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Exploration, Modelling and Management of Groundwater-Dependent Ecosystems in Karst – the Sian Ka'an Case Study, Yucatan, Mexico

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Exploration, Modelling and Management of Groundwater-Dependent Ecosystems in Karst – the Sian Ka'an Case Study, Yucatan, Mexico Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Dec 17, 2017 Exploration, modelling and management of groundwater-dependent ecosystems in karst – the Sian Ka'an case study, Yucatan, Mexico Gondwe, Bibi Ruth Neuman; Auken, Esben; Bauer-Gottwein, Peter Publication date: 2010 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Gondwe, B. R. N., Auken, E., & Bauer-Gottwein, P. (2010). Exploration, modelling and management of groundwater-dependent ecosystems in karst – the Sian Ka'an case study, Yucatan, Mexico. Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark: Technical University of Denmark (DTU). General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Exploration, modelling and management of groundwater-dependent ecosystems in karst – the Sian Ka’an case study, Yucatan, Mexico Bibi R. N. Gondwe PhD Thesis March 2010 Exploration, modelling and management of groundwater-dependent ecosystems in karst – the Sian Ka’an case study, Yucatan, Mexico Bibi R. N. Gondwe PhD Thesis March 2010 DTU Environment Department of Environmental Engineering Technical University of Denmark Bibi R. N. Gondwe Exploration, modelling and management of groundwater-dependent ecosystems in karst – the Sian Ka’an case study, Yucatan, Mexico PhD Thesis, March 2010 The thesis will be available as a pdf-file for downloading from the homepage of the department: www.env.dtu.dk Address: DTU Environment Department of Environmental Engineering Technical University of Denmark Miljoevej, building 113 DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark Phone reception: +45 4525 1600 Phone library: +45 4525 1610 Fax: +45 4593 2850 Homepage: http://www.env.dtu.dk E-mail: [email protected] Printed by: Vester Kopi Virum, March 2010 Cover: Torben Dolin ISBN: 978-87-91855-86-3 Preface This PhD thesis is based on research undertaken from November 2006 to February 2010 at the Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU). The work was carried out under the supervision of Associate Professor Peter Bauer-Gottwein. Associate Professor Esben Auken, Department of Earth Sciences, Aarhus University, was co-supervisor. The work was primarily funded by DTU. The research was primarily carried out at DTU, but included two field trips to the study area in Mexico (Feb–Apr 2007, Jan–Mar 2008), a short external stay at Geological Survey of Austria (Nov–Dec 2007) and a longer research stay at Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, Florida, USA (Mar–Jun 2008). The content of this thesis is based on five scientific journal papers. At the time of writing, two have been published: I Gondwe, B.R.N., Hong, S.-H., Wdowinski, S., Bauer-Gottwein, P. (2010). Hydrologic dynamics of the ground-water-dependent Sian Ka’an wetlands, Mexico, derived from InSAR and SAR data. Wetlands 30 (1), 1–13. doi: 10.1007/s13157-009-0016-z. II Supper, R., Motschka, K., Ahl, A., Bauer-Gottwein, P., Gondwe, B., Alonso, G.M., Romer, A., Ottowitz, D., Kinzelbach, W. (2009). Spatial mapping of submerged cave systems by means of airborne electromagnetics: an emerging technology to support protection of endangered karst aquifers. Near Surface Geophysics 7 (5–6), 613– 327. III Gondwe, B.R.N., Ottowitz, D., Supper, R., Motschka, K., Merediz- Alonso, G., Bauer-Gottwein, P. (submitted). Exploring regional-scale preferential flow paths in the karst aquifer of Southern Quintana Roo, Mexico. Manuscript submitted. i IV Gondwe, B.R.N., Lerer, S., Stisen, S., Marín, L., Rebolledo-Vieyra, M., Merediz-Alonso, G., Bauer-Gottwein, P. (in review). Hydrogeology of the south-eastern Yucatan Peninsula: New insights from water level measurements, geochemistry, geophysics and remote sensing. Manuscript submitted. V Gondwe, B.R.N., Merediz-Alonso, G., Bauer-Gottwein, P. (submitted). The influence of conceptual model uncertainty on management decisions for a groundwater-dependent ecosystem in karst. Manuscript submitted. In the thesis, these papers are referred to by author names and Roman numbers. Please note that the papers are not included in this web-version but may be obtained from the library at Department of Environmental Engineering, DTU, Miljoevej, Building 113, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, [email protected]. A technical note is included as an appendix, displaying maps and coordinates of field data points. Additionally, the following publications, related to the topic of the thesis, have been co-authored during the PhD-study, but are not included in the thesis: Bauer-Gottwein, P., Gondwe, B.N., Christiansen, L., Herckenrath, D., Kgotlhang, L., Zimmermann, S. (2010). Hydrogeophysical exploration of three-dimensional salinity anomalies with the time- domain electromagnetic method (TDEM). Journal of Hydrology 380 (3–4), 318–329. doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.11.007. Gondwe, B.N., Bauer-Gottwein, P., Merediz-Alonso, G., Fregoso, A., Supper, R. (2010). Groundwater resources management in Quintana Roo, Mexico: Problems, scientific tools and policy. In: Friedman, M.J. (Ed.): Global water issues. U.S. Department of State, Bureau of International Information Programs. In press. Kgs. Lyngby, February 2010 Bibi Ruth Neuman Gondwe ii Acknowledgements First of all, I would like to extend a warm thank you to my supervisor, Peter Bauer-Gottwein. You have been an inspiring supervisor, always willing and ready to help, guide and discuss, and full of contagious enthusiasm and motivation. I also owe a great thank you to Amigos de Sian Ka’an, for introducing me to this exciting topic and for a good cooperation throughout. The field work could not have been possible without the extensive help, personnel- and equipment-wise, from Amigos de Sian Ka’an, especially Gonzalo, Miriam, Alejandra, Luis, Basilio, Valdemar and Albert; from Luis Marin and students from UNAM – Pépé, Gabriela, Alexander, José Antonio and Mario B. , and from Judith Morales. CICY-CEA staff, particularly Mario Rebolledo, is gratefully acknowledged for use of equipment and for chemical analyses. Global Vision International is kindly acknowledged for lodging in Tulum. I furthermore greatly appreciate the field work and project work carried out by the DTU M.Sc. students Chiara, Sara and Guillaume. I thank Shimon Wdowinski and Sang-Hoon Hong from RSMAS/MGG, University of Miami, as well as Robert Supper, David Ottowitz and the rest of the staff from the Geophysics Department of Geological Survey of Austria for the cooperation on the work reported in three of the papers. I also thank Esben Auken and staff at Department of Earth Sciences, University of Aarhus, and Yusen Ley-Cooper, now Geoscience Australia, for help and discussions on ground-based and airborne EM data. I am grateful to Jim Coke, Quintana Roo Speleological Survey, and Grupo de Exploracion Ox Bel Ha for permission to use cave maps. The principal explorers of the Ox Bel Ha system: B. Birnbach, S. Bogaerts, F. Devos, C. Le Maillot, S. Meacham, B. Philips, S. Richards, D. Riordan, S. Schnittger, G. Walten and K. Walten, and the principal explorers of the Sac Actun system: S. Bogaerts, K. Davidson, D. Jones, B. Phillips and R. Schmittner are gratefully acknowledged. iii CONAGUA, especially Ing. José Luis Acosta, Ing. Iván Gamboa and Ing. Sergio Peña, are acknowledged for access to borehole and climate data. CAPA, especially Ing. Angel Huape and Ing. Dionné Rivas, are acknowledged for access to water supply wells and chemical data sets. I thank well operators, private ranch owners, subdelegados, commisariados ejidal, and private well owners for granting us access to sample water, measure water levels and log in wells. CONANP staff is acknowledged for reading surface water gauges inside Sian Ka’an. I thank Sinh Hy Nguyen and Jens Schaarup Sørensen for lab analyses of water samples, and Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, for oxygen isotope analyses. I appreciate the help with figures and printing of the thesis from Lisbet Brusendorff and Torben Dolin. Funding from WWF Verdensnaturfonden/Aase & Ejnar Danielsens Fond 2006 and 2007, the COWIfoundation, Amigos de Sian Ka’an, the Austrian Science Fund (project L524-N10 ‘XPLORE’), The Nature Conservancy, UNESCO, Geological Survey of Austria, ETH Zürich, Otto Mønsted’s foundation and the NASA Cooperative Agreement No. NNX08BA43A (WaterSCAPES: Science of Coupled Aquatic Processes in Ecosystems from Space) is gratefully acknowledged. My family, both in Denmark, USA, Mexico, Botswana, Malawi and Israel, has been wonderful. A special thank you to my parents, Inger and Ouri, for your constant support, encouragement and love. Thanks to my colleagues at DTU and to my friends for fun times and good chats. Most especially, a huge and warm thank you to my husband, Tiyezge. You turn difficult days in to fun ones, and make happy days even happier. Also thanks to our li’l “+” for kicks of encouragement. iv Abstract Sian Ka’an is a nature reserve of international importance, located on one of the world’s largest and most spectacular karst aquifers – the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico. The vast wetlands in Sian Ka’an are fed by groundwater from the aquifer through both submerged caves and diffuse flow from the rock matrix. Groundwater-dependent ecosystems (GDEs) are increasingly the focus of environmental protection efforts worldwide. GDEs in karst, such as Sian Ka’an, are particularly sensitive and susceptible to pollution, because of fast water flow and pollution transport in karst.
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