺎي ﭼﻮﺑﻲ ﻛﺸﻮر اﻳـﺮان ﻣﺮﺑـﻮط ﺑـﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺘــﻪ ﺑــﻪ آﻧــﺎﺗﻮﻣﻲ ﭼــﻮبِ درﺧﺘــﺎن روﻳﺸــﮕﺎه ﻫﻴﺮﻛــﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺧﺸﻚ و ﻛﻮﻳﺮي و در ﻗﻠﻤﺮو روﻳﺶ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ اﻳﺮاﻧـﻮ - - www.SID.ir ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﺔ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﻋﻠﻮم ﭼﻮب و ﻛﺎﻏﺬ اﻳﺮان، ﺟﻠﺪ 27، ﺷﻤﺎرة 2 213 ﺗﻮراﻧﻲ ﻗﺮار دارد ، ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻴﺮه ﻫـﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ﮔﻴـﺎﻫﻲ ﻧﻈﻴـﺮ ﻏﻴﺮﻋﺎدي2 ﺑﻮده و ﺑﺮﺧﻼف ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮ درﺧﺘـﺎن ﭼـﻮﺑﻲ دوﻟﭙـﻪ Solanaceae ،Rosaceae،Composiate،Chenpodiaceae داراي ﻻﻳﻪ زاﻳﻨﺪه (ﻛﺎﻣﺒﻴﻮم) ﻣﺘﻌﺪد و ﭘـﻲ درﭘـﻲ 3 ﻣـﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ و ﻏﻴﺮه ﺗﻌﻠﻖ داﺷﺘﻪ (ﻣﻈﻔﺮﻳﺎن، 1379) و ﺑﻌﻀﻲ از ﺟﻨﺲ ﻳـﺎ (آرﺗﺸــﻮاﮔﺎر، 1920؛ ﻳــﺎرو و ﭘﻮﻓــﺎم، 1981 و ﻧﺌــﻮﻣﻦ و ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي اﻳﻦ ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﻫﺎ ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺸﻮر اﻳﺮان ﻳﺎ ﺣـﺪاﻗﻞ ﻫﻤﻜــﺎران، 2001) و در ﻧﺘﻴﺠــﻪ در ﭼــﻮب درﺧﺘــﺎن اﻳــﻦ ﺧﺎورﻣﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ دارد ﻛـﻪ ﻣﺘ ﺄﺳـﻔﺎﻧﻪ وﻳﮋﮔـﻲ ﻫـﺎي آﻧـﺎﺗﻮﻣﻲ ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ آﺑﻜﺸﻲ (ﻓﻠﻮﺋﻢ) ﺑـﻴﻦ ﭘﻮﺳـﺖ ﭼﻮب اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺮار ﻧﮕﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳـﺖ (ﭘﺎﻳﮕـﺎه ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ و ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﭼﻮﺑﻲ وﺟﻮد دارد در داﺧﻞ ﺑﺎﻓـﺖ ﭼـﻮﺑﻲ اﻃﻼﻋــﺎﺗﻲ اﻳﻨﺴــﺎﻳﺪ وﺋــﻮد1). ﺑــﻪ ﺗﻌــﺪاد ﻣﻌــﺪودي از اﻳــﻦ (زاﻳﻠﻢ) ﺑﻪ اﺷﻜﺎل ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮد ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﻪ آن " ﮔﻮﻧـ ـﻪﻫــﺎي ﭼــﻮﺑﻲ ﻣــﻲﺗــﻮان: ﮔﻮﻧــﻪ اِﺷــﻨﺎن ( Seidlitzia ﻓﻠﻮﺋﻢ داﺧﻞ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﭼﻮ ﺑﻲ"4 (ﺑـﺎﻟﻔﻮر، 1965؛ ﻓـﺎن، 1986 و rosmarinus)، اﻧـﻮاع ﻣﺨﺘﻠــﻒ آﺗــﺮﻳﭙﻠﻜﺲ ﻫــﺎ (Atriplex )، ﻛﺎرﻟﻜﻮﺋﻴﺴــﺖ، 1988) ﻳــﺎ "آﺑﻜــﺶ ﺗﻮﻣﺎﻧــﺪه"(ﻃﻐﺮاﻳــﻲ و ﻣﺎروﻧﮓ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻨﺒﻠﻪ ﻧﻤﻜـﻲ (Haostachyus belangeriana )، ﻫﻤﻜﺎران، 1385) اﻃﻼق ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد . ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ "ﻓﻠـﻮﺋﻢ داﺧـﻞ ﺗﺎغﻫﺎ (Halxylon) و اﻧﻮاع ﺷﻮر ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻟﺴـﻮﻻ (Salsola) را ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﭼﻮﺑﻲ " از دﻳﮕـﺮ وﻳﮋﮔـﻲ ﻫـﺎي ﻗﺎﺑـﻞ ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ ﭼـﻮب ﻧــﺎم ﺑــﺮد ﻛــﻪ ﻫﻤﮕــﻲ ﻓﻘــﻂ ﺑــﻪ ﻳــﻚ ﺧــﺎﻧﻮاده اﺳــﻔﻨﺎﺟﻴﺎن ﺧــﺎﻧﻮاده اﺳــﻔﻨﺎﺟﻴﺎن (Chenpodiaceae) را ﻣــﻲﺗــﻮان ﺑــﻪ (Chenpodiaceae)، ﺗﻌﻠﻖ دارﻧﺪ (ﻣﻈﻔﺮﻳﺎن، 1379). ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﺎدي ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﭼﻮب ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ (ﻫﻜﻼﺋﻮ و وﻫﺮدن، اِﺷﻨﺎن درﺧﺘﭽﻪاي اﺳﺖ ﻛﻮﺗ ﺎه، ﺑﻪ ارﺗﻔﺎع 60 ﺳـﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘـﺮ 2010) و ﻫﻤﭽﻨــﻴﻦ ﻛﻮﺗــﺎه ﺑــﻮدن ﻃــﻮل آوﻧــﺪﻫﺎي ﭼــﻮﺑﻲ ﺗﺎ 5/1 ﻣﺘﺮ (ﻣﻈﻔﺮﻳﺎن، 1379 و ﺛﺎﺑﺘﻲ 1994 ) ﻛﻪ ﺑـﻪ اﻓﺘﺨـﺎر (ﻛـــﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ از 50 ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘـــﺮ) در ﺟـــﻨﺲ ﻫـــﺎﻳﻲﻧﻈﻴـــﺮ ﺳــﻠﺪﻳﺘﺲ ﮔﻴــﺎه ﺷــﻨﺎس ﺑــﻪﻧــﺎم ﻋﻠﻤــﻲ ( Suaeda ،Atriplex Seidlitzia و Haloxylon و ﻋــﺪم وﺟــﻮد اﺷــﻌﻪ rosmarinus) ﻧﺎمﮔﺬاري ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ (ﺛﺎ ﺑﺘﻲ 1994). ﺟﻨﺲ ﭼـــﻮﺑﻲ اﺷـــﺎره ﻛـــﺮد (ﻃﻐﺮاﻳـــﻲ و ﻫﻤﻜـــﺎران، 1382؛ Seidlitziaاز ﻃﺎﻳﻔــــﻪ Salsoleae و از زﻳــــﺮ ﺧــــﺎﻧﻮاده ﻛﺎرﻟﻜﻮﺋﻴﺴﺖ، 1988 و ﻳﺎﻧﮓ و ﻓﺮوﻛﺎوآ، 2003). Spirolobeae و از ﺗﻴــﺮه اﺳــﻔﻨﺎﺟﻴﺎن (Chenpodiaceae) اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻗﺼـﺪ دارد وﻳﮋﮔـﻲ ﻫـﺎي آﻧـﺎﺗﻮ ﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ . ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺑﻪ ﺧﺸﻜﻲ ﺑـﻮده و اﻏﻠـﺐ در ﻧـﻮاﺣﻲ ﭼﻮﺑﻲ اِﺷﻨﺎن(Seidlitzia rosmarinus) را ﺑـﺎ وﻳﮋﮔـﻲ ﻫـﺎي ﺷﻮر و ﻗﻠﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻴﺎﺑﺎن ﻫﺎ و ﺷﻮره زارﻫﺎي دﺷﺖ ﻛﻮﻳﺮ و ﻟـﻮت دﻳﮕﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻫﻢﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﺧﻮد (Chenpodiaceae) ﻣـﻮرد ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﮔﻮﻧﻪاي ﺑﻮﻣﻲ و ﺳـﺎزﮔﺎر روﻳـﺶ دار د (ﺷـﻜﻞ )1 . ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻗﺮار داده و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒـﺎت ﺷـﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ، ﺧـﻮ اص داراي ﺑﺮگ ﻫﺎي آﺑﺪار و ﮔﻮﺷﺘﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪSID ﻛﻪ ﺑﻮﻣﻴـﺎن of اﺳـﺘﺎن ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ و وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﺑﻴﻮﻣﺘﺮي Archiveاﻟﻴـﺎف آن را ﻣـﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـﻪ ﻳﺰد در ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ از ﺧﺎﻛﺴﺘﺮ آن ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻏﻨﻲ ﻛﺮﺑﻨـﺎ تﺳـﺪﻳﻢ ﻗﺮار دﻫﺪ . اﺳﺖ ﺑﺮاي ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮي رﺧﺖ و ﻟﺒـﺎس اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده ﻣـﻲ ﻛﺮدﻧـﺪ (ﻫﺎدي، 2009). ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌ ﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘـﻪ ﭼـﻮب ﺑﻌﻀـﻲ از درﺧﺘــﺎن ﺧــﺎﻧﻮاده Chenpodiaceae داراي رﺷــﺪ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳــﻪ 2- Anomalous secondary growth 3- Successive cambia 4- Included phloem or Interxylary phloem 1-Inside wood database www.SID.ir 214 وﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎي آﻧﺎﺗﻮﻣﻴﻜﻲ، ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ... ﻣﻮاد و روﺷﻬﺎ رﻧﮓﺑﺮي ﺑﺎ آب ژاول ﺑـﺎ ﻣﺨﻠـﻮط ﻣـﺎده رﻧﮕـﻲ اﺳـﺘﺮاﺑﻠﻮ و ﻣﺤﻞ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري ﺳﻔﺮاﻧﻴﻦ(ﺑﻪ ﻧﺴـﺒﺖ 1 ﺑـﻪ 1) رﻧـﮓ آﻣﻴـﺰي ﺷـﺪﻧﺪ (ﺷـﻮاﻳﻦ ﻧﻤﻮﻧـــﻪﻫـــﺎي ﭼـــﻮﺑﻲ ﮔﻮﻧـــﻪ اﺷـــﻨﺎن ( Seidlitzia ﮔﺮوﺑﺮ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران ، 2006؛ ﺟﺎ ﻧﺴﻦ، 1940). ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺮاﺣـﻞ rosmarinus) از ﻣﺮاﺗﻊ ﺑﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﭼﺎهاﻓﻀﻞ از ﺗﻮاﺑﻊ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن آﻣــﺎدهﺳــﺎزي و ﺗﻬﻴــﻪ ﻻم و ﻻﻣــﻞ از روش ﭘﺎرﺳــﺎﭘﮋوه و اردﻛﺎن واﻗﻊ در اﺳﺘﺎن ﻳﺰد ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﺪ . ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري در ﺷﻮاﻳﻦﮔﺮوﺑﺮ (1372) ﭘﻴﺮوي ﺷـﺪ . ﺑـﻪ ﻣﻨﻈـﻮر اﻃﻤﻴﻨـﺎن از ﻃﻮل ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴـﺎﻳﻲ ′23 °32 و ﻋـﺮض ′58 °53 ﺑـﺎ ﻣﺘﻮﺳـﻂ وﺟﻮد ﻛﺮﻳﺴﺘﺎل ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳـﻜﻮپ ﻧـﻮري و ﺑـﺎ ارﺗﻔﺎع 1002 ﻣﺘـﺮ از ﺳـﻄﺢ درﻳـﺎ و ﻣﺘﻮﺳـﻂ ﺑﺎرﻧـﺪﮔﻲ 55 ﻧﻮر ﭘﻼرﻳـﺰه ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪه ﺷـﺪﻧﺪ و ﺑﻌـﺪ از ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎ ﺑﻮﺳـﻴﻠﻪ 1 ﻣﻴﻠﻲﻣﺘﺮ در ﺷﻴﺐ 3 - 5 درﺻﺪ ﻗﺮار دارد. ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ دﻣـﺎ در ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳــﻜﻮپ ﻧﻴﻜــﻮن ﻣﺠﻬــﺰ ﺑــﻪ دورﺑــﻴﻦ و ﻣﺘﺼــﻞ ﺑــﻪ ﭼﺎه اﻓﻀﻞ 46+ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲﮔﺮاد و ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻣﻄﻠـﻖ آن 14 - ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﺪ . ﻛﻠﻴـﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺼـﺎت ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳـﻜﻮﭘﻲ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲﮔﺮاد اﺳﺖ (ﻋﺒﺪااﻟﻬﻲ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران، 1385 .) ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ ﭘﻬﻦ ﺑﺮﮔﺎن اراﺋﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪ آﻳﺎوا (IAWA) 1989 ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﭼﻮﺑﻲ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري 6 درﺧـﺖ ﺳـﺎﻟﻢ و ﺷـﺎداب ﺑـﻪ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻋﻜﺲﻫﺎي ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮپ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ (SEM ) ) ﻃﻮريﻛﻪ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻳﻚ از ﻃﺮﻓﻴﻦ آن ﺧﺸﻜﻴﺪه ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ اﻧﺘﺨـﺎب و ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﭼﻮﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ اﺑﻌﺎد ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻛﻮﭼـﻚ 5/0( × 5/0 × × 5/0 × 5/0( ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً د ر ارﺗﻔﺎع 10 ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮي از ﺳﻄﺢ زﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﺎ اره ﺑﺮﻳﺪه 5/0 ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ) ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ا ره ﻛﻮﭼﻚ (اره ﻣﻌﺮقﻛﺎري) ﺑﺮﻳـﺪه ﺷﺪه و ﭘﺲ از ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺷــﺪﻧﺪ و ﺳــﻄﻮﺣﻲ ﻛــﻪ ﻗــﺮار ﺑــﻮد ﺗﻮﺳــﻂ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳــﻜﻮپ ﻇﺮوف ﺣﺎوي ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺷـﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ (ﻓﺮﻣـﺎﻟﻴﻦ، اﺳﻴﺪاﺳـﻴﺘﻴﻚ و اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺑﺮداري ﺷﻮد اﺑﺘﺪا ﺑـﺎ آب ﻣﺮﻃـﻮب و ﺑﻌـﺪ اﻟﻜﻞ(FAA)) ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﭘـﺲ از اﻧﺘﻘـﺎل ﺑـﻪ آزﻣﺎﻳﺸـﮕﺎه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﻴﻎ ﺟﺮاﺣﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﺻـﺎف و ﻋـﺎري از ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﭘـﺮز آﻧﺎﺗﻮﻣﻲ ﭼﻮب ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﭼﻮﺑﻲ در ﻇﺮوف ﺣﺎوي ﻣﺤﻠـﻮل ﺷﺪه و در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ دﻣﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺧﺸﻚ ﺷـﺪﻧﺪ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ(ﮔﻠﻴﺴﺮﻳﻦ، آب و اﻟﻜﻞ (1:1:1 )) ﺗﺎ ﻫﻨﮕـﺎم ﺑـﺮش - و ﺑﻌــﺪ ﺗﻮﺳــﻂ ﭼﺴــﺐ ﻣــﺎﻳﻊ ﺑــﺮ روي ﭘﺎﻳــﻚﻫــﺎي ﻓﻠــﺰي ﺑﺮداري ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﺷﺪﻧﺪ (روزﻳﻦ، 1999). ﭼﺴﺒﺎﻧﻴﺪه ﺷﺪه و ﭘـﺲ از اﻋﻤـﺎل ﺧـﻼ در دﺳـﺘﮕﺎه ﺟـﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮپ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻃﻼ اﻧﺪود ﺷﺪه و از آﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﻜـﺲ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮپ ﻧﻮري از SIDﭼﻮب of ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳــﻜﻮپ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧــﻲ ﺗﻬﻴــﻪ Archiveﺷــﺪ (اﻛﺴــﻠﻲ و ﺑﺎﺗﺮﻓﻴﻠــﺪ، در اﺑﺘﺪا ﺗﻌﺪادي ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﭼـﻮﺑﻲ ﺑـﻪ اﺑﻌـﺎد 2*2*2 1974). ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮﻳﺪه ﺷﺪﻧﺪ و ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﺶ از اﻧﺪازه و ﺑﻪ دﻳﻔﻴﺒﺮه ﻛﺮدن ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﭼﻮﺑﻲ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﻧﺮم ﺷﺪن ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪت 24 ﺳﺎﻋﺖ در ﻣﺨﻠﻮط آب و ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر اﻧﺪازه ﮔﻴﺮيﻫﺎي اﺑﻌﺎد (ﺑﻴـﻮﻣﺘﺮي ) و ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﮔﻠﻴﺴﺮﻳﻦ(1:1) ﺟﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪه ﺷﺪﻧ ﺪ. از دوﺑﺨﺶ ﺑﺮون ﭼـﻮب و ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ درﻳﭽـﻪ آوﻧـﺪي و ﻧـﻮع ﻓﻴﺒﺮﻫـﺎ (ﻟﻴﺒﺮﻳﻔـﻮرم، درون ﭼﻮب، ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻋﺮﺿﻲ، ﻣﻤﺎﺳﻲ و ﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺿـﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﺳﺎده و ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺷﺪه )، ﺗﺮاﺷﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازه ﭼﻮب ﻛﺒﺮﻳﺖ در 10 ﺗﺎ 20 ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺗﻮم ﺗﻬﻴـﻪ ﺷـﺪ و ﭘـﺲ از 1- Sony, Model No SSC-Dc50AP www.SID.ir ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﺔ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﻋﻠﻮم ﭼﻮب و ﻛﺎﻏﺬ اﻳﺮان، ﺟﻠﺪ 27، ﺷﻤﺎرة 2 215 ﺟﻬﺖ ﻃﻮﻟﻲ ﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻣﺠﺎور ﻣﻐﺰ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺠﺎور ﭘﻮﺳﺖ در • - ﺣﻠﻘﻪﻫﺎي روﻳﺸﻲ (ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ :)2 ﻓﻮاﺻــﻞ ﻧــﻴﻢﺳــﺎﻧﺘﻲﻣﺘــﺮي ﺗﻬﻴــﻪ ﺷــﺪ و ﻣﻄــﺎﺑﻖ ﺑــﺎ روش ﺣﻠﻘﻪﻫﺎي روﻳﺸﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻳﺎ ﻏﺎﻳﺐ ﻣـﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ . اﻟﺒﺘـﻪ 1 ﻓﺮاﻧﻜﻠﻴﻦ دﻳﻔﺒﻴﺮه ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ( ﻓـﺮاﻧﻜﻠﻴﻦ، 1945). اﺳـﻼﻳﺪ ﻫـﺎي ﺧﻄﻮط ﻫﻼﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﻧﻤﺎي ﻣﺎﻛﺮوﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ و ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳـﻜﻮﭘﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ و ﻃﻮل و ﭘﻬﻨﺎي 30 ﻋﺪد ﻓﻴﺒﺮ و ﻃـﻮل و ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد، دواﻳﺮ روﻳﺸـﻲ ﻧﺒـﻮده و ﻫﻤـﺎن ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋـﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ30 ﻋﺪد آوﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ از ﺑﺨﺶ ﻛﻨﺎر ﻣﻐـﺰ ﺗـﺎ ﻣﺠـﺎور ﭘﺎراﻧﺸﻴﻢﻫـﺎي راﺑـﻂ 2 اﺳـﺖ ﻛـ ﻪ "آﺑﻜـﺶ ﺗﻮﻣﺎﻧـﺪه " را ﺑـﻪ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ اﻧﺪازهﮔﻴﺮي ﺷﺪ. ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ رﺑﻂ ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ (ﺷﻜﻞ 2، 3، 4 و 5). •-ﺗﺨﻠﻞ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از آوﻧﺪﻫﺎ: ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ روزﻧﻪاي ﺑﻪﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲرﺳﺪ. اﻧﺪازهﮔﻴﺮي ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐﻫﺎي ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ آوﻧﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت رﻳﺰ و درﺷﺖ و ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﺑـﺎ ﻳﻜـﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﺰ، ﻟﻴﮕﻨﻴﻦ، ﻣﻮاد اﺳﺘﺨﺮاﺟﻲ و ﺧﺎﻛﺴﺘﺮ اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ در ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ، در ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺗﻮان ﺟﺰء ﻫﻴﭻ ﻳـﻚ از ﺳـﻪ ﭼﻬﺎر ﺗﻜﺮار (ﭼﻬﺎر درﺧﺖ ) اﻧﺪازهﮔﻴﺮي ﺷﺪ . اﻧـﺪازه ﮔﻴـﺮي دﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﺨﺶ روزﻧﻪاي، ﻧﻴﻤﻪ روزﻧﻪاي و ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺪه آوﻧﺪ ﻗﺮار داد ﺳــﻠﻮﻟﺰ ﻣﻄــﺎﺑﻖ ﺑــﺎ اﺳــﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺷــﻤﺎره T264-om- 88 (ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎي 3 و 4). آﻳــ ـﻴﻦﻧﺎﻣـــﻪ TAPPI؛ ﻟﻴﮕﻨـــﻴﻦ ﻣﻄـــﺎﺑﻖ ﺑـــﺎ اﺳـــﺘﺎﻧﺪارد •- ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ آراﻳﺶ آوﻧﺪﻫﺎ (ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ )7 : T222-om-88 آﺋﻴﻦﻧﺎﻣﻪ TAPPI؛ ﻣﻮاد اﺳﺘﺨﺮاﺟﻲ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس •- آوﻧﺪﻫﺎ در ردﻳﻒﻫﺎي ﺷـﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻧﺴـ ﺒﺘﺎً ﺑﻠﻨـﺪ آراﻳـﺶ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ASTM ﺷـﻤﺎره D1107-84؛ و ﺧﺎﻛﺴـﺘﺮ ﻣﻄـﺎﺑﻖ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪاﻧﺪ ( ﺷﻜﻞﻫﺎي 3 و 4). ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺷﻤﺎره T211-om-88 اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ. •-ﮔﺮوهﺑﻨﺪي آوﻧﺪﻫﺎ (ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ 11): آوﻧﺪﻫﺎ در ردﻳﻒ ﻫﺎي ﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ در ﺗﻌﺪاد ﭼﻬـﺎر ﻋـﺪد ﻳـﺎ وﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎي ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ و در داﺧﻞ ﮔﻮدي "ﻓﻠﻮﺋﻢﻫﺎي داﺧﻞ ﺑﺎﻓـﺖ ﭼـﻮﺑﻲ " وﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎي ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﭼـﻮب ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ اﺷـﻨﺎن ( Seidlitzia ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮوﻫﻲ ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻨﺪ (ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎي 3 و 4).
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