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Religion and Society in Roman Palestine: Old Questions, New 111 1 RELIGION AND SOCIETY IN ROMAN PALESTINE 011 1 0111 0111 0111 4111 1 1 11 11 11 11 111 1 RELIGION AND SOCIETY IN ROMAN PALESTINE 011 Old questions, new approaches 1 Edited by 0111 Douglas R. Edwards 0111 0111 4111 1 1 First published 2004 by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Simultaneously published in the UK by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group 11 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2004. © 2004 Douglas R. Edwards for selection and editorial material; individual contributors for their contributions All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested 11 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0-203-40956-6 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-34194-5 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0–415–30597–7 (Print Edition) 11 11 111 1 For Eric M. Meyers, whose work as teacher, colleague, administrator, and scholar has inspired a generation of students, challenged his fellow colleagues, and set impeccable standards 011 for archaeological research and historical reconstruction. 1 0111 0111 0111 4111 1 1 11 11 11 11 111 1 CONTENTS 011 1 List of illustrations ix List of contributors xi Foreword MARTIN GOODMAN xiii Acknowledgments xviii List of abbreviations xix 0111 1 Constructing the world of Roman Palestine: an introduction 1 DOUGLAS R. EDWARDS 2 First century Jewish Galilee: an archaeological perspective 7 MORDECHAI AVIAM 3 Jewish settlement in the southeastern Hula Valley in 0111 the first century CE 28 IDAN SHAKED AND DINA AVSHALOM-GORNI 4 The Galilean response to earliest Christianity: a cross-cultural study of the subsistence ethic 37 MILTON MORELAND 5 Language and writing in early Roman Galilee: social location of a potter’s abecedary from Khirbet Qana 49 0111 ESTHER ESHEL AND DOUGLAS R. EDWARDS 6 Dionysos and Herakles in Galilee: the Sepphoris mosaic in context 56 4111 SEAN FREYNE vii CONTENTS 1 7 The first-century synagogue: critical reassessments and assessments of the critical 70 LEE I. LEVINE 8 City coins and Roman power in Palestine: from Pompey to the Great Revolt 103 MARK A. CHANCEY 1 9 Imagined households 113 CYNTHIA M. BAKER 10 Gender, difference, and everyday life: the case of weaving and its tools 129 MIRIAM PESKOWITZ 11 Why scroll jars? 146 JODI MAGNESS 11 12 Qumran and the Dead Sea Scrolls: the contention of twelve theories 162 MAGEN BROSHI AND HANAN ESHEL 13 Opening up our view: Khirbet Qumran in a regional perspective 170 JÜRGEN ZANGENBERG 11 Index 189 11 11 viii 111 1 ILLUSTRATIONS 011 1 Figures 2.1 Galilean coarse ware (GCW) shards from Gush-Halav 8 2.2 Map of GCW site distribution 9 2.3 (a) Bronze figurine of Osiris; (b) Inscribed situla from the temple at Mizpe HaYamim 10 2.4 Inscribed base of Apis’ bull from Beer Sheba of Galilee 11 0111 2.5 Bronze figurine of Aphrodite from Beer Sheba of Galilee 11 2.6 Bronze pendant of Horus “the infant” from Beer Sheba of Galilee 12 2.7 Yodefat: the Hasmonaean wall above the early pagan site walls 13 2.8 A Hasmonaean miqveh from Qeren Naftali 14 2.9 A reconstruction of the first century CE gate at Tiberias 16 2.10 Yodefat: the fresco walls from the eastern slope, displayed in the Knesset 17 0111 2.11 Yodefat: pottery kilns in the southern part of the town, the eastern one covered by the town wall erected for the First Jewish Revolt 19 2.12 Yodefat: a chalk-made pitcher 20 2.13 A clay ossuary from a second century tomb at Kabul in Western Galilee 22 2.14 Yodefat: a private miqveh in the residential area 23 3.1 Map of pottery vessel and lamp distribution in the southeastern Hula valley 32 0111 5.1 Ostracon from Khirbet Qana 50 5.2 Line drawing of ostracon from Khirbet Qana 51 7.1 Theodotos inscription 78 7.2 Proposed reconstruction of the synagogue at Qiryat 4111 Sefer 85 ix ILLUSTRATIONS 1 7.3 Synagogue at Modi‘in 86 7.4 Plan of synagogue at Jericho, final stage 88 11.1 A cylindrical jar, a bowl-shaped lid, and a bag-shaped storage jar 148 Table 3.1 List of sites in Hula Valley survey 30 1 11 11 11 11 111 CONTRIBUTORS 011 1 Mordechai Aviam, Institute for Galilean Archaeology, University of Rochester, New York. Dina Avshalom-Gorni of the Israel Antiquities Authority has an MA in Archaeology from Bar Ilan University, Tel Aviv. Cynthia M. Baker is Assistant Professor of Religious Studies, Santa Clara University, California. 0111 Magen Broshi is Curator Emeritus, Shrine of the Book, Israel Museum, Jerusalem. Mark A. Chancey is Assistant Professor in the Department of Religious Studies, Southern Methodist University, Texas. Douglas R. Edwards is Professor of Archaeology and Religion at the University of Puget Sound, Washington. Esther Eshel is Assistant Professor of Hebrew Martze Bakir, Bible Department, Bar Ilan University, Tel Aviv. 0111 Hanan Eshel is Professor of Land of Israel Studies and Archaeology, Bar Ilan University, Tel Aviv. Sean Freyne is Director, Programme for Mediterranean and Near Eastern Studies, Trinity College, Dublin. Martin Goodman is Professor of Jewish Studies at Oxford University. Lee I. Levine is Rev. Moses Bernard Lauterman Family Chair in Classical Archaeology, Departments of Jewish History and Archaeology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. 0111 Jodi Magness is Kenan Distinguished Professor for Teaching Excellence in Early Judaism, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. 1 Milton Moreland is Assistant Professor of Religious Studies at Rhodes 4111 College, Tennessee. xi CONTRIBUTORS 1 Miriam Peskowitz is Associate Professor at Temple University and Reconstructionist Rabbinical College, Pennsylvania. Idan Shaked has an MA in Archaeology from Bar Ilan University, Tel Aviv. Jürgen Zangenberg is Assistant Professor of New Testament at Bergische Universität, Wuppertal, Germany. 1 11 11 11 11 xii 111 1 FOREWORD Martin Goodman 011 1 The proliferation over recent years of studies throwing light on the history of the Roman provinces has been stimulated above all by advances in the quantity and quality of archaeological research. New techniques, including not least the capacity to process large amounts of data through the use of computers, have permitted sophisticated study not only of individual provinces but of smaller sub-divisions within them. Historians have become increasingly aware of the dangers of generalizing about the cultures, 0111 economies, societies and religions of regions as vast and variegated as the Mediterranean world (see Hordern and Purcell 2000) or the Roman Near East (Millar 1993). The clarification of a new picture of this world, in which wider trends induced by state policy or inter-regional trade overlay consid- erable continuing diversity at many levels, must necessarily rely on numerous local studies such as are presented in this collection: the essays in this book represent the research of an international coterie of historians and archaeol- ogists united by an interest in the realia of Roman Palestine and a common debt to Eric Meyers, whose work has for many years inspired investigation into this field. 0111 Study of Roman Palestine can never be carried out in quite the same way as that of other provinces, and not only because, as Douglas Edwards empha- sizes in the first contribution in this volume, the impact of events in this region and period have been so decisive for the later history of Judaism and Christianity, so that few scholars can approach the field without subscribing, overtly or tacitly, to some modern agenda which may threaten to dictate the nature of their interpretation. Of no less importance, and unique to this province, is the survival through those religious traditions of a huge mass of literary material, originally composed in Roman Palestine, copied in antiquity and preserved continuously through the Middle Ages down to 0111 modern times. Jews preserved through the rabbinic academies and synagogue liturgy a great corpus of late-antique writings in Hebrew and Aramaic. Christians preserved a rather different corpus, since all the Jewish writings they retained 4111 were either in Greek or translations from the Greek: because Christians had xiii FOREWORD 1 their own distinctive literature from the early second century CE, the only Jewish works they treasured were all written before c.100 CE. One of the latest Jewish texts preserved and copied by Christians was the oeuvre of the first-century Jerusalemite priest Josephus, whose accounts of the polit- ical history of the Jews down to his own time make it possible to write a coherent narrative of the politics of Roman Palestine of a type unimaginable for other provinces and not feasible for Jewish history in late antiquity after 70 CE when the narrative of Josephus is lacking. Precisely the fullness and coherence of these literary sources makes it 1 tempting to rely upon them to write the history of Palestine at least to the time of the First Revolt of 66–70 CE, but the arbitrariness of the preserva- tion of the material should provoke caution. It is all too clear that much of the evidence preserved by the rabbis was ignored by the Christians, and vice versa. Both later traditions extracted from a much larger body of literature composed by Jews in Roman Palestine only what was of religious value to them.
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