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Military Handbook Downloaded from http://www.everyspec.com MIL-HDBK-417 25 NOVEMBER 1977 MILITARY HANDBOOK FACILITY DESIGN FOR TROPOPHERIC SCATTER (TRANSHORIZON MICROWAVE SYSTEM DESIGN) SLHC Downloaded from http://www.everyspec.com MIL-HDBK-417 25 NOVEMBER 1977 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE WASHINGTON DC MIL-HDBK-417 FACILITY DESIGN TROWSPHERIC SCATTER (TRASHORIZON MICROWAVE SYSTEM DESIGN) 1. This standardization handbook was developed by the Department of Defense in accordance with established procedure. 2. This publication was approved on 25 NOVEMBER 1977 for Printing and inclusion in the military standardization handbook series. 3. This document provides basic and fundamental information on Facility Design Tropospheric Scatter (Transhorizon Microwave System Design). It will provide valuable information and guidance to per- sonnel concerned with the preparation of specifications and the pro- curement of Tropo Scatter equipment for the Defense Communication System. The handbook is not intended to be referenced in purchase specifications except for informational purposes, nor shall it supersede any specification requirements. 4. Every effort has been made to reflect the latest information on Tropospheric Scatter Design It is the intent to review this hand- book periodically to insure its completeness and currency. Beneficial comments (recommendations, additions, deletions) and any pertinent data which may be of use in improving this document should be addressed to: Commander, Rome Air Development Center, ATTN: RADC/RBRD, Griffiss AFB NY 13441 by using the self-addressed Standardization Document Improvement Proposal (DD Form 1426) appearing at the end of this document or by letter. ii Downloaded from http://www.everyspec.com MIL-HDBK-417 25 November 1977 FOREWORD This handbook has been prepared to provide communications engineers with the information and techniques needed in the design of wide-band transhorizon radio systems at frequencies generally between 200 MHz and 5 GHz. The material was compiled from many sources, including CCIR and CC ITT documents, military manuals and standards, and various technical books and journals. Many members of the ITS staff have contributed to this effort; those most directly involved were L.G. Hause (Project leader), A.P. Barsis, J.E. Farrow, F.G. Kimmett, A.G. Longley, P. L. Rice, C.A. Samson, and R.E. Skerjanec. The project was sponsored by the United States Air Force Communica- tions Service, Richards-Gebaur AFB, with B. Heidgen of that organiza- tion providing technical liaison with ITS. iii Downloaded from http://www.everyspec.com MIL-HDBK-417 25 NOVEMBER 1977 CONTENTS Page CHAPTER 1. SCOPE 1-1 Section 1.1 General 1-1 1.2 Purpose 1-2 1.3 Application 1-2 1.4 Objectives 1.2 1.5 General Instructions 1-3 1.6 Organization 1-3 CHAPTER 2. REFERENCE DOCUMENTS 2-1 CHAPTER 3. TERMS AND DEFINITIONS 3-1 Section 3.1 SYMBOLS 3-2 CHAPTER 4. SYSTEM DESIGN 4-1 Section 4.0 Introduction 4-1 4.1 Starting Design 4-3 4.1.1 General 4-3 4.1.2 Functional Requirements 4-3 4.1.3 Facility Locations 4-3 4.1.4 Future Expansion 4-4 4.1.5 Channel Parameters 4-4 4.1.6 Resource Limitations 4-4 4.1.7 Economic Restraint 4-4 4.1.8 Real Estate Availability 4-6 4.1.9 Construction Limitations 4-6 4.1.10 Primary Power Limitations 4-7 4.1.11 Frequency Spectrum Availability 4-7 4.1.12 Radio Frequency Assignment 4-8 iv Downloaded from http://www.everyspec.com MIL-HDBK-417 25 NOVEMBER 1977 Contents (contd.) Page 4.1.13 General 4-8 4.1.14 Application for Frequency 4-9 Allocation 4.1.15 Deadlines and Schedules 4-9 4.1.16 Engineering Project File 4-9 4.1.17 Determine EIP Content 4-15 4.1.18 Determine Basic Feasibility 4-15 4.1.19 Review Requirements vs. 4-15 Limitations Section 4.2 Study of Route Alternatives 4-17 4.2.1 General Considerations 4-17 4.2.2 Types and Sources of maps 4-18 4.2.3 Selection of Potential Sites 4-18 4.2.4 Selection of Potential Routes 4-19 4.2.5 Initial Transmission Loss 4-23 Calculations 4.2.6 General 4-23 4.2.7 Transmission Loss and Related 4-24 Terms 4.2.8 Grade of Service and Time 4-24 Availability 4.2.9 The Operating Noise Threshold, 4-25 Pm 4.2.10 Total Percent Time Availability 4-26 4.2.11 Basic Transmission Loss, Lb, and 4-26 Path Antenna Gain, G P 4.2.12 Attenuation Relative to Free Space 4-30 V Downloaded from http://www.everyspec.com MIL-HDBK-417 25 NOVEMBER 1977 Contents contd. Page 4.2,13 The Maximum Tolerable Attenua- 4-36 tion, Am and the Power Budget 4.2.14 Noise Considerations 4-38 4.2.15 The Operating Noise Threshold 4-38 Pm 4.2.16 Pre-Detection Radio Frequency 4-38 Bandwidth, brf 4.2.17 The Thermal Noise Power 4-41 4.2.18 The Receiver Noise Figure 4-41 4.2.19 The Required Hourly Median Pre - 4-42 detection Carrier-to-Noise Ratio 4.2.20 An Example of Estimating and 4-44 Evaluating the Maximum Allowable Attenuation, Am 4.2.21 Grading Paths for Optimum 4-46 Route Selection 4.2.22 Other Route Considerations 4-46 4.2.23 General 4-46 4.2.24 Climatological Influences 4-47 4.2.25 Engineering and Construction 4-48 costs 4.2.26 Logistic Support 4-48 4.2.27 Geological Factors 4-49 4.2.28 Site Security 4-49 4.2.29 Potentiai Radio Interference 4-49 4.2.30 Land Availability 4-50 4.2.31 Select Primary and Alternate 4-51 Routes Section 4.3 Field Survey 4-54 4.3.1 General 4-54 vi Downloaded from http://www.everyspec.com MIL-HDBK-417 25 November 1977 Contents (contd.) Page 4.3.2 Planning the Field Survey 4-55a 4.3.3 List Information Required 4-56 4.3.4 Survey Equipment Requirements 4-63 4.3.5 Transportation 4-65 4.3.6 Personnel 4-65 4.3.7 Frequency Requirements 4-65 4.3.8 Time Requirements 4-66 4.3.9 Request for Survey 4-66 4.3.10 Obtain Permission for Site Visits 4-66 4.3.11 Site Visits 4-67 4.3.12 Survey Terrain Clearances and 4-73a Elevation Angles 4.3.13 Profiles from Aerial Surveys 4-73b 4.3.14 Profiles from New Maps Drawn 4-73C from Aerial Photographs 4.3.15 Path Loss Measurements 4-74 4.3.16 Analyze, Compare, and Select 4-77 Sites 4.3.17 Select Frequencies 4-80 Section 4.4 Transhorizon Link Design 4-81 4.4.1 Introduction and Outline 4-81 4.4.2 Atmospheric Parameters 4-82 4.4.3 Refractivity 4-82 4.4.4 Atmospheric Absorption and 4-89 Rainfall 4.4.5 Path Profiles 4-92 4.4.6 Purpose of Path Profiles 4-92 4.4.7 Path Parameters 4-92 4.4.8 Map Requirements 4-96 4.4.9 Great-Circle Path Calculations 4-97 vii Downloaded from http://www.everyspec.com MIL-HDBK-417 25 NOVEMBER 1977 Contents contd. Page 4.4.10 Reading and Evaluating Profile 4-102 Elevations 4.4.11 Plotting Terrain Profiles 4-103 4.4.12 Computer Procedures and 4-106 Utilization of Profile Plots 4.4.13 Transmission Loss Calculations 4-108 4.4.14 Introduction 4-108 4.4.15 Limitations and Definitions 4-109 4.4.16 Transmission Loss Calculations 4-111 4.4.17 Required Terrain Parameters 4-114 4.4.18 Required Atmospheric 4-116 Parameters 4.4.19 Basic Transmission Loss in 4-117 Free Space 4.4.20 Attenuation over Single-horizon 4-117 Diffraction Links 4.4.21 Diffraction Over Smooth Terrain 4-131 4.4.22 Diffraction Over Irregular 4-137 Terrain (Two Horizons) 4.4.23 Tropospheric Scatter 4-141 4.4.24 Combining Diffraction and 4-148 Scatter Loss 4.4.25 Long-Term Variability 4-150 4.4.26 System Parameters, Confidence 4-168 Limits, and Service Probability 4.4.27 Prediction Uncertainty Concepts 4-168 4,4.28 The System Equation 4-170 4.4.29 The Effective Path Antenna 4-172 Gain, G P 4.4.30 Time Availability and System 4-174 Parameters viii Downloaded from http://www.everyspec.com MIL-HDBK-417 Contents contd. 25 NOVEMBER 1977 4.4.31 Service Probability 4-177 4.4.32 An Example of Performance 4-184 and Service Probability Calculations 4.4.33 An Alternative Approach to 4-191 Variability Calculations 4.4.34 Diversity on Transhorizon Links 4-193 4.4.35 General Considerations for Space, 4-193 Frequency, and Quadruple Diversity 4.4.36 Spacing and Frequency 4-200 Separation 4.4.37 Horizontal Space Diversity for 4-201 Single Obstacle Diffraction Paths 4.4.38 Combiners 4-202 4.4.39 Radio Frequency Interference 4-202 4.4.40 General 4-202 4.4.41 Additive Radio Noise 4-203 4.4.42 Frequency Selective 4-208 Interference 4.4.43 Sharing of Frequency Bands 4-209 Between Communication- Satellite Systems and Trans - horizon Terrestrial Radio- Relay Systems 4.4.44 Equipment Considerations 4-209 4.4.45 Antennas 4-209 4.4.46 Antenna Types and Parameters 4-209 4.4.47 Isotropic Antennas and Gain 4-210 4.4.48 Directivity and Radiation 4-212 Patterns ix Downloaded from http://www.everyspec.com MIL-HDBK-417 25 NOVEMBER 1977 Contents contd.
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