NASA Human Exploration Update

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Human Exploration & Operations Progress and Plans on the Journey to Mars

William H. Gerstenmaier | March 31, 2016 1 Human Exploration of Mars is Hard

20-30 tons Reliable in-space Ability to land large transportation: payloads needed Total continuous transportation power

130 tons Thin atmosphere and Heavy- lift mass dusty conditions for means multiple surface operations. launches per mission

13.5 km/s Earth 44 minute max two- way reentry speed communication delay 2-week blackout every 26 months when Earth and Mars are on opposite sides of the sun 800-1100 days away from Earth in micro gravity and high levels of radiation 20 tons of oxygen needed for ascent to orbit: In- Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) Mars is the Right Place for Human Exploration

• Robotic exploration has provided a very sound basis for a human mission • Mars weather Temperature: -86 C to 20 C – Tolerable for typical spacecraft systems – Varies with location • Water available for propellant and use of ascent vehicle • CO2 in atmosphere for O2 extraction • Radiation measured and tolerable – Even thin atmosphere provides some protection – Varies through day/night • Mars geology is right for the advantages of direct human interaction and sampling • Mars can tell us a lot about Earth and the possibility of life in the solar system

3 Humans to Mars: Achievable by Taking the Long View

• Use the International Space Station (ISS) to retire / mitigate risks to human health and test deep space habitation technologies • Develop multi-decadal transportation infrastructure that can support an affordable cadence and flexible launch and deployment capability • Conduct the architecture studies and technology development needed to enable our next steps • Engage international partners • Facilitate commercial investment in and use of the space environment Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate (HEOMD) has more human space systems development ongoing today than at any time since Apollo!

Continuous human presence on ISS for 15 years 4 Strategic Principles for Sustainable Exploration

• FISCAL REALISM: Implementable in the near -term with the buying power of current budgets and in the longer term with budgets commensurate with economic growth; • SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATION: Exploration enables science and science enables exploration; leveraging scientific expertise for human exploration of the solar system. • TECHNOLOGY PULL AND PUSH: Application of high Technology Readiness Level (TRL) technologies for near term missions, while focusing sustained investments on technologies and capabilities to address the challenges of future missions; • GRADUAL BUILD UP OF CAPABILITY: Near -term mission opportunities with a defined cadence of compelling and integrated human and robotic missions, providing for an incremental buildup of capabilities for more complex missions over time; • ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY: Opportunities for U.S. commercial business to further enhance their experience and business base; • ARCHITECTURE OPENNESS AND RESILENCE: Resilient architecture featuring multi -use, evolvable space infrastructure, minimizing unique developments, with each mission leaving something behind to support subsequent missions; • GLOBAL COLLABORATION AND LEADERSHIP: Substantial new international and commercial partnerships, leveraging current International Space Station partnerships and building new cooperative ventures for exploration; and • CONTINUITY OF HUMAN SPACEFLIGHT: Uninterrupted expansion of human presence into the solar system by establishing a regular cadence of crewed missions to cislunar space during ISS lifetime. 65 6 Human Space Exploration Phases From ISS to the Surface of Mars

Ends with testing, research and Today demos complete* Asteroid Redirect Crewed Phase 0: Exploration Systems Mission Marks Move from Testing on ISS Phase 1 to Phase 2

Phase 1: Cislunar Flight Ends with one year Testing of Exploration crewed Mars -class Systems shakedown cruise

Phase 2: Cislunar Validation of Exploration Capability

Phase 3: Crewed Missions Beyond Earth -Moon System

Planning for the details and specific Phase 4a: Development objectives will be needed in ~2020 and robotic preparatory missions * There are several other considerations for ISS end-of-life Phase 4b: Mars Mid-2020s 2030 Human Landing 7 Missions ISS End-of-Life Considerations

• Instead of declaring a definite end date for ISS, NASA will focus on considerations such as:

– Short term crewed habitation missions are being executed in cis-lunar space while ISS is still operational and being utilized

– Exploration research and technology/system development activities requiring ISS as a testbed are essentially complete

– There is an expanded commercial market and broad private/government/academic demand for Low Earth Orbit (LEO)-based platforms that are based on private and/or public/private business models

– Value benefit of the ISS has been sufficiently achieved

– Maximizing international ISS partnership and participation

– Safe sustainment of the ISS will remain paramount

8 Preliminary Top-Level Phase 0 - 1 - 2 Objectives

Phase 0: Exploration Research Phase 1: Cislunar Flight Testing Phase 2: Cislunar Validation of and Systems Testing on ISS of Exploration Systems Exploration Capability

. Test Mars-capable habitation systems . Demonstrate that Space Launch . Validate Mars class habitation and – Environmental Control and Life System (SLS) and launch processing habitation system functionality and Support System (ECLSS), systems can insert both Orion and performance environmental monitoring, crew co-manifested payloads into health equipment, exploration cis-lunar space . Validate Mars class human health generation Extravehicular Activity and performance (EVA) suit, fire detection/suppression, . Demonstrate that Orion and mission radiation monitoring operations can conduct crewed . Validate operational readiness to missions in cis-lunar space at least for leave Earth-Moon system via one . Complete human health & 21 days year+ “shakedown cruise” performance research and risk (no resupply/crew exchanges, limited reduction activities . Demonstrate Mars-extensible ground interaction, etc.) systems and mission operations that . Demonstrate exploration related reduce risk for future deep space technologies and operations missions (with EVA) beyond 21 days • Autonomous crew operations • Docking, prox ops enables enables enables

. Robotic manipulation technology and . Validate cislunar as staging orbits • Origins of the universe, lunar rover techniques demonstrations . Use of high power Solar Electric volatile sample return . Remote presence technology Propulsion (SEP) for deep space missions • Other scientific or research objectives? development and demonstrations . Asteroid related origins of the solar . Earth/space science system science objectives . Enable development of Low Earth Orbit . Demonstrate real-time robotic lunar (LEO) commercial market surface activities . In situ resource utilization demonstrations EARTH RELIANT Long-Duration Human Health Challenges

Radiation Effects Effects of Micro-g on Ocular Health and Intra-Cranial Pressure

Nutrition

Medical Kits Exercise and Bone & Devices Loss Prevention 11 One-Year Mission (1YM) & Twin Study

SCIENCE ACCOMPLISHMENTS 1YM Crew participated in 22 investigations (18 HRP -led, 2 IBMP -led, 2 JAXA -led) LESSONS • Kelly completed 74 in -flight test sessions LEARNED • Kornienko completed 41 in -flight test sessions • Fully- integrated multilateral plans by L- 22 • 459 total samples collected - 103 blood (450 ml) months - 186 urine (1.3 L) • Partner agencies must - 170 saliva, perspiration, water, surface swabs establish, respect - 8 fecal deadlines, requirements, • Included in 1081 frozen samples coming down on documentation needs SpaceX 8 PUBLIC INTEREST • All levels of all partner • 36 interviews during last 2 weeks of 1YM Flagship joint HRP/IBMP investigations management must be • 3 NASA PAO events • Fluid Shifts engaged and supporting • All coverage favorable - 3 full inflight sessions (US hardware in Zvezda) • Field Test - Both crewmembers tested in tent at landing site POST-FLIGHT DATA - Kelly also tested in Norway, Houston COLLECTION/DISSEMINATION PLAN U.S. Twins Investigation • Preliminary results by ~R+30 • 10 projects, 5 new to NASA • Most post -flight testing to be completed by R+180 • Wide- spectrum survey from chromosome (DNA, RNA) • Twins samples to be batch processed; BDC continues until R+9 months through proteome and metabolome, to immune, cardiovascular and central nervous systems and • Publications expected after February 2017 microbiome - Small n (1YM, Twins) compromises confidentiality, requires crewmember informed consent after data review

FOLLOW-ON ONE-YEAR MISSIONS • HRP requires 5 more 1YM coordinated with 2 -month taxi flights (2MM) and 6 -month standard expeditions (6MM) • “Standard Measures” core to track cross -duration variations, supplemented by specific investigations for greater insight • HRP ready to start ASAP 12 • HRP and ISSP socializing within NASA and with IPs Technologies and Capabilities

In-Space Manufacturing

Environmental Monitoring

Life Support

Robotic Refueling

Fire Safety Zero Boil-off Cryogenic Lightweight Fluid Optical Structures Storage Communication Demonstrating Technologies For Deep Space Habitation: Bigelow Expandable Activity Module

Launching on SpaceX CRS-8 14 Commercial Cargo Resupply Services 2

15 Commercial Crew: U.S. Transportation to ISS

Boeing Space-X

Commercial Crew Transportation Capability Contract underway with initial flights planned for 2017 CCP Major Partner Milestones (as of 3/2016)

2016 2017 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Qualif ication Parac hute ISS Servic e C rewe d Flight T e st Test Vehic l e Syste m Desig n M odule D esign Certificatio n Fli ght R eadin ess Dro p Ce rtifica tion H ot Fir e R evie w Re view T est 1 & 2 R evie w L aunc h Ab ort T est Orbital Pad Cre wed Flight Flight Abort Test Test Test (uncrew ed) Cer tificati on Boe ing R evie w

Launch Delta Space Sui t Parac hute Design Site C ritical Quali fication Q ualific ation Ce rtification Operation al Design T est Test Revie w Readiness Revie w Review #2 for Crew F l ight In-flight Flig ht T est Abort Tes t to ISS T est* to ISS Spa ceX (unc rewed ) (*date (crewed) Certific ation uno fficial) Revie w

● Both Commercial Crew Partners are on track to complete Certification by the end of 2017.

● The dates of some milestones have changed as: designs are matured, requirements are refined, and/or milestones are split. NASA’s Strategic Planning for LEO Commercialization

Vision: Sustained economic activity in LEO enabled by human spaceflight, driven by private and public investments creating value and benefitting Earth through commercial supply and public and private demand

2.0 The policy and regulatory 3.0 A robust, self-sustaining, 1.0 LEO and cost effective supply of 4.0 Broad sectors of the Goals commercialization environment promotes US commercial services economy using LEO for enabled by to/in/from LEO commercial purposes leveraging ISS commercialization of LEO accommodates public and private demands

• User -friendly ISS • Establish interagency • Leverage NASA NextSTEP • Establish consortia for process improvements working group to BAA studies for Deep Space potential high -payoff, address policy and Habitation capabilities and market -enabling • Maximize throughput regulatory issues follow- on to enable microgravity applications commercial LEO capabilities with public and private • Demonstrate & • Investigate economic funds to support communicate value cluster potential • Forecast NASA and OGA development (e.g. protein proposition of ISS demand for LEO research crystallization, exotic • Address barriers such through ISS EOL and beyond fibers, lightweight alloys, • Foster “success stories” as IP retention, liability, 3D tissues) ITAR • Enable Earth -similar • Utilize more laboratory capabilities for ISS • Establish commercial LEO commercial acquisition that can transition to utilization university strategies commercial platforms curriculum and programs

• Transition from NASA - supplied to commercially - supplied services and capabilities once available PROVING GROUND

19 Proving Ground Phase 1 Flight Test Objectives

CATEGORY FLIGHT TEST OBJECTIVE Transportation Demonstrate Orion’s capability to extract co-manifested payload from SLS fairing. Determine Orion’s ability to support missions with at least 4-Crew longer than 21 days in conjunction with additional Transportation elements. Transportation Evaluate Orion’s depress/repress for EV! contingency operations. Transportation Evaluate Orion’s off-axis (tail-to-sun) performance. Transportation Evaluate EUS TLI Performance with Orion plus Co-Manifested Payload. Transportation Evaluate high-power electric propulsion systems. Transportation Evaluate high-efficiency, high-power solar arrays in deep space. Transportation Demonstrate Earth-independent deep space navigation. Demonstrate transition between crewed and uncrewed operations, including configuration for remote/dormant Operations Working in Space operations and reactivation for crewed support. Operations Working in Space Demonstrate human spacecraft operations in the presence of communications latency. Operations Working in Space Demonstrate independent (On-board) mission and trajectory design/planning capability. Operations Working in Space Evaluate stowage strategies to handle logistics and trash within available stowage volume for deep space missions. Operations Working in Space Demonstrate side-by-side human and robotic operations. Exploration Working in Space Demonstrate collection and return of geologic asteroid samples. Demonstrate research sample acquisition, handling, analysis, and curation requiring environmentally controlled conditions Exploration Working in Space with no cross-contamination permitted. Habitation Staying Healthy Demonstrate crew accommodations for Beyond-LEO conditions. Habitation Staying Healthy Evaluate the performance of electrical components in a deep-space radiation environment. Evaluate cislunar transit habitat airlock and EVA system servicing accommodation for ability to support contingency EVA Habitation Staying Healthy operations. Evaluate cislunar transit habitat airlock and EVA system servicing accommodation for ability to support nominal deep Habitation Staying Healthy space mission EVA operations. Crew Health Staying Healthy Demonstrate/evaluate space radiation protection and monitoring. Crew Health Staying Healthy Demonstrate/evaluate human health, performance, and environmental health in a hostile and closed environment.

Crew Health Staying Healthy Evaluate the effects of deep space on complex organisms, plants, food, medicines, and animal models. 20 Exploration Systems Development

Beginning human exploration beyond Low Earth Orbit (LEO) as soon as practicable helps secure our future in space.

Space Launch System

Ground Systems Development & Operations

Orion Spacecraft Orion Accomplishments

Orion EM- 1 crew module pressure vessel The completed pressure vessel arrives at the European Service Module Structural Test welding is completed at Michoud Assembly Operations and Checkout Building at the Article (ESM STA) at Glenn Research Center Facility in New Orleans Kennedy Space Center Plum Brook Station in Ohio

Launch Abort Motor structural qualification test Final Engineering Parachute Drop Test, Orbital Maneuvering Engine on the ESM STA at Orbital ATK in Utah Army Yuma Proving Ground in Arizona at Glenn Research Center Plum Brook Station in Ohio Space Launch System Accomplishments

Launch Vehicle Stage Adapter Nozzle installation into the aft RS -25 flight engine 2059 installed for testing Test Article Fabrication booster segment for QM- 2 at Stennis Space Center

Steel towers rising for new SLS test stands at SLS Core Stage test article progress, Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage test Marshall Space Flight Center Michoud Assembly Facility article complete Ground Systems Development Accomplishments

First Work Platform for Space Launch System Conducted the Critical Design Review Completed Phase A Testing of the Orion Installed in Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) Service Module Umbilical

Started Construction of Flame Trench Completed Command and Control Software Received First Shipment of Booster at Launch Pad B Release 3.2 Pathfinder Hardware for V&V Testing at Rotation, Processing and Surge Facility (RPSF) EM-1 Vehicle Configuration 70 t

ELEMENT CONFIGURATION SUPPLIER Launch Abort Active Jettison Lockheed Martin System Motor Inert Abort Motor Crew Module Uncrewed Lockheed Martin Service ESA Module Adapters OSA NASA MSFC LVSA Teledyne Brown ICPS & Engine ICPS (LOX/LH2) with ULA RL -10B Engine Aerojet - Rocketdyne Height: 322 feet tall Core Stage LOX/LH2 Boeing Core Stage Four RS- 25’s Aerojet - Weight: 5.75 million pounds Engines Engines Rocketdyne Thrust: 8.8 million pounds at lift -off Boosters Two 5 -segment Orbital- ATK 25 Targeted launch no later than November 2018 Secondary Payloads

INTERIM 13 CUBE SATS CRYOGENIC PROPULSION SELECTED TO FLY ON STAGE EM-1 • Lunar Flashlight • Near Earth Asteroid Scout • Bio Sentinel • LunaH- MAP • CuSPP • Lunar IceCube • Skyfire • JAXA SLSLIM • ESA ArgoMoon • JAXA EQUULEUS • STMD Centennial Challenge Winners E S D P R O G R A M M I L E S T O N E S Building Exploration 4 1 12/2016 9/2016 5 2/2016 11/2018 11/2018 8/2018 6 1 9 7 1 11/2017 11/2017 10/2017 8 5/2017 5/2017 3 3 /2018 /2018 /2017 /2016 /2018 /2018 /2018 /2017 /2017 /2017 /2017 /2017 /2017 /2017 /2017

Core Stage stacking Boosters with Vehicle in Assembly Building Delivery European to KennedyModule Service SpaceCenter, FL Wet Dress Rehearsal atPad Launch Vehicle in SLS matingwith Orion Assembly Building Booster StackingVehicle in Assembly Building BrookStationtoCrew/Service Plum Ship forModule VacuumThermal Testing CrewService Mate Module and Module at KennedySpace Center, FL Power Crewat Initial Module On KennedySpace Center, FL Core Stage IntegrationComplete at Mobile Launcher Ground Support Equipment Ground InstallationSupport Launcher CompleteMobile PadLaunch Flame trench Construction Complete VehicleBay Construction CompleteHigh 3 Assembly Building

CrewPropellant Pressure Module Proof Test Booster TestQualification Motor2 at Promontory, UT CrewPressure Module Vesselat Dock on Kennedy SpaceCenter, FL EM Core Stage Green Run Core Stageto Shipped RS - -

25 Flight Engine Deliveries Complete Engine 25 Flight to

1 LAUNCH

Hotfire Stennis Test at SpaceCenter, MS

Michoud M Stennis

ission

, New Orleans, New LAOrleans, , Michoud Space Center, MS

, New Orleans, New LAOrleans, , - 1

G S D O D S G O D S G O D S G O D S G SLS SLS N O I R O SLS N O I R O O D S G O D S G O D S G N O I R O N O I R O SLS N O I R O SLS N O I R O SLS Vehicle Evolution

29 70t 105t 105t 130t National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Asteroid Redirect Mission: Working in Remote Environments Asteroid Redirect Mission (ARM) Progress

Robotic Mission Concept Review and Formulation Authorization Mar 2015

Acquisition Strategy Decisions for Robotic Mission Aug 2015

Public comments due on FAST draft report Dec 2015

Robotic mission requirements technical interchange meeting Dec 2015

Robotic spacecraft early design study contracts selected Jan 2016

Update with Small Bodies Assessment Group Jan 2016

Complete Peer Reviews for Restore-L Synergy Subsystems Jan 2016

FAST final report released (https://www.nasa.gov/feature/arm-fast) Feb 2016

ARRM Spacecraft Bus Early Design Studies Kickoff Feb 2016

• JAXA Partnership discussions April 2016

• ARM Robotic Mission KDP-B July 2016

31 ARM Objectives in Support of Human Exploration

Demonstrate advanced autonomous proximity Demonstrate high-power solar electric operations in deep space and with a natural body propulsion (20x more powerful than Dawn)

Demonstrate astronaut EVA in deep space, and Demonstrate integrated crewed/robotic sample selection, handling, and containment on just vehicle operations in deep space the second extra-terrestrial body in history Small Bodies Assessment Group Engagement

• Summary briefing of the FAST effort provided at the 14th Meeting of the NASA Small Bodies Assessment Group (SBAG) on January 28, 2016.

• ARM draft finding was released by SBAG on February 4, 2016:

“SBAG continues to appreciate NASA’s efforts to engage and communicate with the planetary defense and small bodies science communities regarding the Asteroid Redirect Mission (ARM). The 100 applications for the Formulation Assessment and Support Team (FAST) show the high level of interest of the community in participating in the formulation of ARM. SBAG thanks the ARM team for creating the FAST and the community members that volunteered and were selected for the FAST, for the substantial work completed in a short timeframe. SBAG encourages the continued engagement between the ARM team and the small bodies community as the mission moves forward and supports the plan for a competed opportunity this year to establish the Investigation Team membership. Consistent with previous findings, for science-driven missions, SBAG continues to support the priorities identified in the Decadal Survey to guide use of Planetary Science Division (PSD) resources and funds.” 33 Formulation Assessment and Support Team and Investigation Team

• ARM Formulation Assessment and Support Team (FAST) effort completed. – Two-month effort to support the ARRM Requirements Closure Technical Interchange Meeting on December 15-16, 2015. – 18 scientists and engineers selected from 100 applicants from academia and industry along with three NASA leaders. – Draft report made available for public comment. – Final report, including public comments, released on February 18, 2016. FAST & ARRM Project Team Members. • ARM Investigation Team (IT) and coordination with additional ARRM investigations and associated hardware is in process. – Call for membership planned following KDP-B. – IT will include domestic and international participation. – IT will support ARM through mission implementation, which includes the operational phases of both the ARRM and the ARCM.

34 Leveraging Commercially Available Spacecraft Bus Capabilities

• The acquisition strategy for the ARRM spacecraft leverages existing commercially available U.S. industry capabilities for a high power solar- electric-propulsion (SEP) based spacecraft for the agency's Asteroid Redirect Robotic Mission – Align with U.S. commercial spacecraft industry plans for future use of SEP – Reduce costs and cost risk to ARRM

• Strategy includes procurement of the ARRM spacecraft bus through a two-phase competitive process – Phase 1 four spacecraft design studies in progress – Phase 2 competition for development and implementation of the flight spacecraft bus by one of the study participants

• JPL selected four companies to conduct Phase 1: Lockheed Martin Space Systems, Littleton, Colorado; Boeing Phantom Works, Huntington Beach, California; Orbital ATK, Dulles, Virginia; and Space Systems/Loral, Palo Alto, California. 35 Electric Propulsion String STMD Electric Thruster & Power Processing Unit (PPU)

Demonstrated full performance compatibility between thruster and PPUs

Hall Effect Rocket with Magnetic 12.5 kW, 3,000 s hot-fire thruster test Shielding Technology Development in GRC Vacuum Facility-5 thruster with radiator

Electric Propulsion System Procurement Thruster & Power Processing Unit Development for an Advanced EP System • RFP released in July 2015, final proposals received and under evaluation • Anticipated award in May 2016 ARCM Pre-formulation Mission Summary

LAUNCH RENDEZVOUS EVA #1 EVA #2 RETURN

Launch Outbound Transit with LGA DRO Operations Inbound Transit with LGA 1 day 11 days 5 days 8 days

LGA EVA #1 EVA #2 LGA Landing

• Total mission duration 24.3 Days • Conduct 2 four- hour EVAs using adapted MACES suits to observe, document and collect • Using SLS and EUS, a 2 -person crew is asteroid samples. launched aboard an Orion augmented with the ARCM mission kits. • Orion performs 20˚ yaw prior to EV!s to ensure proper EVA worksite thermal • Rendezvous and dock with ARRV in a ~ 71,000 conditions and adequate space -to -ground km lunar DRO. communication coverage. • Crew safely returns to earth with samples. Habitation

38 Specific Habitation System Objectives

System Includes Today Deep Space Goal

Air revitalization, water 42% recovery of O2 from CO2; 90% >75% recovery of O2 from CO2; recovery, waste collection and recovery of H2O; >98% recovery of H2O; Life Support processing <6 mo MTBF for some components >2 yr MTBF

atmosphere, water, microbial, Limited, crew-intensive on-board On-board analysis capability with no Environmental particulate, and acoustic capability; rely on sample return to sample return; identify and quantify Monitoring monitors Earth species and organisms in air & water

exercise equipment, medical Large, cumbersome exercise Small, effective exercise equipment, on- treatment and diagnostic equipment, limited on-orbit medical board medical capabilities, long-duration Crew Health equipment, long-duration food capability, food system based on food system storage frequent resupply

Exploration suit ISS EMU’s based on Shuttle heritage Next generation spacesuit with greater EVA technology; not extensible to mobility, reliability, enhanced life support, surface ops operational flexibility

Non-toxic portable fire Large CO2 suppressant tanks, 2- Unified fire safety approach that works extinguisher, emergency mask, cartridge mask, obsolete fire across small and large architecture Fire combustion products monitor, products. No fire cleanup other than elements fire cleanup device depress/repress

Low atomic number materials Node 2 Q’s augmented with Solar particle event storm shelter based including polyethylene, water, polyethylene to reduce the impacts on optimized position of on-board Radiation or any hydrogen-containing of trapped proton irradiation for ISS materials and Q’s with minimized Protection materials crew members upmass to eliminate major impact of solar particle event on total mission dose Phase 0 –Habitation Systems Testing on ISS

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024

Gap Technology 1 1 Technology 2

Technology 1 Gap Build Habitation Test Habitation Technology 2 2 Systems on ISS Technology 3 Systems

Gap Technology 1 3

Early ISS Multiple launches to … demonstrations deliver components ASM Final Systems feed into Phase 2 Downselects Cislunar Validation of Exploration Capability Habitation Systems to include: • 4-rack Exploration ECLSS and Environmental Monitoring hardware • Fire Safety studies and end-to-end detection/suppression/cleanup testing in Saffire series (Cygnus) • Mars-class exercise equipment • On-board medical devices for long duration missions • Long-duration food storage • Radiation monitoring and shielding • Autonomous crew operations NextSTEP BAA: Habitation Awards (Habitats)

Lockheed Martin | Denver, CO Bigelow Aerospace LLC | Las Vegas, NV

Orbital ATK | Dulles, VA Boeing |Houston, TX 41 NextSTEP BAA Habitation (ECLSS)

Dynetics, Inc | Huntsville, AL Hamilton Sundstrand Space Systems International Windsor Locks, CT

Orbitec | Madison, WI

42 NextSTEP !!’s Exploring Intersection of N!S!’s Deep Space Habitation Needs and Industry’s Needs for Commercial LEO Platforms

LEO Deep Space Habitation Common Habitation Capabilities Habitation Capabilities Capabilities Partially-closed or >Mostly-closed life expendable-based life Reliable life support systems support systems support systems On-orbit environmental Planetary-specific Environmental sample monitors monitors return to Earth Small exercise equipment Long-duration food Microgravity EVA storage suit Surface EVA suit Microgravity fire safety Medical diagnostic & Radiation monitoring treatment equipment Habitat Structures Partial-gravity fire safety Radiation protection 2017 Astronaut Selection Timeline

EARTH INDEPENDENT18,300 Applicants (3x more than received in 2012)

Dec 14 Feb-Sep Oct-Dec Feb-Apr May June August 2015 2016 2016 2017 2016 2017 2017

Vacancy Qualifications Highly Interviewees Finalists Astronaut Astronaut Announcement Inquiry form Qualified brought to determined Candidate Candidate Class opens in USAJOBS sent to applications JSC for initial Class of 2017 of 2017 reports Supervisors/Refer reviewed to interview, medical announced to the Johnson ences determine evaluation, Space Center and civilian Interviewees and orientation applicants contacted by mail to obtain an FAA medical exam

44 What We’ve Learned Thus Far and Still Need to Learn

Orbital Environment Capture, EDL, and Surface Operations at Mars and Operations Ascent at Mars

Learned: Learned: Learned: • Deep space navigation • Spatial/temporal temperature • Water once flowed and was stable • Orbit transfer near low -gravity bodies variability • Global topography: elevation and • Gravity assist • Density and composition variability boulder distributions • Aero -braking • Storm structure, duration, and • Remnant magnetic field • Gravitational potential intensity • Dust impacts on solar • Mars’s moons’ characteristics • 1 mT payload power/mechanisms • ISRU potential • ~10 km accuracy • Radiation dose • Global resource distribution To Learn: To Learn: • Relay strategies, operations cadence • Return flight from Mars to Earth • Ascent from Mars • Autonomous rendezvous and docking • Large -mass EDL To Learn: • ISRU feasibility • Precision EDL • Landing site resource survey • Resource characterization of Mars’s • Aero -capture • Dust effects on human health, suits, moons • Site topography and roughness and seals • High -power SEP • Long- term atmospheric variability • Rad/ECLSS in Mars environment • Power sufficient for ISRU • Surface navigation

Evolvable Mars Campaign – Study Activity

Body of Previous Architectures, 2010 Authorization Act, Evolvable Mars Campaign Design Reference Missions, Emerging National Space Policy, Studies and New Discoveries NASA Strategic Plan

Re por t of the 90-D ay Study on Human Exploration of the Moon and M ars

Natio nal Aero nautics a nd Spac e Admin istration No vem ber 1 989

• An ongoing series of architectural trade analyses to define the capabilities and elements needed for a • Internal NASA and other Government sustainable human presence on Mars • International Partners • Establish capacity for people to • Builds off of previous studies and • Commercial and Industrial live and work in space indefinitely ongoing assessments • Academic • Expand human presence into the • Provides clear linkage of current • Technology developments solar system and to the surface of investments (SLS, Orion, etc.) to • Science discoveries Mars future capability needs 47 Evolvable Mars Campaign

EMC Goal: Define a pioneering strategy and operational capabilities that can extend and sustain human presence in the solar system including a human journey to explore the Mars system starting in the mid-2030s.

• Identify a plan that: – Expands human presence into the solar system to advance exploration, science, innovation, benefits to humanity, and international collaboration. – Provides different future scenario options for a range of capability needs to be used as guidelines for near term activities and investments • In accordance with key strategic principles • Takes advantage of capability advancements • Leverages new scientific findings • Flexible to policy changes – Identifies linkages to and leverage current investments in ISS, SLS, Orion, ARM, short-duration habitation, technology development investments, science activities – Emphasizes prepositioning and reuse/repurposing of systems when it makes sense • Use location(s) in cis-lunar space for aggregation and refurbishment of systems

Internal analysis team members: External inputs from: – ARC, GRC, GSFC, HQ, JPL, JSC, International partners, industry, KSC, LaRC and MSFC academia, SKG analysis groups – HEOMD, SMD, STMD, OCS and OCT 48 EMC Focus Question Current Areas of Study Status EMC Focus• Reusable, Questions long-life, refurbishable A - andG • Refining habitat and transportation stage How do we pioneer an extended refuelable elements concepts • Evaluating campaign w/ ISRU fueled in- human presence on Mars that is A space transportation system Earth independent? • Build-up scenarios for ISRU to reduce • Assessing water-rich Mars architecture logistics chain and increase sustainability impacts

• Mars exploration and science objectives • Evaluating sites proposed from Oct What are the objectives, engineering, for increasing durations 2015 EZ workshop and operational considerations that • Assessing mass estimates for surface B drive Mars surface landing sites? • Landing Site Requirements and tunnel and power cabling Constraints • Evaluating surface power trades

What sequence(s) of missions do we • Assessing more minimalist approach • Campaign concepts that satisfy the and campaign impacts think can meet our goals and C strategic principles • Assessing later dates for crewed Mars constraints? orbit missions

• Repurposing of ARV capabilities • Assessing refueling, refurbishment, and Is a reusable Mars transportation • Reuse of habitat, propulsion stages - recertification in cislunar of habitat and SEP D system viable? 1100 day habitat refurbishment and • Commercial launch of propellants reusable SEP for multiple missions implication on SLS launch rate

• Evolved ARV to transport cargo and • Performing SEP propulsion system Can ARV derived SEP support Mars refinement and assessing system optionally crew to Mars vicinity and return E cargo delivery requirements? consistency with evolved ARV safely (41mt roundtrip with crew) capabilities

• Minimal common MAV be used for Mars • Defining smallest credible MAV cabin How can we maximize commonality Taxi, Mars Moon Exploration vehicle, & and assessing commonality across the across Mars ascent, Mars vicinity surface rover? architecture F taxi, exploration vehicle and initial • Assessing whether a fueled ascent deep-space habitation component? • Trade study of propulsion system stage can be landed in combination with (LOx/CH4 and Hypergols) an orbital taxi/boost stage

• Capability development prior to sending • Defining Proving Ground satisfaction What are the required capability crew to Mars vicinity criteria investments for the EMC over the • Refining SMT capability roadmaps • Capabilities and FTOs for ISS testing G next five years? • Quantifying development efforts and • Capabilities and FTOs for cislunar testing required ISS and cislunar testing 49 EMC Focus Question Current Areas of Study Status EMC Focus• Assess 1,100 Questions-day habitat that is less A than - G• NextSTEP BAA What is the appropriate 41mt with logistics/spares for crew of 4 • Assessing various initial cislunar habitation H habitation system? • Identify evolvability and of functional concepts (commercial, international, requirements of Mars hab system internal)

• Precursor SKG identification • Explore via teleops from orbit and addition • Developing data-driven functional Is Phobos a viable human of a short duration excursion mission requirements and ops concepts for robotic I target? • Options for sample acquisition and tasks as a function of comm latency handling • Assessing extra mass capability beyond what is needed for a taxi • Integrating performance assessments and conops for 3 Mars EDL concepts What are potential Mars • With SMD and OCT, identify potential • Assessing viability of solar power for Mars J surface pathfinder concepts? orbital and lander pathfinder concepts ISRU demo if needed • Trade single pathfinder mission to Mars vs multiple Earth based tests • Assessing Phobos hab and lander What capabilities are needed integration with transportation system in • Cislunar aggregation concepts and Mars to enable elements to survive cislunar system pre-deploy missions with • Evaluating capability of the hab propulsion K long dormancy periods in associated dormancy periods system to sustain until aggregation space? • Evaluating pre-deploy dormancy needs • Assessing other architecture elements (SEP What communications • Comm needs for Proving Ground and bus) to provide comm and station keeping L capabilities are needed? Mars Vicinity • Communications deployment strategy

Can humans safely perform • Risk mitigation systems and operational • Using data from 1 year ISS mission 1100 day missions in deep approaches to keep crew safe for Mars • Proposed additional long duration Mars M analog missions on ISS space? vicinity missions • Evaluating various lander sizing concepts including crew cabin configurations; crews Can there be synergy • Surface exploration with 5mt, 8mt or 20mt with minimal canopy; hypergols vs methane; N between landers for multiple lander refueling and ISRU; descent issues; impacts planetary surfaces? • EDL system for 20mt lander to campaign risk 50 System Maturation Teams

Subject Matter Experts from across the agency who have been involved in maturing systems and advancing technology readiness for NASA.

SYSTEM MATURATION TEAM — CAPABILITIES LIST — • Define performance parameters and goals for each capability Autonomous Mission Operations (AMO) Communication and Navigation (Comm/Nav) • Develop maturation plans and roadmaps for Crew Health & Protection and Radiation (CHP) the identified performance gaps, specifying Environmental Control and Life Support Systems the interfaces between the various and Environmental Monitoring (ECLSS-EM) capabilities, and ensuring that the capabilities Entry, Descent and Landing (EDL) mature and integrate to enable future Extra-vehicle Activity (EVA) pioneering missions. The subject matter Fire Safety experts that compose each SMT are Human-Robotic Mission Operations (Robotics) responsible for understanding their In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) capabilities across all missions and elements Power and Energy Storage (Power) within the Evolvable Mars Campaign. Propulsion Thermal (including cryo) • Work closely with the Space Technology DISCIPLINE TEAM - CROSSCUTTING Mission Directorate, Evolvable Mars Avionics Campaign, Chief Technologist, Chief Structures, Mechanisms, Materials and Processes Scientist, Capability Leadership Teams to (SMMP) coordinate capability needs and gaps Dormancy Operations Example – Fire Safety Performance Metrics and EMC Habitat Performance Needs

Fans

Power Management Saffire-1 launched aboard CRS-OA6 on March 22. It will Sample card (flame remain on Cygnus while the vehicle be attached to the spread Cameras sample space station for about two months. Once it departs and shown) the spacecraft is a safe distance from the space station, Avionics Bay Flow Duct engineers will remotely conduct the first Saffire Signal conditioning experiment before the ygnus’ destructive reentry into card Flow Earth’s atmosphere. straightener Capability Development Risk Reduction = Plan/resources understood = Plan/resources finalization required

Mission Cis-lunar Short Cis-lunar ISS Mars Robotic Mars Orbit Mars Surface Capability Stay (e.g. ARM) Long Stay

Operational ISRU d an d In Situ Resource Utilization Exploratory ISRU Exploratory ISRU Exploratory Exploratory ISRU & & Surface Power Regolith & Atmosphere ISRU High Power

s MarOn MarOn s Long Habitation & Mobility Duration with Initial Short Initial Long Resource Site Long Duration /

Space in king orW king in Space Duration Duration Survey Range Resupply Autonomous Human/Robotic & System Crew-tended Earth Supervised Earth Monitored Rendezvous & Earth Monitored Autonomous Ops Testing Dock System Exploration EVA Testing Limited Duration Full Duration Full Duration Full Duration Frequent EVA Long Short Crew Health Duration Duration Long Duration Dust Toxicity Long Duration Long Duration y hlteaH y Environmental Control & Life Long Short Long Duration Long Duration Long Duration aying St aying Support Duration Duration Increased Forecasting Forecasting Forecasting Forecasting & Radiation Safety Understanding Forecasting Shelter Shelter Shelter Surface Enhanced

Ascent from Planetary Human Scale Sub-Scale MAV Sub-Scale MAV Surfaces MAV Sub-Scale/Aero Sub-Scale/Aero Entry, Descent & Landing Human Scale EDL

ion tatorspanrT ion Capture Capture In-space Power & Prop Low power Low Power Medium Power Medium Power High Power Full Full Full Beyond LEO: SLS & Orion Initial Capability Initial Capability Capability Capability Capability Commercial Cargo & Crew Cargo/Crew Opportunity Opportunity Opportunity Opportunity Opportunity

Communication & Deep Space Deep Space Deep Space RF RF & Initial Optical Optical Navigation Optical Optical Optical EARTH 53 RELIANT PROVING GROUND EARTH INDEPENDENT Capability Development Risk Reduction = Plan/resources understood = Plan/resources finalization required

Mission Cis-lunar Short Cis-lunar ISS Mars Robotic Mars Orbit Mars Surface Capability Stay (e.g. ARM) Long Stay

Operational ISRU d an d In Situ Resource Utilization Exploratory ISRU Exploratory ISRU Exploratory Exploratory ISRU & & Surface Power Regolith & Atmosphere ISRU High Power

s Long Habitation & Mobility Duration with Initial Short Initial Long Resource Site Long Duration /

Space Duration Duration Survey Range Resupply Mar in Autonomous

On Human/Robotic & System Rendezvous & Testing Crew-tended Earth Supervised Earth Monitored Earth Monitored king Autonomous Ops Dock orW System Exploration EVA Testing Limited Duration Full Duration Full Duration Full Duration Frequent EVA Long Short Crew Health Duration Duration Long Duration Dust Toxicity Long Duration Long Duration y hltea y Environmental Control & Life Long Short Long Duration Long Duration Long Duration aying aying Support Duration Duration St H Increased Forecasting Forecasting Forecasting Forecasting & Radiation Safety Understanding Forecasting Shelter Shelter Shelter Surface Enhanced

Ascent from Planetary Human Scale Sub-Scale MAV Sub-Scale MAV Surfaces MAV Sub-Scale/Aero Sub-Scale/Aero Entry, Descent & Landing Human Scale EDL

Communication & Deep Space Deep Space Deep Space RF RF & Initial Optical Optical Navigation Optical Optical Optical EARTH 54 RELIANT PROVING GROUND EARTH INDEPENDENT Capability Development Risk Reduction = Plan/resources understood = Plan/resources finalization required

Mission Cis-lunar Short Cis-lunar ISS Mars Robotic Mars Orbit Mars Surface Capability Stay (e.g. ARM) Long Stay

Operational ISRU d an d In Situ Resource Utilization Exploratory ISRU Exploratory ISRU Exploratory Exploratory ISRU & & Surface Power Regolith & Atmosphere ISRU High Power

s Long Habitation & Mobility Duration with Initial Short Initial Long Resource Site Long Duration /

Space Duration Duration Survey Range Resupply Mar in Autonomous

Ascent from Planetary Human Scale Sub-Scale MAV Sub-Scale MAV Surfaces MAV Sub-Scale/Aero Sub-Scale/Aero Entry, Descent & Landing Human Scale EDL

Communication & Deep Space Deep Space Deep Space RF RF & Initial Optical Optical Navigation Optical Optical Optical EARTH 55 RELIANT PROVING GROUND EARTH INDEPENDENT

Mars Exploration Zones Workshop Overview

• Conducted at the Lunar & Planetary institute in Houston, Oct 27-30, 2015 • Over 155 attendees - Science, ISRU, engineering, mining communities represented • 45 Exploration Zones presented Selected Critical Time Frames and Decisions

DECISIONS MADE & DECISIONS TO BE MADE IN DECISIONS TO BE MADE IN IMPLEMENTATION NEXT FEW YEARS, IN THE NEXT DECADE, FED UNDERWAY WORK NOW BY STUDIES IN PROGRESS

• Extended ISS operations to at • Allocate Flight Test and • Select initial human missions least 2024 and implementing Proving Ground objectives to beyond the Proving Ground HRP and ECLSS capability post-EM2 missions • Identify the role of ISRU in the development plans • Develop an exploration EVA overall logistics strategy • Pursued an evolvable SLS via suit for use on Orion • Demonstrate higher mass Exploration Upper Stage and missions EDL and round trip capability then advanced solid rocket • Define initial deep-space boosters • Define and develop robotic habitation capability Mars preparatory missions • Selected an ARM baseline • Select in-space • Design Mars surface habitats mission to return an transportation systems asteroidal boulder to lunar • Develop Mars surface power orbit for subsequent crew • Identify future Mars robotic generation rendezvous and exercise precursor missions beyond high-power SEP Mars 2020 • Defined and initiated key technology developments and EMC and SMT studies

58 Summary

• Human exploration of Mars is achievable by taking the long view • We are putting the right pieces in place – Conducting research and technology demonstrations on ISS – Making great progress toward the first missions of SLS/Orion – Advancing key capabilities and technologies, e.g., ARM/SEP – Planning the transition from LEO to the Proving Ground of cislunar space, e.g., advancing habitation systems and capabilities – Conducting the architecture trades and technology developments needed to enable Earth-independent exploration beyond the Earth-moon system • We are building a long term sustainable program of human exploration

59 THE JOURNEY TO MARS HAS ALREADY BEGUN.