DOCSLIB.ORG

Tannins from Canarium Album with Potent Antioxidant Activity*

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Tannins from Canarium Album with Potent Antioxidant Activity* Zhang et al. / J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2008 9(5):407-415 407 Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE B ISSN 1673-1581 (Print); ISSN 1862-1783 (Online) www.zju.edu.cn/jzus; www.springerlink.com E-mail: [email protected] Tannins from Canarium album with potent antioxidant activity* Liang-liang ZHANG1, Yi-ming LIN†‡1,2 (1Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China) (2Research Centre for Wetlands and Ecological Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China) †E-mail: [email protected] Received Jan. 1, 2008; revision accepted Mar. 18, 2008 Abstract: The contents of total phenolics and extractable condensed tannins in the leaves, twigs and stem bark of Canarium album were determined. The structural heterogeneity of condensed tannins from stem bark was characterized by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses. The results show the predominance of signals representative of procyanidins and prodelphinidins. In addition, epicatechin and epigallocatechin polymers with galloylated procyanidin or prodelphinidin were also observed. The tannins were screened for their potential antioxidant activities using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) model systems. Tannins extracted from leaves, twigs and stem bark all showed a very good DPPH radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing power. Key words: Canarium album, Tannins, Antioxidant capacity, Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) doi:10.1631/jzus.B0820002 Document code: A CLC number: Q946.84 INTRODUCTION lymerization (DPs). The molecules are water- soluble and can form complexes with proteins and Tannins known as the group of phenolic com- polysaccharides (Haslam, 1998). PAs are of great pounds are the significant plant secondary metabo- interest in nutrition and medicine because of their lites. Tannins in vascular plants occur as two types, potent antioxidant capacity and possible protective the condensed and the hydrolysable (Hernes et al., effects on human health (Santos-Buelga and Scalbert, 2001). Condensed tannins are also known as proan- 2000). They have antioxidant properties related to thocyanidins (PAs), the oligomeric and polymeric their radical scavenging capacity (Ricarda Da Silva et flavan-3-ols, which are linked through C4-C8 or al., 1991), and these properties have been used C4-C6 linkages. The diversity of condensed tannins is against heart disease through reducing lipid oxidation. given by the structural variability of the monomer It was hypothesized that the free radical scavenging units (different hydroxylation patterns of the aromatic properties of PAs may reduce the risk of cardiovas- rings A and B, and different configurations at the cular diseases, cancer (Bagchi et al., 2000) and blood chiral centers C2 and C3) (Fig.1). The size of PA clotting, and certain types of trimeric PAs may protect molecules can be described by their degrees of po- against urinary tract infections (Santos-Buelga and Scalbert, 2000). However, tannins are diverse com- pounds with great variation in structure and concen- ‡ Corresponding author tration within and among plant species. Therefore, * Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of biomedical researches on the health benefits and risks China (No. 30671646), the Program for New Century Excellent of increased tannins consumption are severely limited Talents in University, China (No. NCET-07-0725), and the Program for Innovative Research Team in Science and Technology in Fujian by lack of methods for rapid characterization and Province University, China standardization. 408 Zhang et al. / J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2008 9(5):407-415 Fig.1 Chemical structures of flavan-3-ol (a) monomers and (b) polymers Canarium album or Chinese olive (Burseraceae), MATERIALS AND METHODS is the native species in the southeast of China. It is a good fruit species because of its tolerance to poor Samples soils (e.g., rocky hillsides, saline or alkaline soils) Leaves, twigs and stem bark samples of C. al- (Wei et al., 1999). The dried fruits are a traditional bum were collected in Fuzhou in the southeast of medicine material that has some pharmacological China. 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,4,6- functions such as anti-bacterium, anti-virus, anti- tripyridyl-S-triazine (TPTZ), ascorbic acid (AA), inflammation and detoxification (Ding, 1999). The butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), gallic acid and fresh fruits are widely used in food industry, while the ellagic acid were purchased from Sigma (USA). leaves and stem bark of the plants are discarded as Sephadex LH-20 was purchased from Amersham waste products. (USA). All chemicals were of analytical reagent (AR) Polyphenols make a major contribution to free purity grade. radical scavenging capacities of Mediterranean olives species (Visioli et al., 1998). Previous studies indi- Methods cated that there was a direct relationship between 1. Solvent extraction antioxidant activity and total phenolics content in Ten grams of fresh materials were weighed and selected herbs, vegetables and fruits (Oszmianski et extracted with 100 ml acetone-water solution (70:30, al., 2007; Wu, 2007). In this study, contents of total v/v) twice at room temperature. The extract was fil- phenolics and extractable condensed tannins of leaves, tered and pooled, and the solvent was removed under twigs and stem bark of C. album were determined, reduced pressure by using a rotary vacuum- and the structural heterogeneity of condensed tannins evaporator at 40 °C. The remaining aqueous fraction from stem bark was characterized by matrix-assisted was extracted thrice with hexane in order to remove laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spec- chlorophyll and lipophilic compounds. The remaining trometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and nuclear magnetic crude tannins fraction was chromatographed on an resonance (NMR) analyses. Meanwhile, the free Sephadex LH-20 column (3 cm×22 cm) which was radical scavenging capacities and ferric reducing first eluted with methanol:water (50:50, v/v) to re- power of condensed tannins from leaves, twigs and move oligomeric tannins and then followed by ace- stem bark were also discussed. tone:water (70:30, v/v). The last fraction, containing Zhang et al. / J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2008 9(5):407-415 409 the polymeric tannins, was freeze-dried and stored at The samples were previously dissolved in mobile −20 °C until required. phase and then filtrated through membrane filter with 2. Determination of total phenolics and con- an aperture size of 0.45 µm. Ten milliliters of the clear densed tannins (PAs) supernatant after centrifugation at 19 000×g for 5 min Established procedures (Lin et al., 2006) were was injected. Separation was performed on a Hypersil used to determine total phenolics and condensed tan- ODS column (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm) thermostatted nins. Total phenolics were measured with the Prus- at 30 °C. The mobile phase was composed of solvent sian blue method (Graham, 1992), and condensed A (0.1% (v/v) trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in water) and tannins were assayed by the butanol-HCl method solvent B (0.1% (v/v) TFA in acetonitrile). The gra- (Terrill et al., 1992), using purified tannins from C. dient condition was: 0~2nd minutes 100% A, 2nd~6th album and tannic acid as the standards. minutes 100%~95% A, 6th~10th minutes 95% A, 3. NMR analysis 10th~15th minutes 95%~80% A, 15th~20th minutes 13 C NMR spectra were recorded in CD3COCD3- 80% A, and 20th~25th minutes 70% A. Other chro- D2O mixture with a Varian Metcury-600 spectrome- matographic conditions were as follows: flow rate at 1 ter at 150 MHz (proton decoupling mode for carbon). ml/min, detection at 280 nm, and scanning performed 4. MALDI-TOF MS analysis between 200 and 600 nm. The MALDI-TOF MS spectra were recorded on 6. Free-radical scavenging activity a Bruker Reflex III. The irradiation source was a The free-radical scavenging activity was meas- pulsed nitrogen laser with a wavelength of 337 nm, ured according to the method of Braca et al.(2001). A and the duration of the laser pulse was 3 ns. In the 100 µl of sample at different concentration (15~250 positive reflectron mode, an accelerating voltage of µg/ml) was added to 3 ml of DPPH solution (0.004% 20.0 kV and a reflectron voltage of 23.0 kV were used. (w/w) methanolic solution). Thirty minutes later, the The spectra of condensed tannins were obtained from absorbance was measured at 517 nm. Lower absorb- a sum of 100~150 shots and calibrated using Angio- ance of the reaction mixture indicates higher free tensin II (1046.5 MW), Bombesin (1619.8 MW), radical scavenging activity. The IC50 value, defined as ACTHclip1839 (2465.2 MW), and Somatostatin28 the amount of antioxidant necessary to decrease the (3147.47 MW) as external standards. 2,5-Dihydroxy initial DPPH concentration by 50%, was calculated benzoic acid (DHB, 10 mg/ml aqueous solution) was from the results and used for comparison. The capa- used as the matrix. The sample solutions (7.5 mg/ml bility to scavenge the DPPH radical was calculated by aqueous) were mixed with the matrix solution at a using the following equation: volumetric ratio of 1:3. The mixture (1 μl) was ap- plied to the steel target. Amberlite IRP-64 cation- DPPH scavenging effect (%)=[(A1–A2)/A1]×100, exchange resin (Sigma-Aldrich, USA), equilibrated in deionized water, was used to deionize the ana- where A1 is the absorbance of the control reaction, and lyte-matrix solution thrice. Cesium trifluoroacetate (1 A2 is the absorbance in the presence of the sample. mg/ml) was mixed with the analyte-matrix solution BHA and ascorbic acid were used as the controls. (1:3, v/v) to promote the formation of a single type of 7.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Original Article Canarium Album Extract Restrains Lipid Excessive Accumulation in Hepatocarcinoma Cells
    Int J Clin Exp Med 2016;9(9):17509-17518 www.ijcem.com /ISSN:1940-5901/IJCEM0022450 Original Article Canarium album extract restrains lipid excessive accumulation in hepatocarcinoma cells Qingpei Liu1,2, Meiling Zhou1,2, Mingjing Zheng1, Ni Chen1, Xiuli Zheng2, Shaoxiao Zeng1, Baodong Zheng1 1College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, People’s Republic of China; 2Fuzhou Great Olive Co., Ltd, Fuzhou 350101, Fujian, People’s Republic of China Received December 22, 2015; Accepted May 17, 2016; Epub September 15, 2016; Published September 30, 2016 Abstract: Lipid metabolism is an important section of human body metabolism, and lipid metabolism disorder can lead to multiple diseases. Canarium album is a nature food, whose extract has been reported hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. In this study, we extracted polyphenol and flavonoid substances from Canarium album fruits, and demonstrated that they restrain lipid excessive accumulation induced by oleic acid in hepatocarci- noma cells. Moreover, polyphenol and flavonoid extracted fromCanarium album fruits facilitated phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) and regulated several lipid metabolism related genes expression, including fatty acid synthase (FAS), sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)-1 and peroxisame proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)-α. Therefore, for the first time, we demonstrated thatCanarium album extract restrained lipid excessive accumulation by activating AMPK signaling pathway, downregulating SREBP-1 and FAS, upregulating PPAR-α in hepatocarcinoma cells, which may be of great significance for prevention and clinical treat- ment of lipid metabolism disorders. Keywords: Canarium album, polyphenol, flavonoid, hepatocarcinoma cells, lipid, AMPK Introduction plants including Juniperus lucayana [5], induc- es lipolysis in adipocytes of mice [6, 7].
    [Show full text]
  • Inventaire Et Analyse Chimique Des Exsudats Des Plantes D'utilisation Courante Au Congo-Brazzaville
    Inventaire et analyse chimique des exsudats des plantes d’utilisation courante au Congo-Brazzaville Arnold Murphy Elouma Ndinga To cite this version: Arnold Murphy Elouma Ndinga. Inventaire et analyse chimique des exsudats des plantes d’utilisation courante au Congo-Brazzaville. Chimie analytique. Université Paris Sud - Paris XI; Université Marien- Ngouabi (Brazzaville), 2015. Français. NNT : 2015PA112023. tel-01269459 HAL Id: tel-01269459 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01269459 Submitted on 5 Feb 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITE MARIEN NGOUABI UNIVERSITÉ PARIS-SUD ÉCOLE DOCTORALE 470: CHIMIE DE PARIS SUD Laboratoire d’Etude des Techniques et d’Instruments d’Analyse Moléculaire (LETIAM) THÈSE DE DOCTORAT CHIMIE par Arnold Murphy ELOUMA NDINGA INVENTAIRE ET ANALYSE CHIMIQUE DES EXSUDATS DES PLANTES D’UTILISATION COURANTE AU CONGO-BRAZZAVILLE Date de soutenance : 27/02/2015 Directeur de thèse : M. Pierre CHAMINADE, Professeur des Universités (France) Co-directeur de thèse : M. Jean-Maurille OUAMBA, Professeur Titulaire CAMES (Congo) Composition du jury : Président : M. Alain TCHAPLA, Professeur Emérite, Université Paris-Sud Rapporteurs : M. Zéphirin MOULOUNGUI, Directeur de Recherche INRA, INP-Toulouse M. Ange Antoine ABENA, Professeur Titulaire CAMES, Université Marien Ngouabi Examinateurs : M.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolutionary Dynamics of Genes and Genomes: Copy Number Variation of the Chalcone Synthase Gene in the Context of Brassicaceae Evolution
    The Evolutionary Dynamics of Genes and Genomes: Copy Number Variation of the Chalcone Synthase Gene in the Context of Brassicaceae Evolution Dissertation submitted to the Combined Faculties for Natural Sciences and for Mathematics of the Ruperto-Carola University of Heidelberg, Germany for the degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences presented by Liza Paola Ding born in Mosbach, Baden-Württemberg, Germany Oral examination: 22.12.2014 Referees: Prof. Dr. Marcus A. Koch Prof. Dr. Claudia Erbar Table of contents INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 18 1 THE MUSTARD FAMILY ....................................................................................... 19 2 THE TRIBAL SYSTEM OF THE BRASSICACEAE ........................................... 22 3 CHALCONE SYNTHASE ........................................................................................ 23 PART 1: TROUBLE WITH THE OUTGROUP............................................................ 27 4 MATERIAL AND METHODS ................................................................................. 28 4.1 Experimental set-up ......................................................................................................................... 28 4.1.1 Plant material and data composition .............................................................................................. 28 4.1.2 DNA extraction and PCR amplification ........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Monophyly of Bursera and Its Impact for Divergence Times of Burseraceae
    TAXON 61 (2) • April 2012: 333–343 Becerra & al. • Monophyly of Bursera The monophyly of Bursera and its impact for divergence times of Burseraceae Judith X. Becerra,1 Kogi Noge,2 Sarai Olivier1 & D. Lawrence Venable3 1 Department of Biosphere 2, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, U.S.A. 2 Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita 010-0195, Japan 3 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, U.S.A. Author for correspondence: Judith X. Becerra, [email protected] Abstract Bursera is one of the most diverse and abundant groups of trees and shrubs of the Mexican tropical dry forests. Its interaction with its specialist herbivores in the chrysomelid genus Blepharida, is one of the best-studied coevolutionary systems. Prior studies based on molecular phylogenies concluded that Bursera is a monophyletic genus. Recently, however, other molecular analyses have suggested that the genus might be paraphyletic, with the closely related Commiphora, nested within Bursera. If this is correct, then interpretations of coevolution results would have to be revised. Whether Bursera is or is not monophyletic also has implications for the age of Burseraceae, since previous dates were based on calibrations using Bursera fossils assuming that Bursera was paraphyletic. We performed a phylogenetic analysis of 76 species and varieties of Bursera, 51 species of Commiphora, and 13 outgroups using nuclear DNA data. We also reconstructed a phylogeny of the Burseraceae using 59 members of the family, 9 outgroups and nuclear and chloroplast sequence data. These analyses strongly confirm previous conclusions that this genus is monophyletic.
    [Show full text]
  • HANDBOOK of Medicinal Herbs SECOND EDITION
    HANDBOOK OF Medicinal Herbs SECOND EDITION 1284_frame_FM Page 2 Thursday, May 23, 2002 10:53 AM HANDBOOK OF Medicinal Herbs SECOND EDITION James A. Duke with Mary Jo Bogenschutz-Godwin Judi duCellier Peggy-Ann K. Duke CRC PRESS Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C. Peggy-Ann K. Duke has the copyright to all black and white line and color illustrations. The author would like to express thanks to Nature’s Herbs for the color slides presented in the book. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Duke, James A., 1929- Handbook of medicinal herbs / James A. Duke, with Mary Jo Bogenschutz-Godwin, Judi duCellier, Peggy-Ann K. Duke.-- 2nd ed. p. cm. Previously published: CRC handbook of medicinal herbs. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8493-1284-1 (alk. paper) 1. Medicinal plants. 2. Herbs. 3. Herbals. 4. Traditional medicine. 5. Material medica, Vegetable. I. Duke, James A., 1929- CRC handbook of medicinal herbs. II. Title. [DNLM: 1. Medicine, Herbal. 2. Plants, Medicinal.] QK99.A1 D83 2002 615′.321--dc21 2002017548 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher.
    [Show full text]
  • Canarium L. : a Phytochemical and Pharmacological Review
    R.Mogana et al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2011,4(8),2482-2489 Review Article Available online through ISSN: 0974-6943 http://jprsolutions.info Canarium L. : A Phytochemical and Pharmacological Review R.Mogana1* and C.Wiart2 1School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham(Malaysia Campus), Jln Broga, Semenyih, 43500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia 2School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham(Malaysia Campus), Jln Broga, Semenyih, 43500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia Received on: 17-05-2011; Revised on: 12-06-2011; Accepted on:16-07-2011 ABSTRACT The genus Canarium L. consists of 75 species of aromatic trees which are found in the rainforests of tropical Asia, Africa and the Pacific. The medicinal uses, botany, chemical constituents and pharmacological activities are now reviewed. Various compounds are tabulated according to their classes their structures are given. Traditionally Canarium L. species have been used to treat a broad array of illnesses. Pharmacological actions for Canarium L. as discussed in this review include antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and antitumor activity. Keywords: Canarium L., Burseraceae, antibacterial, antioxidant, pharmacology, secondary metabolites INTRODUCTION Canarium L. belongs to the family of Burseraceae Kunth. in the order Sapindales the bark of Canarium luzonicum Miq. or Canarium commune L. which has Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Pearl. This family consists of 18 genera and about 700 been used in the form of an ointment as a stomach stimulant and as an expec- species of tropical trees[1]. The word Canarium L. derives from the Malay torant [8]. The barks of Canarium indicum L. has been used for chest pains name ‘kanari’[2].
    [Show full text]
  • Production of Pickled Chinese Olive (Canarium Album) Fruit
    N. P. Minh et al /J. Pharm. Sci. & Res. Vol. 11(5), 2019, 1698-1702 Production of Pickled Chinese Olive (Canarium Album) Fruit N. P. Minh1,*, P. X. Mai2, K. S. Du3, T. M. Thang4, V. H. Dao5, H. P. Quyen6 1Faculty of Food Technology - Biotech, Dong A University, Da Nang City, Vietnam 2Can Tho University, Can Tho City, Vietnam 3Tien Giang University, Tien Giang Province, Vietnam 4Can Tho University, Can Tho City, Vietnam 5Soc Trang Community College, Soc Trang Province, Vietnam 6An Giang University, An Giang Province, Vietnam Abstract. Chinese olive (Canarium album L.), a plant in the Burseraceae family, is widely cultivated in Vietnam. The fresh fruit has the organoleptic characteristics of strong bitter and astringent tastes, and then tastes fragrant, sour and sweet after being chewed for a longer time. An attempt explored a lactic fermentation from Canarium album by focusing on the effect of different parameters such as blanching time and temperature as pre-treatment, salt concentration, fermentation time to total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, total triterpenoids, trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity of pickled Canarium album. Experimental results revealed that blanching raw Canarium album in water heated at 95oC in 10 seconds, 6% salt in 12 days of fermentation was appropriated to get a pleasant pickled Canarium album quality. Canarium album pickles are considered as one of the health supplements. Keywords: Canarium album, lactic fermentation, salt, blanching, total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, total triterpenoids, trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity 1. INTRODUCTION restricts the growth of spoilage flora and pathogenic Canarium L. belongs to the family of Burseraceae Kunth.
    [Show full text]
  • Robert Edwin Paull - Professor and Researcher Books 1
    2018 August 01, Monday Robert Edwin Paull - Professor and Researcher Books 1. Nakasone, H. Y., Paull R. E., 1998. Tropical Fruits. CAB International, Wallingford, England. 445pp. 2. Kays, S. J., Paull, R. E. 2004. Postharvest Biology. Exon Press, Athens, Georgia. 3. Paull, R. E. and Duarte, O. 2011. Tropical Fruit - Volume I. CAB International, Wallingford, England 4. Paull, R. E. and Duarte, O. 2012. Tropical Fruit - Volume II. 384 pp. CAB International, Wallingford, England. 5. Duarte, O and R. E. Paull. 2015. Exotic Fruits and Nuts of the New World. CAB International, Wallingford, England. 342 pp. Edited Volumes 1. Paull, R. E. 1990. Tropical Fruit in International Trade (Editor). International Society for Horticultural Science. 208pp. Acta Horticulturae, Volume 269. 2. Paull, R. E., J. Armstrong, Editors. 1994. Insect Pests and Fresh Horticultural Products: Treatments and Responses. CAB International, Wallingford, England. 3. Bartholomew, D. P., Paull, R. E., Rohrbach, K.G., (Editors) 2003. Pineapple: Botany, Production and Uses. 301pp. CABI, Wallingford, United Kingdom. 4. Chan, Y. K., R. E. Paull. 2007. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Papaya. Acta Horticulturae 740. 335pp. 5. Janick, J. and R. E. Paull. Editors. 2008. The Encyclopedia of Fruits and Nuts. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, United Kingdom. 954 pp. 6. Lobo, M. G. and R. E. Paull. 2017. Handbook of Pineapple Technology. Production, postharvest science, processing and nutrition. Wiley Blackwell, West Sussex, United Kingdom. 263 pp. 7. Garth M. Sanewski, Duane P. Bartholomew and Robert E. Paull, 2018, The Pineapple 2nd Edition Botany, Production and Uses. 336 pages, CABI, United Kingdom Chapters in Books 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Chinese Olive (Canarium Album L.) Fruit Extract Attenuates Metabolic Dysfunction in Diabetic Rats
    nutrients Article Chinese Olive (Canarium album L.) Fruit Extract Attenuates Metabolic Dysfunction in Diabetic Rats Yu-Te Yeh 1, An-Na Chiang 2 and Shu-Chen Hsieh 1,* 1 Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; [email protected] 2 Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +886-2-3366-9871 Received: 2 September 2017; Accepted: 12 October 2017; Published: 15 October 2017 Abstract: Hyperglycemia and dysregulation of lipid metabolism play a crucial role in metabolic dysfunction. The aims of present study were to evaluate the ameliorative effect of the ethyl acetate fraction of Chinese olive fruit extract (CO-EtOAc) on high-fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. CO-EtOAc, rich in gallic acid and ellagic acid, could markedly decreased the body weight and epididymal adipose mass. In addition, CO-EtOAc increased serum HDL-C levels, hepatic GSH levels, and antioxidant enzyme activities; lowered blood glucose, serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), bile acid, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα); and reduced TC and TG in liver. We further demonstrated that CO-EtOAc mildly suppressed hepatic levels of phosphorylated IRS-1, TNF-α, and IL-6, but enhanced Akt phosphorylation. The possible mechanisms of cholesterol metabolism were assessed by determining the expression of genes involved in cholesterol transportation, biosynthesis, and degradation. It was found that CO-EtOAc not only inhibited mRNA levels of SREBP-2, HMG-CoAR, SR-B1, and CYP7A1 but also increased the expression of genes, such as ABCA1 and LDLR that governed cholesterol efflux and cholesterol uptake.
    [Show full text]
  • Shelf Life of Tropical Canarium Nut Stored Under Ambient Conditions
    horticulturae Article Shelf Life of Tropical Canarium Nut Stored under Ambient Conditions David A. Walton 1,*, Bruce W. Randall 1, Matthew Poienou 2, Tio Nevenimo 2, John Moxon 3 and Helen M. Wallace 1 1 Genecology Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, QLD 4558, Australia; [email protected] (B.W.R.); [email protected] (H.M.W.) 2 National Agriculture Research Institute, Islands Regional Centre, P.O. Box 204, Kokopo 613, Papua New Guinea; [email protected] (M.P.); [email protected] (T.N.) 3 Cocoa Board of Papua New Guinea, P.O. Box 532, Kokopo 613, Papua New Guinea; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +61-7-5459-4519 Academic Editor: Douglas D. Archbold Received: 24 October 2016; Accepted: 20 January 2017; Published: 3 February 2017 Abstract: There is a need to develop alternative crops to improve the food security and prosperity of developing countries. The tropical nut Canarium indicum (canarium nut) is increasingly used as a shade tree for cocoa and has potential for commercialization as a sustainable crop that will improve food security and livelihoods in Melanesia and East Asia. There is no information on canarium nut shelf life characteristics. Canarium kernels may be prone to rancidity, due to a high content of unsaturated fatty acids. Kernels at 5.4% moisture content were vacuum-packed with a domestic vacuum-packaging system and stored for six months in Papua New Guinea and for nine months in Southeast Queensland, Australia at both ambient temperatures (22 to 31 ◦C and 22 to 25 ◦C, respectively) and under refrigeration.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Congruence Between Subtropical Trees and Their Associated Fungi
    UC Santa Cruz UC Santa Cruz Previously Published Works Title Phylogenetic congruence between subtropical trees and their associated fungi. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4062h934 Journal Ecology and evolution, 6(23) ISSN 2045-7758 Authors Liu, Xubing Liang, Minxia Etienne, Rampal S et al. Publication Date 2016-12-01 DOI 10.1002/ece3.2503 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Received: 1 June 2016 | Revised: 23 August 2016 | Accepted: 30 August 2016 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2503 ORIGINAL RESEARCH Phylogenetic congruence between subtropical trees and their associated fungi Xubing Liu1,2† | Minxia Liang1† | Rampal S. Etienne2 | Gregory S. Gilbert3 | Shixiao Yu1 1Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences/State Key Laboratory Abstract of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Recent studies have detected phylogenetic signals in pathogen–host networks for Guangzhou, China both soil- borne and leaf- infecting fungi, suggesting that pathogenic fungi may track or 2Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, coevolve with their preferred hosts. However, a phylogenetically concordant relation- Groningen, The Netherlands ship between multiple hosts and multiple fungi in has rarely been investigated. Using 3Department of Environmental next- generation high- throughput DNA sequencing techniques, we analyzed fungal Studies, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA taxa associated with diseased leaves, rotten seeds, and infected seedlings of subtropi- cal trees. We compared the topologies of the phylogenetic trees of the soil and foliar Correspondence Shixiao Yu, Department of Ecology, School fungi based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region with the phylogeny of host of Life Sciences/State Key Laboratory tree species based on matK, rbcL, atpB, and 5.8S genes.
    [Show full text]
  • Edible Nuts. Non-Wood Forest Products
    iii <J)z o '"o ~ NON-WOODNO\ -WOOD FORESTFOREST PRODUCTSPRODUCTS o 55 Edible nuts Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations NON-WOOD0 \ -WOOD FOREST FOREST PRODUCTS PRODUCTS 55 EdibleEdible nuts by G.E. Wickens FOOD AND AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITEDUNITED NATIONSNATIONS Rome,Rome, 19951995 The opinions expressed in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflectreflect opinionsopinions onon thethe partpart ofof FAO.FAO. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do notnot implyimplythe the expressionexpression ofof any anyopinion opinion whatsoever whatsoever onon thethe part of thethe FoodFood andand AgricultureAgriculture OrganizationOrganization of thethe UnitedUnited Nations concerning the legal status of any country,country, territory,territory, citycity oror area or ofof itsits authorities, authorities, orconcerningor concerning the the delimitation delimitation ofof its its frontiers frontiers or boundaries.boundaries. M-37 ISBNISBN 92-5-103748-5 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,reproduced , stored in a retrieval systemsystem,, or transmitted inin any formform oror byby anyany means, means ,electronic, electronic, mechanicalmechanical,, photocopying oror otherwiseotherwise,, without the prior permissionpermission ofof thethe copyright owner. Applications forfor such permission,permission, withwith a statementstatement of thethe purpose and extent of the reproduction,reproduction, should be addressed to the
    [Show full text]