Changing Human Spaceflight Exploration Plans

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National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NASA’s Changing Human Spaceflight Exploration Plans

FISO – 6-13-2018

John Guidi Deputy Director, Advanced Exploration Systems Division Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate NASA The US Space Policy Directive-1

“Lead an innovative and sustainable program of exploration with commercial and international partners to enable human expansion across the solar system and to bring back to Earth new knowledge and opportunities.

Beginning with missions beyond low-Earth orbit, the United States will lead the return of humans to the Moon for long-term exploration and utilization, followed by human missions to Mars and other destinations.”

2 2016

3 3 National Aeronautics and EXPANDING HUMAN PRESENCE IN PARTNERSHIP ~2017Space Administration CREATING ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES, ADVANCING TECHNOLOGIES, AND ENABLING DISCOVERY

2020s After 2030 Leaving the Earth-Moon Operating in the Lunar System and Reaching Mars Now Vicinity (proving ground) Orbit Using the International Space Station

Phase 0 Phase 1 Phase 2 Continue research and Begin missions in cislunar Complete next deep testing on ISS to solve space. Initiate next key space capability and exploration challenges. deep space capability. checkout. Evaluate potential for lunar resources. Develop standards. 4 EXPLORATION CAMPAIGN 2018

5 Funding: FY2019 Presidential Budget Request Highlights

• Provides $19.9B, including $10.5B to lead an innovative • Develops a series of progressively more capable and sustainable campaign of exploration and lead the robotic lunar missions to the surface of the moon using return of humans to the Moon for long-term exploration innovative acquisition approaches while meeting and utilization followed by human missions to Mars and national exploration and scientific objectives. other destinations. • Begins transition to commercialization of low Earth • Refocuses existing NASA activities towards orbit and ends direct federal government support of the exploration, by redirecting funding to innovative new International Space Station in 2025. programs and providing additional funding to support new public-private initiatives. • Begins a new $150M program to encourage development of new commercial Low Earth orbital • Conducts uncrewed SLS/Orion first flight in 2020, platforms and capabilities for use by the private sector leading to Americans around the Moon in 2023. This will and NASA. be the first human mission to the moon since Apollo 17 in 1972, and will establish U.S. leadership in cislunar • Focuses and integrates space technology investments space. to enable new robotic and human exploration capabilities and missions and contribute to economic • Serves as a catalyst for growth of a vibrant American development and growth by enabling innovative commercial space industry expanding commercial systems and services supporting the emerging space partnerships to strengthen U.S. leadership in space. economy. • Achieves early Human Exploration milestone by establishing a Lunar Orbital Platform-Gateway in cislunar space; launching a power and propulsion space tug in 2022. 6 National Aeronautics and Space Administration

7 8 8 Funding: FY2019 Presidential Budget Request Highlights

10 NASA’s and US goals onboard the ISS

Enable long duration human spaceflight beyond LEO

Enable a commercial market in LEO

Advance benefits to humanity through research

Basis for international and commercial partnerships

11 Developing the Domestic LEO Space Economy

ISS Assembly ISS Utilization Commercial LEO 1998 - 2011 2012 - 2024 Beyond 2024

Exploration technology demonstrations, Research on human effects of spaceflight, Astronaut training (NASA)

Fundamental and Applied Microgravity Research (NASA and OGA’s)

Manufacturing, Pharma, Materials, Earth observation products Demand Marketing, Advertising, Tourism

Cargo Services

Crew Transportation Services

Microgravity National Laboratory Supply Management and Operations (includes maintenance and integration)

Today Key: US Government Private Industry 12 ISS Supply Fleet INTERNATIONAL

Retired

Progress (Roscosmos) H-II Transfer Vehicle (JAXA) Automated Transfer Vehicle (ESA)

COMMERCIAL

Coming Soon

Cygnus (Orbital ATK) Dragon (SpaceX) Dream Chaser (SNC) 13 DEEP SPACE TRANSPORTATION & GATEWAY

14 14 National Aeronautics and Space Administration

15 EM-1 Secondary Payloads

13 CUBESATS SELECTED TO FLY ON EM-1 (2020) • Lunar Flashlight INTERIM • Near Earth Asteroid Scout CRYOGENIC PROPULSION • Bio Sentinel STAGE • LunaH-MAP • CuSPP • Lunar IceCube • LunIR • EQUULEUS (JAXA) • OMOTENASHI (JAXA) • ArgoMoon (ESA) • STMD Centennial Challenge Winners

Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage - ICPS

16 16 National Aeronautics and Space Administration

17 GATEWAY

Lunar Orbital Platform - Gateway

Orion

18 18 Robotic arm

EVA/science airlock elements, logistic element, more docking

Habitation element, docking

Power Propulsion Element (PPE)

Artist depiction of gateway 19 19 Gateway Functionality

• Habitation – Provides habitable volume and short-duration life support functions for crew in cislunar space • Docked to Orion: 30 – 60+ days – Docking ports allow for attachment to the PPE, other Gateway elements and visiting vehicles – Offers attach points for external robotics, external science and technology payloads or rendezvous sensors – Provide accommodations for crew exercise, science/utilization and stowage • Airlock – Provides capability to enable astronaut EVAs as well as the potential to accommodate docking of additional elements, observation ports, or a science utilization airlock • Logistics – Deliver cargo to enable extended crew mission durations, science utilization, exploration technology demonstrations, potential commercial utilization, and other supplies • Power and Propulsion – Station keeping, power systems, SEP transfers to different orbits, propulsion system refueling and transfer. Small lunar landers may obtain refueling for reuse 20 20 21 21 Gateway Concept Investigations

U.S. Industry:

Five full-scale prototypes in development for ground testing across the U.S.

Boeing: Leverages Existing Bigelow: Expandable Technologies One feasibility study on converting a spent rocket stage.

Orbital ATK: Lockheed: Refurbishes Sierra Nevada: Builds on proven cargo Heritage Hardware Modular Buildup spacecraft development

International Partners: Concepts for contributions and utilization for gateway buildup in cislunar space 22 NextSTEP-2: Power and Propulsion Element (PPE) Studies

U.S. industry-led studies for an advanced solar electric propulsion (SEP) vehicle capability. Four-month studies completed March 2018. Lockheed Martin Orbital ATK Space Systems/Loral Boeing Sierra Nevada Denver, CO Dulles, VA Palo Alto, CA Pasadena, TX Louisville, CO

Partnered with DSS, Draper, University of Illinois-Urbana Partnered with Aerojet Champaign Rocketdyne, Draper

NASA expects to release a draft solicitation to U.S. industry for the power and propulsion element in spring 2018 23 GATEWAY UTILIZATION

24 24 Gateway Utilization

• Need to design to meet the needs of NASA and stakeholders longterm – Support NASA lunar and Mars mission plans – AND support plans of partners and commercial endeavors for cislunar space

• New development programs balance near term technical and resource challenges with long term goals and system performance – Successfully building the gateway and advancing exploration, science and commercial goals

• Establishing gateway utilization requirements team during formulation phase – Champion early identification and representation in gateway development – Incorporate stakeholder needs early into the gateway design • Maximizes return for stakeholders, reduces cost of requirement over later incorporation 25 Gateway Utilization – Four Focus Areas to Develop Design

• Technology: Identifying high-priority technologies for Gateway demonstration: – Evolve its initial capabilities or enable new capabilities for human exploration. – Stimulate the development of commercial technologies for operations in cislunar space – Request For Information (RFI) released May • Commercial: Developing overall commercialization strategy for gateway: – Identifying commercial uses of a Gateway beyond NASA plans – Release RFI on Gateway commercial (early June) • International: Enabling collaboration between interested parties: – International Space Station partner discussions ongoing, working on strategy to involve international, non-ISS partners (ongoing) • Science and Research: Identifying potential science opportunities, and how gateway infrastructure can support various investigations: – Identifying science events and forums to raise awareness and obtain insight – SMD/HEOMD-hosted event completed – Denver gateway science workshop (February) • Revising current gateway utilization ground rules & assumptions

26 Science Workshop Format

• HEOMD/Ben Bussey, SMD/Michael New • Introductory briefings on NASA plans, ISS lessons learned, gateway orbit options • ~180 Talks, ~300 Attendees • Government, academia, industry, international • One day of discipline-focused sessions in five venues – 5-20 minutes per abstract • Heliophysics • Earth Science • Astrophysics & Fundamental Physics • Lunar & Planetary • Life Sciences and Space Biology • Cross-cutting discussions • Orbits, Human exploration, Potential future capabilities • External Instruments • Samples • Telerobotics & Leveraging Infrastructure • Internal Instruments 27 Science Workshop – Analysis of Selected Data

• ~180 abstracts with 220 instruments proposed – Each proposed instrument included gateway parameter and usage information:

Instrument Parameter: Instrument Usage: Mass Orbit Considerations Volume Field of View (FOV) requirements Power Requires use of airlock Thermal requirements Crew interaction required? Daily data volume Will astronaut presence be disruptive? Current TRL Does the instrument present a risk to the crew? WAG cost & basis Other consumables or gateway requirements? Duration of experiment Special sample handling requirements Other parameters Need for telerobotics?

– ~7,200 data items returned

• Analysis & selected comparison to existing Utilization Groundrules and Assumptions – Mass, volume, power, data rates 28 Science Workshop: Upmass Analysis • Current Groundrule: Beginning with EM-3, 1,000 1000kg kg per crewed mission will be provided for utilization. • If instruments were equal priority and without considering other parameters, ~90 accommodated by a 1000 kg allocation • Only 2 instruments are >1000 kg

(~90 instruments)

1000kg

29 Science Workshop: Internal Volume Analysis

• Current Groundrule: Gateway will provide at least 1 (TBD) m3 for powered payloads • For now, assuming all SLPSRA payloads are internal and all others are external • 12.5 m3 of total proposed internal payload concepts (single largest 8 m3, sum of all other concepts is 4.5 m3) • Assumption of 100% efficient packing in these values

1 m3 1 m3

30 Science Workshop: Electrical Power Analysis

• Current Groundrule: Power available for utilization is 4 kW 4 kW during crewed operations and TBD kW when uncrewed

• 50 concepts in the 100s W range, almost all concepts <500 W, 3 concepts in 4-9 kW power range

4 kW

31 Science Workshop: Daily Data Volume

• Current Groundrule: TBD allocation is available for utilization downlink. • Even in the unrealistic case of every instrument being on the gateway simultaneously, if all but the top 10 data volume drivers were on the gateway at once, the date volume would be at around 1 TB of daily data • Factoring in the possibility of high drivers being selected and considering the need for additional margin (e.g. hi definition video), 250 GB to 2 TB appears to be a reasonable baseline assumption for daily data downlink needs

250 GB - 2 TB

32 Workshop Top Gateway Design Takeaways

• Science utilization extremely constrained until the presence of an external robotic arm – Arm is the de facto external experiment installer

• Gateway, in a NRHO, offers unique opportunities for Earth, Heliophysics, Astrophysics and fundamental physics investigations

• With the addition of additional transportation infrastructure (LLO tug/pallet, surface access, sample return capability) gateway can enable additional important lunar science – Concepts for free flying platform now under review at NASA

• Radiation environment of the Gateway can provide important tests of the effects of radiation on biological organisms. • Automation of internal payload interactions when crew is not present - robotics

• Science will generate LARGE amounts of data

• Farside of the Moon is a unique radio science location, need to consider gateway RF noise

• Enhancement of generic gateway capabilities can facilitate science (e.g. clock, GPS) 33 Other Upcoming Lunar Activities at NASA

• Korean Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter (KPLO) – Partnership with South Korean space agency – KARI. No funds exchanged – KPLO launch on SpaceX Falcon 9 - December 2020 – NASA providing Deep Space Network communications and navigation support – KARI flying NASA’s “ShadowCam” instrument • Highly sensitive optical camera that can image the Moon’s Permanently Shadowed Regions (PSRs) on the poles – containing frozen volatiles for fuel, water, breathing air • Medium-to-large lander Lunar Surface Transportation Capability RFI released – Seeking information on 500kg to 5,000 kg robotic payload landed mass to lunar surface • Evolving to human class lander by end of 2020s – Understand commercial industry capabilities, concepts, cost-sharing, partnership strategies • Release BAA very soon, targeting award of contracts as early as 2019 • Targeting first robotic mission to lunar surface FY22 (500kg); second FY2024 (500++kg) – Information used to develop government acquisition planning

• Gateway Utilization – seeing non-NASA inputs via RFIs to consider in groundrules and assumptions – Technology RFI – possible uses of a gateway to pursue non-NASA technology goals from industry – Commercial RFI – possible uses of a gateway to pursue non-NASA commercial goals from industry

34 Draft Deep Space Interoperability System Standards

• NASA, in collaboration with International Space Station partners, has developed a draft set of deep space interoperability system standards in seven prioritized domain areas: - Avionics - Communications - Environmental Control and Life Support Systems - Power - Rendezvous - Robotics - Thermal • The draft standards were released for public comment on March 1, 2018, with the goals of: - enabling industry and international entities to independently develop systems and elements for deep space that would be compatible aboard any spacecraft, irrelevant of the spacecraft developer; - defining interfaces and environments to facilitate cooperative deep space exploration endeavors; and - engaging the wide-ranging global spaceflight industry, and encourage feedback on the standards from all potential stakeholder audiences.

www.internationaldeepspacestandards.com 35 Global Exploration Roadmap

• The GER is a human space exploration roadmap developed by 14 space agencies participating in the International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG) – First released in 2011. Updated in 2013 and 2018.

• The non-binding strategic document reflects consensus on expanding human presence into the Solar System, including www.globalspaceexploration.org – Sustainability Principles, spaceflight benefits to society www.nasa.gov/isecg – Importance of ISS and LEO – The Moon: Lunar vicinity and Lunar surface

– Mars: The Driving Horizon Goal 36 Exploring Destinations Farther Into the Solar System

• Transitioning Low Earth Orbit into commercial activities

– ISS operations, crew and cargo delivery

• Developing a cislunar Gateway and planning for lunar surface landings – Focus on the lunar surface for science and exploration – Advancing planetary lander capabilities – Honing sample return operations – lunar and Mars samples – Deploying CubeSats, small sats and other science platforms – Provides opportunities for commercial ventures and international partnerships – Informing Mars transportation, life support systems, human health and research

• Leveraging industry spaceflight capabilities and international partnerships for long term solar system exploration

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