Northwestern Polytechnical University April 26, 2019 Talent Cultivation for Space Cooperation
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NASA’s Space Launch System: Deep-Space Delivery for Smallsats Dr. Kimberly F. Robinson1 and George Norris2 NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL, 35812 ABSTRACT Designed for human exploration missions into deep space, NASA’s Space Launch System (SLS) represents a new spaceflight infrastructure asset, enabling a wide variety of unique utilization opportunities. While primarily focused on launching the large systems needed for crewed spaceflight beyond Earth orbit, SLS also offers a game-changing capability for the deployment of small satellites to deep-space destinations, beginning with its first flight. Currently, SLS is making rapid progress toward readiness for its first launch in two years, using the initial configuration of the vehicle, which is capable of delivering 70 metric tons (t) to Low Earth Orbit (LEO). On its first flight test of the Orion spacecraft around the moon, accompanying Orion on SLS will be small-satellite secondary payloads, which will deploy in cislunar space. The deployment berths are sized for “6U” CubeSats, and on EM-1 the spacecraft will be deployed into cislunar space following Orion separate from the SLS Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage. Payloads in 6U class will be limited to 14 kg maximum mass. Secondary payloads on EM-1 will be launched in the Orion Stage Adapter (OSA). Payload dispensers will be mounted on specially designed brackets, each attached to the interior wall of the OSA. For the EM-1 mission, a total of fourteen brackets will be installed, allowing for thirteen payload locations. The final location will be used for mounting an avionics unit, which will include a battery and sequencer for executing the mission deployment sequence. -
The Cubesat Mission to Study Solar Particles (Cusp) Walt Downing IEEE Life Senior Member Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society President (2020-2021)
The CubeSat Mission to Study Solar Particles (CuSP) Walt Downing IEEE Life Senior Member Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society President (2020-2021) Acknowledgements – National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and CuSP Principal Investigator, Dr. Mihir Desai, Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) Feature Articles in SYSTEMS Magazine Three-part special series on Artemis I CubeSats - April 2019 (CuSP, IceCube, ArgoMoon, EQUULEUS/OMOTENASHI, & DSN) ▸ - September 2019 (CisLunar Explorers, OMOTENASHI & Iris Transponder) - March 2020 (BioSentinnel, Near-Earth Asteroid Scout, EQUULEUS, Lunar Flashlight, Lunar Polar Hydrogen Mapper, & Δ-Differential One-Way Range) Available in the AESS Resource Center https://resourcecenter.aess.ieee.org/ ▸Free for AESS members ▸ What are CubeSats? A class of small research spacecraft Built to standard dimensions (Units or “U”) ▸ - 1U = 10 cm x 10 cm x 11 cm (Roughly “cube-shaped”) ▸ - Modular: 1U, 2U, 3U, 6U or 12U in size - Weigh less than 1.33 kg per U NASA's CubeSats are dispensed from a deployer such as a Poly-Picosatellite Orbital Deployer (P-POD) ▸NASA’s CubeSat Launch initiative (CSLI) provides opportunities for small satellite payloads to fly on rockets ▸planned for upcoming launches. These CubeSats are flown as secondary payloads on previously planned missions. https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/heo/home/CubeSats_initiative What is CuSP? NASA Science Mission Directorate sponsored Heliospheric Science Mission selected in June 2015 to be launched on Artemis I. ▸ https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/heliophys ics-cubesat-to-launch-on-nasa-s-sls Support space weather research by determining proton radiation levels during solar energetic particle events and identifying suprathermal properties that could help ▸ predict geomagnetic storms. -
Lunar Flashlight & NEA Scout
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lunar Flashlight & NEA Scout A NanoSat Architecture for Deep Space Exploration Payam Banazadeh (JPL/Caltech) Andreas Frick (JPL/Caltech) EM-1 Secondary Payload Selection • 19 NASA center-led concepts were evaluated and 3 were down-selected for further refinement by AES toward a Mission Concept Review (MCR) planned for August 2014 • Primary selection criteria: - Relevance to Space Exploration Strategic Knowledge Gaps (SKGs) - Life cycle cost - Synergistic use of previously demonstrated technologies - Optimal use of available civil servant workforce Payload Strategic Knowledge Gaps Mission Concept NASA Centers Addressed BioSentinel Human health/performance in high- Study radiation-induced DNA ARC/JSC radiation space environments damage of live organisms in cis- • Fundamental effects on biological systems lunar space; correlate with of ionizing radiation in space environments measurements on ISS and Earth Lunar Flashlight Lunar resource potential Locate ice deposits in the Moon’s JPL/MSFC/MHS • Quantity and distribution of water and other permanently shadowed craters volatiles in lunar cold traps Near Earth Asteroid (NEA) NEA Characterization Slow flyby/rendezvous and Scout • NEA size, rotation state (rate/pole position) characterize one NEA in a way MSFC/JPL How to work on and interact with NEA that is relevant to human surface exploration • NEA surface mechanical properties 2 EM-1: Near Earth Asteroid (NEA) Scout concept WHY NEA Scout? – Characterize a NEA with an imager to address key Strategic -
Solar Sail Propulsion for Deep Space Exploration
Solar Sail Propulsion for Deep Space Exploration Les Johnson NASA George C. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA Image We tend to think of space as being big and empty… NASA Image Space Is NOT Empty. We can use the environments of space to our advantage NASA Image Solar Sails Derive Propulsion By Reflecting Photons Solar sails use photon “pressure” or force on thin, lightweight, reflective sheets to produce thrust. 4 NASA Image Real Solar Sails Are Not “Ideal” Billowed Quadrant Diffuse Reflection 4 Thrust Vector Components 4 Solar Sail Trajectory Control Solar Radiation Pressure allows inward or outward Spiral Original orbit Sail Force Force Sail Shrinking orbit Expanding orbit Solar Sails Experience VERY Small Forces NASA Image 8 Solar Sail Missions Flown Image courtesy of Univ. Surrey NASA Image Image courtesy of JAXA Image courtesy of The Planetary Society NanoSail-D (2010) IKAROS (2010) LightSail-1 & 2 CanX-7 (2016) InflateSail (2017) NASA JAXA (2015/2019) Canada EU/Univ. of Surrey The Planetary Society Earth Orbit Interplanetary Earth Orbit Earth Orbit Deployment Only Full Flight Earth Orbit Deployment Only Deployment Only Deployment / Flight 3U CubeSat 315 kg Smallsat 3U CubeSat 3U CubeSat 10 m2 196 m2 3U CubeSat <10 m2 10 m2 32 m2 9 Planned Solar Sail Missions NASA Image NASA Image NASA Image Near Earth Asteroid Scout Advanced Composite Solar Solar Cruiser (2025) NASA (2021) NASA Sail System (TBD) NASA Interplanetary Interplanetary Earth Orbit Full Flight Full Flight Full Flight 100 kg spacecraft 6U CubeSat 12U CubeSat 1653 m2 86 -
Lunar Life Sciences Payload Assessment
Lunar Surface Science Workshop 2020 (LPI Contrib. No. 2241) 5077.pdf LUNAR LIFE SCIENCES PAYLOAD ASSESSMENT. S. C. Sun1, F. Karouia2, M. P. Lera3, M. P. Parra1, H. E. Ray4, A. J. Ricco1, S. M. Spremo1. 1NASA Ames Research Center, 2Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, 3KBR, 4ASRC Federal Space and Defense, Inc. Introduction: The Moon provides a unique site to ISS, including systems that integrate into EXPRESS study living organisms. The fractional gravity and (EXpedite the PRocessing of ExperimentS for Space) unique radiation environment have similarities to Mars Racks or are external space exposure research facilities. and will help us understand how life will respond to These same systems can be the basis for future payload conditions on the red planet. Martian and lunar envi- systems for experiments to be performed beyond Low ronments can be simulated on the ground but not to high Earth Orbit. Such facilities would need to be adapted to fidelity. Altered gravity and increased radiation are dif- be compatible with the new research platforms and ficult to replicate simultaneously, which makes study- function in the harsher radiation environment found out- ing their combined effect difficult. The International side the magnetosphere. If Gateway and a lunar based- Space Station, and previously, the Space Shuttle, pro- lab could provide EXPRESS-compatible interfaces, lev- vided a microgravity environment, and could simulate eraging hardware developed for ISS would be more fea- fractional-g only via an onboard centrifuge. Because sible. the ISS and Space Shuttle orbits were within the Earth’s Gaps in Capabilities: Many of the payload systems magnetosphere, experiments on those platforms have that have been developed require human tending. -
Developing Technologies for Biological Experiments in Deep Space
Developing technologies for biological experiments in deep space Sergio R. Santa Maria Elizabeth Hawkins Ada Kanapskyte NASA Ames Research Center [email protected] NASA’s life science programs STS-1 (1981) STS-135 (2011) 1973 – 1974 1981 - 2011 2000 – 2006 – Space Shuttle International Skylab Bio CubeSats Program Space Station Microgravity effects - Nausea / vomit - Disorientation & sleep loss - Body fluid redistribution - Muscle & bone loss - Cardiovascular deconditioning - Increase pathogenicity in microbes Interplanetary space radiation What type of radiation are we going to encounter beyond low Earth orbit (LEO)? Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs): - Interplanetary, continuous, modulated by the 11-year solar cycle - High-energy protons and highly charged, energetic heavy particles (Fe-56, C-12) - Not effectively shielded; can break up into lighter, more penetrating pieces Challenges: biology effects poorly understood (but most hazardous) Interplanetary space radiation Solar Particle Events (SPEs) - Interplanetary, sporadic, transient (several min to days) - High proton fluxes (low and medium energy) - Largest doses occur during maximum solar activity Challenges: unpredictable; large doses in a short time Space radiation effects Space radiation is the # 1 risk to astronaut health on extended space exploration missions beyond the Earth’s magnetosphere • Immune system suppression, learning and memory impairment have been observed in animal models exposed to mission-relevant doses (Kennedy et al. 2011; Britten et al. 2012) • Low doses of space radiation are causative of an increased incidence and early appearance of cataracts in astronauts (Cuccinota et al. 2001) • Cardiovascular disease mortality rate among Apollo lunar astronauts is 4-5-fold higher than in non-flight and LEO astronauts (Delp et al. -
Examination of Urban Landscape Aesthetics Through Mapping Using Geotagged Social Media Data from Flickr
Current Urban Studies, 2021, 9, 66-82 https://www.scirp.org/journal/cus ISSN Online: 2328-4919 ISSN Print: 2328-4900 Examination of Urban Landscape Aesthetics through Mapping Using Geotagged Social Media Data from Flickr Wantong Zhao*, Wei Han School of Humanities and Arts, Xidian University, Xi’an, China How to cite this paper: Zhao, W. T., & Han, Abstract W. (2021). Examination of Urban Landscape Aesthetics through Mapping Using Geo- Landscapes are part of the earth’s surface, and include terrestrial, aquatic, tagged Social Media Data from Flickr. Cur- natural, and anthropogenic features with differing dominance. The evaluation rent Urban Studies, 9, 66-82. of Landscape Aesthetics (LA) and scenery is helpful for the understanding https://doi.org/10.4236/cus.2021.91005 landscapes. The mapping of LA is increasingly being recognized in urban and Received: December 11, 2020 landscape planning. Examining the flow and capacity of LA is an essential Accepted: February 6, 2021 element in understanding the sustainability of urban landscapes. An explicit Published: February 9, 2021 methodological approach was proposed for mapping LA using social media data (geolocated photographs) from Flickr to study the spatial distribution of Copyright © 2021 by author(s) and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. LA in Xi’an, China. The LA flow and LA capacity were conceptually distin- This work is licensed under the Creative guished and assessed. The LA flow was analyzed with 10,278 geotagged pho- Commons Attribution International tographs from Flickr to express people’s actual appreciation of LA. The LA License (CC BY 4.0). capacity was examined by spatial criterion evaluation, combined the weight of http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Open Access landscape features. -
KPLO, ISECG, Et Al…
NationalNational Aeronautics Aeronautics and Space and Administration Space Administration KPLO, ISECG, et al… Ben Bussey Chief Exploration Scientist Human Exploration & Operations Mission Directorate, NASA HQ 1 Strategic Knowledge Gaps • SKGs define information that is useful/mandatory for designing human spaceflight architecture • Perception is that SKGs HAVE to be closed before we can go to a destination, i.e. they represent Requirements • In reality, there is very little information that is a MUST HAVE before we go somewhere with humans. What SKGs do is buy down risk, allowing you to design simpler/cheaper systems. • There are three flavors of SKGs 1. Have to have – Requirements 2. Buys down risk – LM foot pads 3. Mission enhancing – Resources • Four sets of SKGs – Moon, Phobos & Deimos, Mars, NEOs www.nasa.gov/exploration/library/skg.html 2 EM-1 Secondary Payloads 13 CUBESATS SELECTED TO FLY ON INTERIM EM-1 CRYOGENIC PROPULSION • Lunar Flashlight STAGE • Near Earth Asteroid Scout • Bio Sentinel • LunaH-MAP • CuSPP • Lunar IceCube • LunIR • EQUULEUS (JAXA) • OMOTENASHI (JAXA) • ArgoMoon (ESA) • STMD Centennial Challenge Winners 3 3 3 Lunar Flashlight Overview Looking for surface ice deposits and identifying favorable locations for in-situ utilization in lunar south pole cold traps Measurement Approach: • Lasers in 4 different near-IR bands illuminate the lunar surface with a 3° beam (1 km spot). Orbit: • Light reflected off the lunar • Elliptical: 20-9,000 km surface enters the spectrometer to • Orbit Period: 12 hrs distinguish water -
Discover Seoul Escapes
Experience the timeless splendor of China and South Korea on a unique, custom-designed 19 Day / 18 Night package for Military Retirees. A nostalgic walk unlike any other to relive the memories, share them with your loved ones, see how much has changed, and witness first-hand your contribution toward the growth and prosperity of the two most dynamic and vibrant countries in East Asia. All you have to do is get here; we’ll take care of the rest! Schedule: 1300 - 1800 Arrive in Beijing **Travelers from USA will cross the International Date Line. Please note, East Asia is one day ahead of U.S. Please keep this in mind when booking your flight reservation to arrive at the start day of the program. Consult with our Discover Seoul Team prior to purchasing your airfare! Day 1 You will arrive at Beijing International Airport and Welcome to China be greeted by a representative. Enjoy some time to mingle with your fellow retirees and stretch your legs after the long flight before boarding a private coach bus en-route to Beijing. During the drive, watch as the dynamic city landscape forms around you before arriving at the heart of China! The rest of the afternoon is yours to get checked in, unpack and relax. Schedule: 0600 – 0830 Breakfast at Hotel 0900 – 1500 Tiananmen Square Imperial Palace The Forbidden City (Imperial Palace) in the heart of Beijing is the largest complete imperial palace and the world at large. Its construction began in 1406 and was completed 14 years later, having a history of nearly six centuries. -
XI'an to SINGAPORE (73 Days) Indochina Encompassed
XI'AN to SINGAPORE (73 days) Indochina Encompassed COUNTRIES VISITED: CAMBODIA, CHINA, INDONESIA, LAOS, MALAYSIA, SINGAPORE, THAILAND, VIETNAM INCLUDES • Accommodation - simple hostels/hotels (except 'Beach Week' in Thailand) • Terracotta Army Warriors • Chengdu Giant Panda Breeding & Research Centre • Longtail boat trip in Phu Hin Bun National Park • Entrance to Great Sacred Stupa (Pha That Luang), Vientiane • Walled citadel, Hue - Entrance fee • War Remnants Museum, Ho Chi Minh City - Entrance fee • Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum, Phnom Penh - Entrance fee and guided tour • Killing Fields, Phnom Penh - Entrance fee and guided tour • Angkor Wat, Siem Reap (1 Day Pass) - Entrance fee and guided tour • Boat trip from Battambang to Siem Reap including Tonle Sap Lake • Entrance fee, Wat Phra Kaew & Grand Palace, Bangkok • Jungle trek including visit to orangutan feeding station and inner tube river trip, Sumatra • Perhentian Islands - Entrance fee and speed boat trip • Singapore Sling at Raffles, Singapore • Meals - approx. 20% www.oasisoverland.co.uk PAGE 1 [email protected] Tel: +44 (0)203 725 8924 • All local transport (excluding Penang - Medan return flights) • Services of Oasis Tour Leader EXCLUDES • Visas • Optional Excursions as listed in the Pre-Departure Information • Penang - Medan Return Flights • Airport Taxes & Transfers • Travel Insurance • Meals - approx. 80% • International Flights • Drinks • Tips TRIP ITINERARY DAYS 1 - 2 XIAN Welcome to China! Xi'an, our introduction to the country, provides an almost-perfect microcosm for China at large, with both ancient customs and ultra-modern ways existing simultaneously alongside one another. The history of Xi’an spans back more than 6000 years with over 13 dynasties placing their capitals here, and the city of equal importance with Athens, Cairo, and Rome as one of the world's four major capitals of ancient civilizations. -
AES-Secondaries-FS-V508b.Pdf
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Hitchhiking Into the Solar System: Launching NASA’s First Deep-Space CubeSats Introduction NASA is pioneering space through common capability and technology developments, enabling exploration and human STRATEGIC expansion across multiple solar system destinations, including to KNOWLEDGE GAPS an asteroid and Mars. This journey into deep space has begun with exploration systems testing and demonstrations on Earth and in space. Although uncrewed, the first flight of the Orion spacecraft in December 2014 was an initial step in demonstrating its ability to safely ferry astronauts beyond Earth into deep space. Strategic Knowledge Gaps, or SKGs, The next critical demonstration of NASA’s deep space exploration represent gaps in knowledge or capabilities will be on Exploration Mission (EM)-1 in 2018. This information required to reduce risk, first flight of NASA’s Space Launch System (SLS) rocket will increase effectiveness and improve launch an uncrewed Orion spacecraft to a stable orbit beyond the facts the design of robotic and human moon and return it to Earth. In addition to demonstrating NASA’s space exploration missions. NASA new heavy-lift capability, SLS has the capacity to accommodate uses SKGs to help inform research 11 6U-sized CubeSats, which will deploy once Orion spacecraft and investment strategies, and separation is confirmed and on a specified timeline based on their prioritize technology development for mission objectives. human and robotic exploration. NASA’s Advanced Exploration Systems Division has selected three secondary payloads for further development to launch on SLS — hitchhiking into deep space. The major driver for selection of these CubeSats was the risk reduction they enable by addressing key Strategic Knowledge Gaps (SKGs). -
Three Editions of the Star Catalogue of Tycho Brahe*
A&A 516, A28 (2010) Astronomy DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201014002 & c ESO 2010 Astrophysics Three editions of the star catalogue of Tycho Brahe Machine-readable versions and comparison with the modern Hipparcos Catalogue F. Verbunt1 andR.H.vanGent2,3 1 Astronomical Institute, Utrecht University, PO Box 80 000, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands e-mail: [email protected] 2 URU-Explokart, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, PO Box 80 115, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands 3 Institute for the History and Foundations of Science, PO Box 80 000, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands Received 6 January 2010 / Accepted 3 February 2010 ABSTRACT Tycho Brahe completed his catalogue with the positions and magnitudes of 1004 fixed stars in 1598. This catalogue circulated in manuscript form. Brahe edited a shorter version with 777 stars, printed in 1602, and Kepler edited the full catalogue of 1004 stars, printed in 1627. We provide machine-readable versions of the three versions of the catalogue, describe the differences between them and briefly discuss their accuracy on the basis of comparison with modern data from the Hipparcos Catalogue. We also compare our results with earlier analyses by Dreyer (1916, Tychonis Brahe Dani Scripta Astronomica, Vol. II) and Rawlins (1993, DIO, 3, 1), finding good overall agreement. The magnitudes given by Brahe correlate well with modern values, his longitudes and latitudes have error distributions with widths of 2, with excess numbers of stars with larger errors (as compared to Gaussian distributions), in particular for the faintest stars. Errors in positions larger than 10, which comprise about 15% of the entries, are likely due to computing or copying errors.