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Nutritive Value of Some Herbage for Dromedary Camels in the Central Arid Zone of Iran

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Nutritive Value of Some Herbage for Dromedary Camels in the Central Arid Zone of Iran Trop Anim Health Prod (2011) 43:617–622 DOI 10.1007/s11250-010-9741-9 ORIGINAL RESEARCH Nutritive value of some herbage for dromedary camels in the central arid zone of Iran Armin Towhidi & Tannaz Saberifar & Essa Dirandeh Accepted: 13 April 2010 /Published online: 3 December 2010 # Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010 Abstract The purpose of this study is to prepare standard rigida, Tamarix tree, and Artemisia seiberi were more tables of the chemical composition of feedstuff and to pleasurable feeds, respectively. There was no consistent determine the digestibility and palatability of different plant relationship between the palatability of herbages with the species in the dromedary camel, this research was con- percentage of digestible organic matter in the dry matter or ducted considering the consumed herbages by camels in the chemical composition. central arid zone of Iran. The following plant species were included: Alhagi camelorum, Artemisia sieberi, Atriplex Keywords Chemical composition . Digestibility . lentiformis, Haloxylon persicum, Hammada salicornica, Palatability. Herbage . Camel Salsola tomentosa, Salsola rigida, Seidlitzia rosmarinus, Suaeda fruticosa, Tamarix tree, and Tamarix kotschi. Thirty samples of the browsing parts were collected from three Introduction sites in the rangelands of Qom and Yazd province. The chemical composition of the samples, including dry matter, To determine the nutritive value of feedstuffs for camels, crude protein (CP), crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber the first step is to analyze the chemical composition of (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), ether extract, total ash, different species of plants preferred by camels, and then to macroelements (Ca, P, Mg, K), microelements, and gross measure their digestibility and palatability. The chemical energy were measured. The in vitro digestibility of the compositions of many feedstuffs have been obtained from plants was measured by camel liquor using the Tilley different ecosystems in the Arab region of Asia and Africa and Terry method. The palatability of the plants was (Wardeh et al. 1990; Alhadrami et al. 1998). In India, the measured by four mature camels in cafeteria trials. Data nutritive value of different tree leaves and green lucerne were analyzed by general linear model method using the fodder for camels in the north semiarid zone was SAS software. The highest CP (17.5%) related to determined (Bhagwat et al. 2001). They suggested that the Haloxylon persicum and the lowest NDF (26.2%) and tree leaves were palatable to camels and can serve as a good ADF (12.6%) were related to Salsola rigida. The lowest CP and nutritive fodder for camels. Rai and samanta (2007) (5.5%) and the highest NDF (72.8%) and ADF (59.6%) also reported the nutritive value of tree leaves and their were related to Artemisia sieberi. The results also indicate production for ruminants in India. that Atriplex lentiformis, Alhagi camelorum, Seidlitzia In Iran, Javan (2001) reported the digestibility of some rosmarinus, Suaeda fruticosa, Haloxylon persicum, Salsola arid rangeland plants using bovine rumen liquor. The tomentosa, Hammada salicornica, T. kotschi, Salsola determination of in vivo digestibility of wheat straw implied that camels apparently digest poor quality roughage : : better than cattle and sheep (Hedi and Khemais 1990; A. Towhidi (*) T. Saberifar E. Dirandeh Cianci et al. 2004); hence, it is required to measure the in Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Science vitro digestibility of herbage by camel rumen liquor. and Engineering, University of Tehran, P. O. Box 4111, Karaj, Iran It has been documented that there is a reverse relation- e-mail: [email protected] ship between digestibility and palatability of forages with 618 Trop Anim Health Prod (2011) 43:617–622 neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content (Lascano et al. 2003; ments (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn), and gross energy were analyzed in Bagg 2003). While there is a positive correlation between the Animal Science Research Institute (Karaj) by standard the preferred rating of herbages and nitrogen and mineral methods (AOAC 1990; Vogel et al. 1999). The gross concentration in sheep, there are no data from dromedary energy of plants was measured by calorimetric bomb. camels. Recently, we reported the nutritive value of nine plant Determination of in vitro digestibility species from the east–north arid zone of Iran (Towhidi and Zhandi 2007); however, little information is known about To determine the digestibility of the plants, four mature the nutritive value of range herbages consumed by camels male camels were fitted with a fistula made of polyamide in the central arid and semiarid zones of Iran. The and polyvinyl chloride in the dorsal–caudal section of the objectives of this study were to determine (1) the chemical fore stomach under appropriate anesthesia and analgesia composition and gross energy of the consumed plant (von Engelhardt et al. 2006). The diameter of the external species, including Alhagi camelorum, Artemisia sieberi, opening of the large cannula was 7 cm, the diameter of the Atriplex lentiformis, Haloxylon persicum, Hammada sali- internal opening was 12 cm, and the weight of the cannula cornica, Salsola tomentosa, Salsola rigida, Seidlitzia was 35 g. The camels were allowed approximately 4 weeks rosmarinus, Suaeda fruticosa, Tamarix tree, and Tamarix to recover after the surgery. Postoperative monitoring was kotschi; (2) in vitro digestibility of plants by camel rumen performed by competent persons. We checked the animals liquor; and (3) the possible relationship between palatability to ensure that the cannula fitted well with no leakage or with digestibility or chemical composition of the herbages infection. They were cleaned as necessary and a detailed in dromedary camels. record of each animal from the day of fistulation was maintained, according to the procedures laid down by the Iranian Ministry of Agriculture (experimental permission Materials and methods no. 768). The in vitro digestibility was measured in duplicate by Animals and plants camel rumen liquor and pepsin, using the Tilley and Terry method (1963). The percentage of dry matter digestibility, The plant samples were collected in autumn 2005 based on organic matter digestibility, and organic matter digestibility stratified random sampling from the rangelands of the in dry matter (DOMD) were calculated. central arid zone of Iran. Thirty samples of the browsing parts were collected at seed ripening from three sites in The determination of palatability rangelands of Qom and Yazd province. The following plant species were included: Alhagi camelorum, Artemisia The palatability of plants was determined by four mature sieberi, Atriplex lentiformis, Haloxylon persicum, Ham- camels in the cafeteria trials. The camels were placed in mada salicornica, Salsola tomentosa, Salsola rigida, individual pen and offered simultaneously the choice of 11 Seidlitzia rosmarinus, Sueda fruticosa, Tamarix tree, and fresh plant species. The plant samples were collected from the T. kotschi. browsing parts from the rangelands. No apparent stress or Eight mature male camels (weight=380±21 kg; age=58 anxiety was observed from individual penning of the camels. ±2 months) were selected from herd of animal science The camels were fed each morning for 1 h during six research institute. Four of them were fitted with fistula for consecutive days. Each feed was weighed and offered in three providing rumen liquor. Fistulation was done with appro- separate containers. Sufficient feed was placed in each priate anesthesia and analgesia based on the Iranian container so that the feed would not be depleted. The feed Ministry of Agriculture rules related to animal trial. remaining from the previous feeding was weighed to determine the amount consumed, and the containers were Chemical analyses refilled. The location of the containers in the pen was randomizes at each feeding. To compare the preferred feeding After natural drying without air conditioning, leaves and based on a defined standard, a sample of each collected stems were separated manually. The ratio of leaf to stem sample were dried at room temperature for 1 month. The was assessed. The samples were ground in a laboratory mill camels had free access to water throughout the trial. to pass through a 1-mm screen for chemical analyses and for incubations by in vitro assays. Chemical composition of Statistical analysis samples including dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), NDF, acid detergent fiber (ADF), ether Data from feed preference trials were analyzed by the extract, total ash, macroelements (Ca, P, Mg, K), microele- generalized linear model (GLM) using the SAS software Trop Anim Health Prod (2011) 43:617–622 619 Table 1 Chemical composition of different plant species based on dry matter Plant Phenological Leaf/stem DM (g/kg) CP (g/kg CF (g/kg NDF (g/kg ADF (g/kg DM) TA (g/kg DM) EE (g/ stage ratio DM) DM) DM) kg DM) Atriplex SR 1:4.49 929 87 382 648 466 123 2.0 lentiformis Alhagi SR 1:2.80 940 150 244 264 273 71 7.0 camelorum Seidlitzia SR 1:3.42 933 95 232 322 264 263 1.5 rosmarinus Suaeda SR 1:3.15 902 135 342 510 392 211 3.0 fruticosa Haloxylon SR 1:2.61 957 175 236 514 304 306 9.0 persicum Salsola SR 1:3.32 932 133 416 600 398 195 4.0 tomentosa Hammada SR 1:4.01 923 117 428 516 426 143 3.5 salicornica Tamarix kotschi SR 1:4.91 918 72 330 496 452 147 4.0 Salsola rigida SR 1:2.85 947 146 104 262 126 376 5.0 Tamarix tree SR 1:3.85 950 105 242 501 331 170 9.0 Artemisia SR 1:5.52 930 55 484 728 596 55 13.5 sieberi TA total ash, EE ether extract, SR seed ripening (1996). The means were compared within the GLM by are presented in Table 1 and 2, respectively. The results in Duncan’s test.
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