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Diagnosis of the Ghiss Nekor Aquifer in Order to Elaborate the Aquifer Contract

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Diagnosis of the Ghiss Nekor Aquifer in Order to Elaborate the Aquifer Contract E3S Web of Conferences 37, 01006 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183701006 EDE6-2017 Diagnosis of the Ghiss Nekor aquifer in order to elaborate the aquifer contract Wissal BAITE1*, A. BOUKDIR1, A. ZITOUNI1, S. D. DAHBI2, H. MESMOUDI2, A. ELISSAMI3, E. SABRI1 et H. IKHMERDI1 1 Laboratory of Industrial Engineering, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Sciences and technologies Faculty, Beni Mellal, Morocco. 2 Hydraulic Basin Agency of Loukkos, Tetouan, Maroc. 3 National Office of Electricity and Drinking Water (ONEE), Rabat, Maroc. Abstract. The Ghiss-Nekor aquifer, located in the north-east of the action area of the ABHL, plays a strategic role in the drinkable water supply of the city of Al Hoceima and of the neighboring urban areas. It also participates in the irrigation of PMH. However, this aquifer has problems such as over-exploitation and pollution. In the face of these problems, the only Solution is the establishment of a new mode of governance, which privileges the participation, the involvement and the responsibility of the actors concerned in a negotiated contractual framework, namely the aquifer contract. The purpose of this study is to diagnose the current state of the Ghiss Nekor aquifer, the hydrogeological characterization of the aquifer, the use of the waters of the aquifer, the Problem identification and the introduction of the aquifer contract, which aims at the participatory and sustainable management of underground water resources in the Ghiss- Nekor plain, to ensure sustainable development. 1 Introduction Morocco has always made the development of the water sector a priority and a strategic choice. This sector, one of the main levers of economic and social development, faces two key challenges: [1] - The depletion of water resources in relation to the increase in all-purpose water demand, with a tendency towards absolute scarcity by 2025 [1] - The degradation of water resources that undergo different forms of pollution. [1] The Ghiss-Nekor alluvial aquifer is one of the most important aquifers in the northeastern part of the ABHL area. This water table plays a strategic role: it currently provides most of the drinking water supply in the city of Al Hoceima and surrounding urban centers. It also participates in the irrigation of the PMH, especially on the right bank of the Nekor wadi. However, this aquifer is increasingly exploited because it is the only major aquifer in the area. In addition to overexploitation, groundwater is characterized by high ionic concentrations, due to the geological composition of the lands crossed, the mineralized inputs of the returns of irrigation water and the various polluting anthropogenic activities. This implies the need for a radical change in the management of water resources. * Corresponding Author: [email protected] © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). E3S Web of Conferences 37, 01006 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183701006 EDE6-2017 2 Problems of the Ghiss Nekor aquifer The Ghiss Nekor water table suffers from many problems among which we can mention the pollution. The waters of the aquifer are marked by very high levels of different ions (mainly chlorides and sodium). The high levels come mainly from the accumulation of water supplies of wadis (especially Nekor) rich in dissolved salts from evaporitic and carbonate formations. The result of the DRASTIC vulnerability index indicates that groundwater resources in the Ghis-Nekor Plain are sensitive to moderate to high levels of pollution [2]. The coastal zone of the study area is characterized by a high vulnerability that could be attributed to the shallow water depth (less than 5 meters below the earth's surface) and high permeability. In addition, the shallow aquifer in this zone consists mainly of interbedded deposits of gravel, sand and silt thin [2]. In addition, aquiferous materials are characterized by a high hydraulic conductivity. Areas with moderate to high vulnerability to groundwater pollution have been found to be correlated with areas of high anthropogenic pollution activity. [2]. The Ghiss Nekor water table has been negatively affected by the succession of years of drought. In recent years, the surface waters of the Ghiss Nekor Plain have been considerably reduced, resulting in high groundwater pressure of the Ghiss Nekor water table, and consequently a decrease in the piezometric level. Hence the need for immediate implementation of a sustainable management plan based on limiting hazardous activities, restoring groundwater quality and improving environmental good sense [2]. 3 Material and methods 3.1 Study zone The Ghiss-Nekor aquifer covers an area of 100 square kilometers and is located (fig. 1) northeast of the ABHL action zone and occupies the downstream part of the two basins of Ghiss and Nekor. The geographical limits of the study area are: in the North the Mediterranean Sea, in the West the city of Ajdir and the douars of Aït Youssef or Ali and Imrabtene, Douay Bouayach in the Southwest, douars Tessaft and the Dam Mohammed Ben Abdelkarim Al Khattabi in the South, the Southeast Douar of Beni Akki and East the center of Troughout 2 E3S Web of Conferences 37, 01006 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183701006 EDE6-2017 2 Problems of the Ghiss Nekor aquifer The Ghiss Nekor water table suffers from many problems among which we can mention the pollution. The waters of the aquifer are marked by very high levels of different ions (mainly chlorides and sodium). The high levels come mainly from the accumulation of water supplies of wadis (especially Nekor) rich in dissolved salts from evaporitic and carbonate formations. The result of the DRASTIC vulnerability index indicates that groundwater resources in the Ghis-Nekor Plain are sensitive to moderate to high levels of pollution [2]. The coastal zone of the study area is characterized by a high vulnerability that could be attributed to the shallow water depth (less than 5 meters below the earth's surface) and high permeability. In addition, the shallow aquifer in this zone consists mainly of interbedded deposits of gravel, sand and silt thin [2]. In addition, aquiferous materials are characterized by a high hydraulic conductivity. Areas with moderate to high vulnerability to groundwater pollution have been found to be correlated with areas of high anthropogenic pollution activity. [2]. The Ghiss Nekor water table has been negatively affected by the succession of years of drought. In recent years, the surface waters of the Ghiss Nekor Plain have been Fig. 1: Ghiss Nekor water table situation map at the national level and at the scale of the ABHL considerably reduced, resulting in high groundwater pressure of the Ghiss Nekor water action zone table, and consequently a decrease in the piezometric level. Hence the need for immediate implementation of a sustainable management plan based 3.2 Demographic characteristics on limiting hazardous activities, restoring groundwater quality and improving environmental good sense [2]. The evaluation of the demographic characteristics and the socio-economic conditions of the study area contributes to the valorization of human and natural resources with a view to a better exploitation for a sustainable development adapted to the peculiarities of the region. 3 Material and methods According to Morocco's regional breakdown of 2014, the study area falls under two provinces that are part of two different regions Tangier-Tetouan-Al Hoceima region for the 3.1 Study zone province of Al Hoceima and the Oriental region for the province of Driouch. The Ghiss-Nekor aquifer covers an area of 100 square kilometers and is located (fig. 1) The population of the Tangier-Tetouan-Al Hoceima region according to the General northeast of the ABHL action zone and occupies the downstream part of the two basins of Population and Housing Census of 2014 is 3556729 inhabitants and the province of Al Ghiss and Nekor. Hoceima has 399,654 inhabitants or 11.2%. The geographical limits of the study area are: in the North the Mediterranean Sea, in the The population of the Oriental region is 2314346 inhabitants while the province of West the city of Ajdir and the douars of Aït Youssef or Ali and Imrabtene, Douay Driouch has 211059 inhabitants or 9.1%. Bouayach in the Southwest, douars Tessaft and the Dam Mohammed Ben Abdelkarim Al Khattabi in the South, the Southeast Douar of Beni Akki and East the center of Troughout The two provinces share similarities despite the fact that Driouch Province is younger, and has a very pronounced rural character, with 68% of the population living in rural areas. 3.3 Geology of the Plio-Quaternary of Ghiss Nekor Overall, the plio-quaternary Ghiss-Nekor aquifer consists of a complex of alluvial deposits with vertical and lateral facies passages. These deposits store a generalized free web, which in some places is captive. Stratigraphically, we distinguish from bottom to top [3] : - The Plio-Villafranchian: is represented by a heterogeneous material consisting of conglomerates, sandstones and silts that are outcropping to the west of the plain at the level of the Oued Ghiss and Imzourène plateaus [3]; - The ancient Quaternary: outcrops on the lower Ghiss plateau and is made up of 3 E3S Web of Conferences 37, 01006 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183701006 EDE6-2017 heterogeneous material with conglomerates at the base [3]; - The Middle Quaternary: is represented by terraces encrusted on gravel Tensiftien- Amirien outcropping to the south of the plain in the region of Beni Bouayach to the west of Oued Nekor, downstream of Oued Tifaouine [3]; - The recent Quaternary: covers almost all of the plain and deposits consist of the gray silts of Rharbien and laterally evolve to the silty deposits of coastal glacis and low terrace (of Soltan age) south of the plain at from the left bank of Oued Nekor and to the east of Plio-Villafranchien d'Imzourène [3].
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